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American Family Decline

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Submitted By bridge369
Words 2531
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Bridget Acosta
Anatomy and Physiology
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

* INTRODUCTION
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that exerts its greatest impact on those joints of the body that are lined with synovium, a specialized tissue responsible for maintaining the nutrition and lubrication of the joint. The distribution of joints affected (synovial joints) is characteristic. It typically affects the small joints of the hands and the feet, and usually both sides equally in a symmetrical distribution, though any synovial joint can be affected. In patients with established and aggressive disease, most joints will be affected over time. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain within the joint.
In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves.

* SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The initial trigger for RA is unknown. There is evidence to suggest abnormalities in components of the immune system that lead to the body developing abnormal immune and inflammatory reactions, particularly in joints. These changes may precede the symptomatic onset of RA by many years. Whatever sets the pathology in motion results in a large increase in blood flow to the joint (giving heat and sometimes redness), proliferation of the synovial membrane with an increase in synovial fluid (swelling), and pain (due to stretching of pain receptors in the soft tissues around, and the bone on either side, of the joint). These features result in rapid loss of muscle around an affected joint, and this, along with pain and swelling lead to loss of joint function. If the inflammation of the synovial membrane cannot be suppressed it will result in increasing damage to the joint, due to the release of protein-degrading enzymes from inflammatory and other cells, and a conversion of

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