Cahokia(地名)：City of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis. A culture flourished in there with 10000 to 30000 inhabitants lived there for 1200 years. It stood as the largest settled community in what is now the United States until surpassed超过 in population by New York and Philadelphia around 1800. “cousinocracy” : In the early colony period, America had no title aristocracy贵族 as in Britain. But throughout British America, men of prominence突出卓越 controlled colonial government. In Virginia, the upper class was so tightly knit and intermarried so often that the colony was said to be governed by a “cousinocracy.” Loyalists拥护者：Loyalists—those who retained their allegiance效忠 to the crown—experienced the conflict and its aftermath后果 as a loss of liberty. Many leading Loyalists had supported American resistance in the 1760s

Columbian Exchange： The transatlantic大西洋彼岸（美国） flow of goods and people is sometimes called the Columbian Exchange. The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus’s voyages in 1492.

Stono Rebellion A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Lemuel Haynes 名 : Lemuel Haynes, a black member of the Massachusetts militia民兵 and later a celebrated minister, urged Americans to “extend” their conception of freedom.

Black Legend: Idea that the Spanish New World Empire was more oppressive沉重压迫 toward the Indians than other European empires; was used as a justification for English imperial expansion.

American Enlightenment 启蒙运动 教化: During the eighteenth century, many educated Americans began to be influenced by the outlook of the European Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers insisted that every human institution制度, authority权利, and tradition be judged before the bar of reason. Northwest Ordinance条例 of 1787：Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Moral liberty: “moral” liberty meant “a liberty to that only which is good.” It was quite compatible兼容 with severe restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior.

“middle ground”: The 18th century, The Ohio Valley, caught up in a complex struggle for power involving the French, British, rival, Indian communities, and settlers and land companies pursuing their own interests.

Anti-Federalists ：Opponents of ratification反对批准, called Anti-Federalists, insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of the latter. Anti-Federalists lacked the coherent leadership of the Constitution’s defenders.

Half-Way Covenant契约 with the growth of the puritan, the leaders are facing the problem: should them limiting its size? Or should they make admission easier and remain connected to more people? The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 tried to address this problem by allowing for the baptism of and a kind of “half-way” membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration. But church membership continued to stagnate不动.

Writs令状 of assistance: One of the colonies’ main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants认证 without cause to look for evidence of smuggling走私.

“annuity” 养老金system: yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes部落 that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.

English freedom： “English freedom”—that the king was subject to the rule of law, and that all persons should enjoy security of person and property.

Daughters of Liberty: to boycott the British goods. Women who spun and wove at home so as not to purchase British goods were hailed as Daughters of Liberty.
Judith Sargent Murray A prominent writer of plays, novels, and poetry, Judith Sargent Murray of Massachusetts was one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women. Author of Voice of Freedom.

Metacom known to the colonists as King Philip

Common Sense: A pamphlet anonymously written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 that attacked the English principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government.

Gabriel’s Rebellion 1800 a plot by slaves in Virginia itself to gain their freedom. It was organized by a blacksmith, Gabriel, and his brothers Solomon, They would kill some white inhabitants and hold the rest, including Governor James Monroe, hostage until their demand for the abolition of slavery was met. The plot was soon discovered and the leaders arrested. Twenty-six slaves, including Gabriel,

Dominion主权 :of New England: Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies—and later New York and New Jersey—by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted回复 to individual colonial governments three years later.

Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom: In Virginia, Thomas Jefferson drew up a Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, which was introduced in the House of Burgesses下议院 in 1779 and adopted, after considerable controversy, in 1786. declared that God “hath created the mind free,” eliminated religious. requirements for voting and office holding and government financial support for churches, and barred the state from “forcing” individuals to adopt one or another religious outlook.

Barbary Wars ： The Barbary states on the northern coast of Africa。Jefferson refused demands for increased payments, and the pasha of Tripoli declared war on the United States. The Barbary Wars were the new nation’s first encounter with the Islamic world. In the 1790s, as part of an attempt to establish peaceful relations, the federal government declared that the United States was “not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion.” But the conflicts helped to establish a long-lasting pattern in which Americans viewed Muslims as an exotic people whose way of life did not adhere to Western standards.