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American Psycho

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American Psycho
Skrevet af Bret Easton Ellis

Indholdsfortegnelse 1. Indledning……………………………………………………………………….......3 2. Analyse & fortolkning af American Psycho………………………… 4-5 3. Karakteristik af Patrick Bateman………………………………………….5
Batemans Forhold……………………………………………………………….6 4. Kapitel – Tirsda 5. 6. ¨¨'g……………………………………………………………………..7 7. Tomhed & The Patty Winters Show……………………………………7 8. Sekundær litteratur…………………………………………………………….8
Sammenligning med filmen………………………………………………….8
Begrebet Angest af Søren Kierkegaard…………………………………8 9. Konklusion……………………………………………………………………………9 10. Litteraturliste……………………………………………………………………….10

Indledning
I min opgave vil jeg koncentrere mig om en analyse og fortolkning af "American Psycho". Jeg vil specielt kigge på hovedpersonen Patrick Bateman, og hans forhold til Evelyn Williams, Jean og Louis. I opgaven vil jeg analysere kapitlet ”Tirsdag” og hans besættelse af tv-programmet ” The Patty Winters Show”. Til sidst vil jeg drage paralleller til Søren Kierkegaards bog ”Begrebet Angest” og filmatiseringen af bogen. Jeg har valgt denne problemformulering, da den viser konkrete synspunkter af hovedpersonen Patrick Bateman samt det amerikanske samfund i 1980’erne som stadig er et relevant emne i dag.

American Psycho blev Ellis store gennembrud, da den blev skrevet i 1991. Romanen fokuserer på USA i 1980’erne. I American Psycho skildrer Ellis imellem materialisme og forbrugsorienterede tilværelse. Ellis bruger sin viden om den amerikanske livsstil med yuppier, materialistisk overforbrug og narcissisme til at behandle hovedpointerne i bogen. Selvom 80’ernes periode er årtier væk, afspejler det stadig verden vi befinder os i nu. Ellis prøver at belyse miljøet med hovedpersonen Patrick Bateman, og han afspejler datidens postmoderne samfund, ved at inddrage narcissismebegrebet og hans syn på verdenen til belysning af dette (s.368.l 9-31). Romanen er en blanding af fiktion og virkelighed. Karaktererne er opdigtede, men er placeret i datidens samfund. Ellis inddrager virkeligheden som et element, og lader nulevende personer møde bogens personer. Jeg vil starte med at analysere og fortolke roman, dernæst beskrive hovedpersonen, og afslutningsvis analyse kapitlet ”Tirsdag” samt hans besættelse af tv-programmet, dernæst vil jeg sammenligne filmen og bogen ”Begrebet Angest” med American Psycho. Til sidst jeg vil bagefter konkludere og fortælle budskabet.

Analyse af American Psycho
Hele bogen udvikler sig egentlig ikke rent narrativt. Modernistiske romaner leder altid ud mod de mange spørgsmål som: ”hvad skal der nu ske?”. I American Psycho henledes der mod konsekvent sortsynede billeder af livet i 80’erne i USA, hvor det hele fortsætter i det uendelige. American Psycho er en satire der både er underholdende og skræmmende. Læseren bliver introduceret for et samfund med apati. Et samfund der får konsekvenser.

American Psycho starter i in medias res, og bogen bliver introduceret med de første ord som starter med: ”HER LADES ALT HÅB UDE”(s.9.l 1). Disse ord indleder romanens miljø og leder hen til at handling er et moderne helvede, et samfund uden håb. Patrick Bateman (hovedpersonen) udtrykker sine sadistiske glæder med sine brutale handlinger.
I slutningen er Patrick Bateman stadig ligeså misfornøjet med alting, hvis ikke mere end i starten. Denne tolkning kan støttes op med bogens afsluttende ord: ”DETTE ER IKKE EN UDGANG”(s.392.l.11). Bateman er fortabt, og der er ingen udvej af dette samfund. Selvom bogen slutter, er helvedet stadig eksisterende.

Romanen er skrevet i første person (jeg-fortæller), hvilket gør, at man som læser er med helt inde i Batemans inderste tanker og ser hele verden fra hans synsvinkel. Man kan sætte spørgsmål til om det der sker, er en realitet eller blot et udtryk i Batemans fantasi (s.89. l. 6).
Ellis sætningsopbygning er generelt uformelt talesprog med slang, bandeord, vulgære udtryk. Dog er der nogle formelle ord i nogle af beskrivelserne, især ved Batemans mord. Der er mange ufuldstændige sætninger. Flere af kapitlerne afsluttes, ved at Bateman stopper midt i en sætning (s.153.l 20). Ellis formår at tydeligøre Batemans kynisme og koldblodighed, ved at beskrive voldsscenerne på den måde.

Bogens dagligdagsting gør det nemmere for læseren at kunne relatere til, trods afspejlingen af hovedpersonens psykiske handlinger.
Handlingen udspilles i et samfund, hvor man har mistet sin morale. Det gør det kun nemmere for en psykopat som Bateman at være uundgåelig i det miljø. Ved at gøre disse ting, pointere han også over for sig selv, at livet er meningsløst. Ellis bestræber sig ikke for at handlingen har et plot, men mere på at der er et koncept. American Psycho borer gradvist dybere ned i handlingen uden at der sker en narrativ udvikling. Som man hurtigt finder ud af sker der en hel masse, men alligevel ingenting.

Person karakteristikkerne i romanen er fiktive og de udvikler sig ikke. De centrale personer er virkelige i form af tiden, miljø og de uendelige referencer. For læseren kan det være nemt at veksle mellem de forskellige personer.

Patrick Bateman
Hovedpersonen Patrick Bateman er 26 år, og bogen handler om hans liv som yuppie. Han er en ung mand med et velfungerende arbejde og høje udgifter. Han er den ultimative stereotype: overfladisk, rig og afhængig af sex, stoffer og iøjnefaldende forbrug. Bateman beskriver hver eneste element og detalje i hans designer tøj, workout rutine, visitkort og alkoholiske drikkevarer. Han er en ung investeringsmand, og arbejder som børsmægler for det fiktive firma Pierce & Pierce. Han bor på Upper West side i den Amerikanske Gardens Building, hvor han bor i en dyr lejlighed(s.242.l 6-12).
Bateman får sin hverdag til at gå med at træne sin velplejede krop, spise middag med sine venner, kollegaer og forskellige kvinder – men om natten begår han mord på samtlige af samfundets tabere.

Alle tror at Patrick Bateman er en velopdragen og god dreng - The boy next door. Hvad hans venner ikke ved er, at Bateman er en psykopatisk serie morder. Ingen vil tro på at den uskyldige drengs forbrydelser, og vælger at ignorere hans tilståelser. Gennem hele romanen dræber han mænd, kvinder, et barn og dyr. Han dræber kvinder for at få en sadistisk seksuel nydelse. Han gør det ofte under sex eller lige efter. Det er typisk en produktiv voldtægtsmand. Grunden til at han dræber mænd, er fordi, de generer ham eller gør ham vrede. Han dræbte barnet, for at se om han følte nogen form for nydelse, hvilket han ikke gjorde.
Bateman har også periodiske anfald af psykose og hallucinere tit (s.89.l 7). Han oplever ofte en følelse af personlighedsændring. Han indtager psykofarmaka, for at få kontrol over angrebene på sine ofre, da han til tider føler øjeblikke af ekstrem panik, sorg eller vrede.

Patrick Batemans kæreste Evelyn Williams er en lige så overfladisk rig kvinde. Deres forhold nærer ingen ægte følelser. Grunden til at de er sammen, er fordi, de matcher hinandens skønhed og rigdom, og deres sociale liv. Udover det har de intet tilfælles. Bateman er typen som aldrig lytter til de ting Evelyn siger; hans tanker er andre steder. Et sted i romanen hvor deres forhold bliver illustrereret bedst, er hvor Bateman slår op med Evelyn.

Men dine venner er mine venner. Mine venner er dine venner. Jeg tror ikke det vil fungere,” siger hun ,og derefter, mens hun stirrer på et sted over min mund: ”Du har en lille krumme over læben. Brug din serviet. Jeg fjerner irriteret krummen. “Hør engang, jeg véd godt at dine venner er mine venner og omvendt. Det har jeg tænkt på” efter en pause og en dyb indånding siger jeg: ”Du må godt få dem”(335.l 9-15).

Evelyns ligegyldighed lader ikke til at være såret. Hun finder det dog kun ubekvemt at de slår op, nu hvor de har samme venner. Man ser at hun har overskud til at bede ham om at fjerne krummen fra hans mund – så han igen er pletfri og perfekt.
Der er dog to personer som lader til at vise ægte følelser for Bateman. Jean hans sekretær og Louis som er Courtneys mand. Bateman prøver en dag at dræbe Louis, fordi han irriterer ham. Louis opfanger det som et seksuelt udspil, og han bekender sine undertrykte følelser for Bateman. Det kommer som en overraskelse, da Bateman lider af en stærk homofobi (238.l.13). Han vælger ikke at fuldføre mordet, og løber i stedet. Bateman ved tydeligvis ikke hvad han skal stille op med ægte følelser, da han ikke er blevet elsket før. Samtidig frygter han for sit rygte, hvis nogen skulle tro, at han har en affære med en mand. Ligeledes har Bateman problemer med at håndtere sin sekretærs følelser. Han overvejer et øjeblik, at han kunne ende op med hende, men det ligger ham alligevel for fjernt, og han kan ikke gengælde følelserne. Men han lukker hurtigt af for disse tanker igen.
Kapitel - Tirsdag
En passion som Bateman har, er modbydelige henrettelser, tortur og til tider kannibalisme. Han får et kick af at se sine ofre lide, og det gør ham mere tændt at slå ihjel.
I kapitlet ”Tirsdag” ser man en kontrast mellem rig og fattig. En ligegyldig sympati, nærmest foragt for ens medmennesker, der huserer. Bateman går på 12.street hvor han tilfældigt ser en sort tigger, hvor på papskiltet står ”Jeg er sulten og hjemløs, vær venlig og hjælp mig” (s. 130.l.5-6).
Et meningsløst drab bliver foretager på tiggeren. Ikke nok med det, bliver tiggerens hund brutalt mishandlet på bekostning af Batemans nydelse.
Kapitlet er et godt eksempel på, hvordan Ellis får beskrevet Batemans mord så detaljeret med en kølig distance. ”Jeg trækker en lang smal kniv med savtakket blad frem, og i det jeg er meget varsom med ikke at slå ham ihjel, stikker jeg måske en halv tomme af klingen ind i hans højre øje og vipper skaftet opefter så nethinden straks flækker”(s 132. l 26-29).
En detaljeret beskrivelse af torturen, som indikerer at Bateman sætter sig fuldstændig ind i alle detaljer. ”En politibil kører forbi, og efter to milkshakes til går min high langsomt i opløsning og svinder i intensitet” (s 134.l 4-5). Bateman føler sig helt høj, som om han var på stoffer. Det er en rus for ham, og der går ikke lang tid før tørsten vender tilbage.

Tomhed & The Patty Winters Show
Bateman har også andre fritidsbeskæftigelser udover at være morder. I Romanen er der flere kapitler, som kun handler om bestemte kunstnere, for eksempel Huey Lewis and the News og Whitney Houston. Her udtømmer Bateman al sin viden om hans favoritkunstner, fra deres debut og helt op til nutiden. Ikke nok med det får vi løbende – i tide og utide – et kort resume af dagens The Patty Winters Show, der er et talkshow som besynderligt nok betager ham. Batemans virkelighedssans kan nogle gange betvivles. Tomheden i Batemans overfladiske liv er iøjefaldende, da det faktum at nogle af de ligegyldigheder ofte betager Bateman i hans hverdag. The Patty Winters Show dukker ofte op i Batemans tanker, på de mest uforudsigelige tidspunkter, også i forbindelse med hans mord. Det understreger, at selv hans mord er lige så meningsløse og hverdagsagtigt for ham, som tv-programmet. ”... henter min Giorgio Armani-overfrakke i garderoben med min. 357-pistol knap nok skjult i den[...] men på The Patty Winter Show i morges var der en samtale med en mand som satte ild til sin datter mens hun fødte, til middag, fik vi alle sammen hajfisk” (s. 342.l 21-25).

I slutningen af bogen bliver det for meget for Bateman. Han reflektere over sit liv, og ser sig selv som en abstraktion af Bateman. Han er ramt af en kynisk smerte, som han ønsker at påføre alle mennesker. Han har krydset alle grænser son han kunne overtræde. Bateman bekender flere gange hans forbrydelser, men der fremkaldes ingen reaktion – ingen lettelse – det hele har været meningsløst (s.370 l.30-37). I kapitlet ”Slutning af 1980’erne” formår Bateman i et øjeblik at åbne op for mulighederne for en bedre fremtid (s.372. l 4-25), og igen på den næste side symboliserer Bateman sig selv med drengen (s.373. 17-33). Det er også et typisk eksempel på et postmodernistisk samfund med hensyn til selvoptaget mennesker. Men efter dette er det som om, at han lukker for mulighederne igen.

Sekundær litteratur – Filmatisering & Begrebet Angest
Jeg har valgt bogen Begrebet Angest af den danske filosof Søren Kierkegaard som den sekundære litteratur. Bogen afspejler Patrick Batemans handlemåde. Ifølge Kierkegaard er der to måder at opleve angst på. Når man er nær døden, og når man oplever en seksualdrift. Ellis formår at få koblet disse to egenskaber sammen vha. de handlinger Bateman udfører. Han dræber kvinder enten før eller efter et seksuelt overgreb. Bateman har en angst for følelser. Som Søren Kierkegaard får forklaret er begrebet angst, en angst for det gode. Frem for at Bateman opnår fred i sit sind, bliver han mere modløs og sindsforvirret. Hvilket også leder hen til spørgsmålet, om det egentlig er Batemans fantasi eller om det er virkelighed.

Ellis udgivelse af bogen gav dødstrusler og flere mente, at bogen kritiserede kvinderne i det postmoderne samfund. En film ville være en oplagt idé, men man vidste ikke hvilken instruktør, som ville tage chancen for at filmatisere bogen. American Psycho blev filmatiseret og udgivet i april, 2000 af Mary Harron. Filmen fanger det essentielle i bogen. Det er dog svært at få alle de detaljerede ting med som bogen beskriver. Filmen er en mere kontrolleret version af bogen, hvor budskabet stadig bliver udtrykt i scenerne, og kommenterer på de samme problemer i samfundet, bare på en lidt mere begrænset måde. Filmen fanger også de voldlige og seksuelle øjeblikke, men bogen er mere grafisk med detaljerne end filmen.
Konklusion
Patrick Batemans hobby er en meningsløs idé, men det er på lige fod med at se tv eller samle på frimærker. Patrick Bateman vil gerne komme ind under overfladen på de mennesker han myrder, hvilket han bogstaveligtalt formår at få gjort. Hans mord er en tilfredsstillelse af den smerte og følelser som han ikke finder i det overfladisk og kynisk samfund han lever i. Han ved dog stadig ikke, hvordan han skal bærer sig ad med det. Hele bogen kritiserer det postmoderne Amerikanske samfund, der nægter at tage seriøse problemer op. Et samfund som er baseret på menneskelig grådighed, forbrugerisme, og større forskel mellem rig og fattig. Det formår Ellis at gøre godt ved at lægge synsvinklen hos en psykopat. I bogen bliver der udtrykt en satire i ekstremer i 1980’erne, og Bateman kan ikke flygte fra disse laster. I hvert fald ikke så let.
Bogen kan godt virke mandschauvinistisk men, hvis man ikke misforstår teksten, vil man finde ud af at bogen er mere på kvinders side. Bateman er en smerte i hans samfund, og det gør ondt at bevise at livet er meningsløst. Bogen er en sørgende forargelse på vores åndelige tilstand.

Litteraturliste 1. http://aniston.dk/american-psycho.59901.html 2. http://www.bookworm.dk/visanmeldelse.php?885 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psycho 4. http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begrebet_Angest 5. http://www.litteratursiden.dk/anmeldelser/american-psycho-af-bret-easton-ellis 6. http://www.scope.dk/film/112-american-psycho

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...Analytical essay- Christian Roe Vilandt 3.C 27/11/2015 Killing Child at Zoo in American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis. Evil is a strange word. Evil can be many things. They are many forms of evil and many motives for evil. Evil can either be when a man tells his wife that she is ugly, or when a teenager bully’s his classmate, both have motives that doesn’t please the victim, this is what defines evil. Gennerally people might not see these exampels as evil deeds but there are different levels of evil. The husband and wife example is gennerally seen as low level evil deed, meanwhile Osama Bin Laden’s attack on the world trade towers are seen from the American and the western peoples perspective as the most evil deed that anyone can do. But others might not see it that way, different societies and different countries have different definitions of how evil is viewed. E.g. Osama Bin Laden, destroys the World Trade Center’s, he is from the American and Western perspective as evil as a man can be. But from a terrorist perspective he is seen as a god, meanwhile Gorge Bush is the evilest profound man alive. The Evil that is present in this text, is not evil that a sane mind could perform. The title of the book “American Psycho” says a lot about the man’s character, he is a psycho. This psycho like evil is not something thats common, it’s evil that pleasures the individual. The main character, from an objective point of view, is a very wealthy and successful...

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Killing Child at Zoo

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