...Do companies have complete freedom to act Do companies have complete freedom to act? Analyse the doctrine of ultra vires and the proposed reforms in the Companies Bill designed to grant companies full capacity. The doctrine of ultra vires has been fervently debated for many years since its conception in the 19th century, and has caused widespread confusion within the sphere of company law. It will be necessary, in order to construct a thourough and fluidous argument, to outline the history and development of the ultra vires doctrine and why, some would argue, it has become the bane of company law. It will also be necessary to dicuss the relevance of ultra vires to modern company law and the efforts to curtail its widespread influence. The DTI’s White Paper Modernising Company Law, presented to Parliament in 2002 seeks to afford companies the ability to act with unlimited capacity and therefore remove the problems associated with the ultra vires doctrine which will be discussed shortly. This essay will adopt the normative approach that companies, in order to fulfil their potential should have the ability to expand by any means possible to achieve the most economically efficient response. The doctrine of ultra vires is widely regarded as a way in which the company law can be responsive to different bodies and constituencies. The doctrine of ultra vires has been subjected to many reforms and has been highly criticised since it was first introduced, this is largely due to the fact...
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...1 COMPANIES ACT, 1956 FORMATION OF A COMPANY 2 I INCORPORATION OR PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY Before a Co. is formed, there must be some persons who have an intention to form a Co. & who take the necessary steps to carry that intention into operation. IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Such persons are called “Promoters”. 3 PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 It is they who : Conceive the idea of forming the Co.; Take the necessary steps to incorporate it; Provide it with Share & Loan Capital; Acquire the business or property; Negotiates the preliminary agreement; Prepare, execute & register the MOA & AOA; Finds the bankers, brokers, legal advisers, underwriters, first Directors; Prepares, advertises & Circulates the Prospectus for placement of capital 4 PROMOTERS OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 But a person who merely acts in a professional capacity, such as solicitor who draws up an agreement or articles, an accountant or valuer who prepares figures or valuation and who is paid for the same is not a Promoter. 5 PROMOTION OF A COMPANY IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Incorporation of a Co. means a process by which a Co. is incorporated or brought into being as a Corporate body, and floated as a going concern, by the issue of prospectus. 6 REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES (ROC) IMT NAGPUR - 2011-13 Ministry of Corporate Affairs Registrar of Companies (ROC) 7 FORMATION OF COMPANIES ...
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...CELLONICS A Technical Seminar Presentation By Hariharan S. Under the guidance of Prof. M. S. Sowmyashree Department of Telecommunication “NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION” the saying goes.. Lets now see what this current invention of CELLONICS was for. INTRODUCTION Cellonics allow modem speeds 1,000 times faster than our present modems. It is based on the way biological cells communicate with each other and nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS). Benefits are incredible speed, simplicity, and robustness. INTRODUCTION The ASCII uses a combination of ones and zeros to display a single letter of the alphabet. The data is then sent over radio frequency cycle to its destination where it is then decoded. Human cells respond to stimuli and generate waveforms that consist of a continuous line of pulses separated by periods of silence. The Cellonics technology uses these pulse signals and apply them to the communications INTRODUCTION Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) are the mathematical formulations required to simulate the cell responses. It uses portable devices, and provide these devices with faster, better data for longer periods of time. It consumes very little power. PRINCIPLE OF CELLONICS TECHNOLOGY Cellonics - Electronic cells. It has the ability to encode, transmit and decode digital information over a variety of physical channels. Wired and wireless communications are possible. Measured ß-cell Response ...
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...possibility. (i) Natural Possibility The fact that a company is an artificial person leads to the result that a company must always enter into contract through agents, (ii) Legal Possibility A joint stock company cannot enter into any contract the object of which goes beyond the memorandum of association of the company. A statutory corporation cannot enter into any contract which is beyond the scope of its powers as laid down in the statute by which it was created Forms of Contracts and Deeds of a Company The Doctrine of Ultra Vires The Memorandum of Association determines the constitution and the powers of ‘the Company. It was observed by Lord Selbourne that the memorandum is the Company’s “fundamental and unalterable law”. ‘A Company is incorporated only for the objects and purposes expressed in the memorandum. Any act purported to be done by the Company which is beyond the scope of the functions of the Company as laid down in the memorandum is ultra vires i.e., beyond the powers of the Company, and of no effect. In Ashbury Railway Carria9e & Iron Co. v. Riche. l a company was constituted for the purpose of manufacturing railway wagons. The company purchased the right to, run a railway i n Belgium. It was held that the purchase was invalid. In this case it was observed that the Memorandum...
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...low-frequency intelligence signal onto a higher-frequency carrier signal 2. What is carrier frequency? The higher frequency that carries the modulation(Intelligience) 3. Describe the two reasons that modulation is used for communications transmissions. To transfer information, such as voices, images, or data. Also, the frequencies employed by the modulated signal are high enough to permit the use of antennas of reasonable length. 4. List the three parameters of a high-frequency carrier that may be varied by a low-frequency intelligence signal. amplitude, frequency, and phase 5. What are the frequency ranges included in the following frequency subdivisions: MF (medium frequency), HF (high frequency), VHF (very high frequency), UHF (ultra high frequency), and SHF (super high frequency)? MF:300 kHz–3 MHz, 3-30MHz: HF, 30–300 MHz: VHF, 300 MHz–3 GHz: UHF, 3–30 GHz: SHF 7. A microwave transmitter typically requires a +8-dBm audio level to drive the input fully. If a +10-dBm level is measured, what is the actual voltage level measured? Assume a 600- sys- tem. (2.45 V) 9. Convert the following powers to their dBm equivalents: (a) p = (b) p = (c) p = (d) p = 1 W (30 dBm) 0.001 W (0 dBm) 0.0001 W (-10 dBm) 25mW (-16 dBm) 15. Define information theory. 16. What is Hartley’s law? Explain its significance. 23. A triangle wave of the type shown in Table 1-3(e) has a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2 V and f = 1 kHz. Write the expression v(t), including the first...
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...Development of UHF Satcom Frequency reuse planning tool Junghoon Lee*1, Anthony Vescio*1, Tony Puzio*1, George Elmasry*1, Richard Ardolino*2, and Austin Mroczek*3 *1. XPRT Solutions, Inc., Eatontown, NJ *2. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, San Diego, CA *3. SBG Technology Solutions, Inc., Stafford, VA ABSTRACT U.S. Navy’s UHF SATCOM operation needs a tool to automate the frequency planning process, maximizing the efficiency of the spectrum use. This paper presents a UHF SATCOM frequency reuse planning tool developed for the operational needs. The design concept of the Tool is explained in consideration of the technical analyses needs and usability of the software for the UHF SATCOM operation. The multi-tier architecture of the software application is described. The analytical functions are programmed using MATLAB for ease of the software development. The major capabilities and features of the Tool are described with its benefits to the SATCOM operation. Analyses results with reference to an illustrative operational scenario demonstrate that the Tool can provide technical analyses needed for the UHF SATCOM operation. Having reviewed by UHF SATCOM community including GSSC, the Tool has shown the applicability to the operation. I. INTRODUCTION Frequency planning for UHF SATCOM is an increasingly complex and important issue for the Navy’s operation, as the demand for the communications capacity has continuously...
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...RESEARCH REPORT: Title: An investigation into the adoption of Digital Terrestrial Television in Gauteng A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MTM) In the GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA 09 April 2012 Table of Contents Contents RESEARCH REPORT: 0 Title: An investigation into the adoption of Digital Terrestrial Television in Gauteng 0 Student name 0 Bongane Brian Mabaso 0 Master of Science (MTM) 0 GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, 0 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, 0 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA 0 09 April 2012 0 Table of Contents 1 Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Figures iii List of Tables iv List of Acronymns/Definitions/Abbreviations v 1. Background to the research study 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Advantages of Terrestrial Microwave over Satellite 2 1.1.2. Digital Terrestrial Television value chain 4 1.1.3. Benefits of Digital Terrestrial Television to the consumer 5 1.1.4. Benefits of Digital Terrestrial Television to the broadcaster 5 1.1.5. Public broadcaster’s commercial activities 6 1.1.8 International Public Broadcasters 7 1.2. Historical development and current state of the industry...
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...Summary In 2000, Australian broadcasters became the roll out of digital terrestrial television services (digital service) across the country as the replacement technology for the old analogue system. In order to meet the cut-over date set by the Australian Federal Government, all analogue television services have to be converted to digital by the year 2013. This document does not discuss the entire analogue to digital migration in Australia but it only covers implementation of the Sunshine Network (SN) digital service in the town of Longreach located in outback Queensland. The planning, design, implementation, and testing were done by an external contractor, but in close cooperation with the SN, at the total cost of $250,000. The Longreach digital service is one of the key services in Queensland providing coverage to around 3750 people in the area, mostly engaged in farming. The brief scope of work for the new service included: * Mains power and air-condition system upgrade, * Installation of additional equipment rack to accommodate extra equipment, * Improvement of the existing earthing system, * Installation of the new transmission system. After the completion of the project the town’s audience was delivered with more television channels and significantly enriched content. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Project classification 1 Organizations’ business model 2 Stakeholders’ analysis 2 Project Scope and Work Breakdown Structure 3 ...
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...RFID Name: Ramu Navalli ID No: 15805 Instructor: Richard Borrelli Abstract Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. RFID can be used in a variety of applications such as Access management, tracking of goods, tracking of persons and animals. There is another use of RFID which is recently introduced in ships. RFID in ships. When Royal Caribbean International's newest cruise ship, the Quantum of the Seas, embarks on its maiden voyage on Nov. 2, its passengers will be treated to several RFID-based features, including passive high-frequency (HF) RFID "WOWband" wristbands that they can use to unlock their staterooms' doors and make purchases onboard. The ship is also adopting RFID luggage tags, enabling guests to use their cell phones to view the locations of their bags during loading and unloading. Quantum of the Seas, the world's third-largest cruise ship, will be based in Bayonne, N.J., during its inaugural season sailing (2014 to 2015). The 1,142-foot-long ship includes 2,090 passenger staterooms and 16 passenger-accessible decks, and features multiple new technologies. For example, passengers can access RFID-enabled Royal iQ kiosks (as well as a Royal iQ app on their smartphones)...
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...Mini Conference due asap For this second mini-conference assignment, you should read the sample labs below. As in the first mini-conference, these were created by "imaginary" students for you to practice critiquing, and they have deliberate errors in them (therefore, you need to actively look for them, just as peer reviews in the real science world do). You will submit your critiques to me in the assignments area. After you've had the practice doing this and getting my feedback, for the third mini-conference, you and your classmates will be critiquing each others' Phase V lab work that you'll post in the forum. Then, for the final symposium poster project, you will also critique one another's work. Answer the following questions about the labs you read. Please keep your comments to constructive criticism (in other words, offer feedback, but be polite). For each question, answer "Yes," "No," or "Maybe," and provide detail. Detail doesn't just mean a full sentence like "Yes, enough evidence has been collected". Your answers must make it clear that you have read and thought about the reports. These answers do not need to be long, but remember that you're learning to provide feedback that will help your classmates to improve their work in future labs, so be as detailed as you can. Upload this assignment to the Assignments area of the classroom. 1) Is the step-by-step procedure sufficient to yield the necessary evidence needed to fully answer the listed research question? Think...
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...Executive Summary The following marketing plan addresses the marketing of Tetra pack. A history of the company is given, objectives are established, and the internal and external environments are analyzed. Obstacles Tetra Pak could face are discussed and solutions are presented. Tetra Pak is in an industry most would consider boring, packaging. Yet somehow the company has continued to grow throughout the last 50 years. Tetra Pak now supplies packaging for a large number of major food suppliers. Tetra Pak’s designs are influenced by their Swedish heritage. Their packaging is simple yet elegant. What may seem like small changes to the untrained eye are actually revolutionary leaps for food. It is these revolutionary leaps alone that have catapulted Tetra Pak to success. In an industry full of competitors with a product that has a low switching cost, they must continue this innovation if they are to continue their growth. Tetra Pak’s strengths are innovation and brand. No one would have expected there to be so many different ways to produce a straw—no one but Tetra Pak. Now that they have built their reputation in the mind of businesses Tetra Pak can build a more sustainable competitive advantage by positioning themselves in the mind of consumers. If consumers believe Tetra Paks are superior to other cardboard boxes producers may feel the pressure to use Tetra Paks when they would use an alternative. In order to continue their growth tetra Pak needs to focus on innovation...
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...A Term Paper on Tetra Pak Submitted to: Kashfia Ahmed Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Business Administration, East West University Submitted By: 1. Chowdhury Ishita Israt (2009-1-10-198) 2. Md. Faisal Hasan (2009-1-10-289) TETRA PAK COMPANY PROFILE Name: Tetra Pak Type: Private Industry: Food packaging Founded: Lund, Sweden (1951) Company's Countries: Tetra Pak announced particularly strong growth in China, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe and Central and South America. Company's activity fields: food packaging and processing Vision: We commit to make food safe and available, everywhere Mission: We work for and with our customers to provide preferred processing and packaging solutions for food. We apply our commitment to innovation, our understanding of consumer needs and our relationships with suppliers to deliver these solutions, wherever and whenever food is consumed. We believe in responsible industry leadership, creating profitable growth in harmony with environmental sustainability and good corporate citizenship Motto: PROTECTS WHAT’S GOOD Business & Market: Tetra Pak operates globally through 40 market companies, which are subsidiaries to Tetra Pak International SA, doing business in over 170 countries Because of the low relative cost of its end products, the developing world has been an important market for Tetra Pak from the start. Tetra Pak has particularly strong growth in China, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe and Central and South...
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...The Begging of Broadcast Television - Broadcast Television on a national level began on July 1, 1941, - 1947 had only 60,000 TV sets in the USA, in bars, malls, and upper class homes - In 1951, over 10 million TV sets existed in the USA, virtually owned by everyone Technical Considerations - RCA-NBC pushed for black and white broadcasting in VHF (Very High Frequency) - CBS pushed to establish colour broadcasting in UHF (Ultra High Frequency) - RCA-NBC & VHF prevailed, surpassing its competitor, but could only appear on a limited amount of screens simultaneously - This caused them to stop selling licenses from 1948 – 1952, until the problem was fixed, and more stations were able to operate in different towns & cities. Political Considerations - Non-profit and educational broadcasting suffered in 1934, when the Wagner-Hatfield Bill was rejected by congress - The Bill was made so that 25% of broadcasting frequencies would be reserved for educational and non-profit broadcasting. Economic Considerations - Creating a national broadcasting system was too expensive to support non-profit & educational specials - Thus, already established commercial radio networks undertook financing of the development of broadcasting television in the US. - Television became a means of selling products with some entertainment to fill out the time between advertisements Analysis on Lipsitz and Haralovitch Readings: Lipsitz: “The...
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...differences in culture and work ethic between Americans and Japanese. It shows how each group handles conflict in the work place, as well as at home. The main characters and leaders are faced with dilemmas and have to figure out how to work as a team to keep the automobile manufacturing plant up and running smoothly. According to Western Washington University (2011), there are many different sociological differences between the Japanese and Americans. Most importantly, the views of conflict and conflict resolution differ greatly. In the United States, conflict is seen as something that is inevitable, or bound to happen, whereas in Japan, conflict is considered dangerous to all relationships and should be diffused before it begins or avoided at all costs (Western Washington University, 2011). This fact along plays a major roll in the struggles between the Americans and the Japanese at the automobile manufacturing plant in Gung Ho. The American workers almost seemed as though they were looking for conflict to solve, but the Japanese executives were quick to avoid it at any cost possible. Culture also plays a major roll in determining how the characters approached and completed tasks presented to them. In the movie, a few of the American and Japanese main characters argue about their differences in spending time with family. The Japanese say that their job is their life; it is most important so they can provide for their families. For the Americans, they preferred to spend as much time...
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...(High-Context & Low-Context Culture Styles. (n.d.)). According to Edward Hall, these cultures prefer group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. They focus more on a speaker’s tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, posture, etc. than the actual words said. Travel effect stated four reasons why American workers chose not to use their vacation time. The first reason was the dread of returning from a vacation to piles of work, followed by the belief that no one will be able to step in and do their job for them while they're gone, not being able to afford going on vacation and lastly the fear of being seen as replaceable. “Indians are more efficient. Americans believe in more action and fewer words.” (SocialPC. (n.d.)). As previously stated, there are many differences between American and Indian work culture. Americans tend to be more relaxed work wise, while Indians tend to be extremely hard working. Due to their hard work, Indians quickly learned to adapt to new cultures and are very successful in other countries. Many of the differences between American and Indian culture arise from the fact that Indian cultures are based around their religions. Americans tend to be more individualistic and live life at their own will while Indians tend to rely more on the values of religion and family. Reference Chapter 1 Lecture: High-Context & Low-Context Culture Styles. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marin.edu/buscom/index_files/Page605.htm Goudreau, J. (2013)...
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