...and adoption process. Consumer Behavior- The relatively young discipline of marketing has a great deal to learn from other fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, etc. -- especially when it comes to consumer motivation and behavior. One thing scholars are noticing is the convergence of disciplines. A. Contributions of Psychology to Consumer Behavior Learning—Two important learning theories are classical conditioning (Pavlov) and instrumental conditioning (Skinner). Classical conditioning focuses on contiguity (association) and repetition. Pavlov taught dogs to associate the meat and the bell by pairing the two through numerous trials. Eventually, the dog salivated to the bell without the meat. Advertising can get you to associate a soft drink with good times by showing you numerous ads pairing the drink with young people having fun. Suppose a company wants you to believe that its tissues are soft. Its ads might show the tissues together with clouds, piles of cotton, and/or babies. Question: Why are cigarettes associated with being macho and mature? If the nebs and nerds on TV...
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...Hegemony, Cultural Hegemony, and The Americanization of Imported Media Kerry Manderbach University of Missouri @ St. Louis COMM 6700 Dr. Alice Hall April 10th, 2012 Abstract Media product from the United States has found its way across the four corners of the Earth beginning early in the last century. Films, television programs, music, and printed materials depicting and reinforcing the American way of life have been the predominant form of mass communication and have in turn influenced people from around the world in political, religious and cultural matters. When this effect becomes pronounced due to American media product dominating the local mass communications industry of another nation, it is called cultural hegemony. However, the same effect is not felt in the importation of international media into the U.S. market. Here, most foreign cultural and political meanings are replaced with “Americanized” thought through audio soundtrack dubbing and other methods. This is most often done for commercial purposes rather than any nefarious plot to keep Americans from learning about other cultures. But the effect ends up the same. Here I present some examples from the past and present… Hegemony is defined in our classroom handouts as, “…a means of convincing the audience to accept the existing power structure” (Hall 2012). Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist, developed the modern concepts of hegemony and its variant, cultural hegemony. Jim Glassman (2012) said, “Gramsci’s...
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...july ‘10 ISSuE 186 • £3.95 reader prOfIleS artISt prOfIleS Goldilocks u gu Mick Squires anD The BanK roBBer s Korpus TaTToos th-8 fr ns e i id e ww.tatt tw o o j a A Xed Lehead & Mad Alan Divine Canvas evil From The neeDle m th .uk 6t h-8t hA .co . .co su e e Jeff Ortega we highlight some of the gifted artists working tattoo jam 2010 REGULARS: Fall out ‘news & reviews’ | inkoming | Tattoo Tour | Conventions | personals | Jobs | For sale gu h st t h is a is m www.tat to o wi t Tommi Ink & Iron SKI N SHOWS no regreTs u j Birmingham usa tatto o 2010 tat toos a form of self-harm? you decide 9 770966 435048 San Jose www.jazzpublishing.co.uk • 07 Please mention Skin Deep when responding to adverts. GEnEral EnquIrIES Jazz Publishing, The Old School, Higher Kinnerton, Chester, CH4 9AJ, UK. 01244 663400 www.skindeep.co.uk EdItor Neil Dalleywater email: editor@skindeep.co.uk Telephone: 01244 663400 ext. 212 art EdItor Gareth Evans email: gareth@jazzpublishing.co.uk Telephone: 01244 663400 ext. 204 productIon manaGEr Justine Hart email: production@skindeep.co.uk Telephone: 01244 663400 ext. 235 accountS & admIn manaGEr Emma McCrindle email: accounts@jazzpublishing.co.uk Telephone: 01244 663400 ext. 207 admInIStratIon Jan Schofield email: jan@jazzpublishing.co.uk Telephone: 01244 663400 ext. 219 Katie-Marie Challinor email: katie@jazzpublishing...
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...Catholic and Baptist Religion - Ask most people today if they have heard of Baptist and Catholic religion and most would say yes. In many ways the two are very similar. For instance, both are based on the Christian faith, belief in the trinity, and that God is the one true God. The two religions agree that Jesus died on the cross and rose again to atone for our sins. They share a 27 book New Testament and insist that salvation comes from Christ alone. On the other hand, while the Baptist and Catholic religions do have similarities, they also have differences, such as their services, communion, and views regarding salvation. The Catholic Religion - The world has more than one billion Catholics and with the ever growing population, it will only get larger in number. To be a Catholic means to have complete faith in God and his divine grace. Having God's divine grace means to obey it and keep it holy as it was created by God and given to his people. The religion itself is based on this and the people take it very seriously. Catholics believe that all people are of good nature but when one commits a sin it not only hurts that one person but the people and the Church.... [tags: Catholicism, What Catholics Believe, informative] 1922 words (5.5 pages) $14.95 [preview] Catholic religion - CATHOLIC RELIGION To belong to the church one must accept as factually true the gospel of Jesus as handed down in tradition and as interpreted by the bishops in union with the pope. The most important...
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...customer, long rides – such as the Posse – hold some clear benefits. Firstly, each participant is given the chance to discover part of the USA. The long rides explore the country in depth and give participants the chance to explore various landscapes, hidden parts of the USA or legendary roads, thus broadening their horizons. Secondly, HD customers come into contact with people sharing the same passion for HD, riding bikes and adventure, turning such rides into social gatherings for Harley enthusiasts. Furthermore, the rides offer customers the thrills and excitement associated with biking over long distances, with unpredictable weather conditions, changing sceneries, road mishaps and great road stories. The customers see these trips as big American adventures, a change from the daily routine and a way of experiencing complete freedom. A more tangible benefit is that participants of this sort of rides have the chance to pride themselves of having participated in such endurance races and can even show it via the memorabilia they can gather along the trip (e.g. t-shirts, caps, pins, photographs). Also, some participants consider these rides an unconventional vacation – a chance to escape the daily routine and embark on the journey of their lives, be it on their own or with friends and family members. Last, maybe the greatest benefit for the HD...
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...1. Healthy eating habits It’s no secret that healthy eating can help you lose weight, feel more energetic, reduce the risk of illness and even extend your life. But if you’ve developed a lifetime of bad eating habits, developing new mealtime patterns can be a real challenge. Fortunately, there are a number of simple, easy and, yes, delicious ways you can start eating better without losing any of the pleasure we associate with food. Once you replace your bad habits with these good ones, you’ll be well on your way to a lifetime of rewards. Here are some simple ways you can eat better every day: * Always eat breakfast. Breakfast may not really be “the most important meal of the day,” but missing breakfast can throw your metabolism off for hours. Eat a morning meal, but stay away from pastries, pancakes, waffles and other super-sweet, starch-heavy foods. Instead, focus on eating whole-grain breads or cereals; low-fat (or high monosaturated fat) protein sources like eggs, peanut butter, lean meats and fish; low-fat dairy products like skim milk, yogurt and low-fat cheese; and either fresh fruits or 100% fruit juice. * Eat meals at a table, not on the run. Whether eating at home or out, always make meals “special” by eating at a table. Avoid eating “on the run,” in your car, or even at your desk. Food that’s “stuffed into your face” is rarely satisfying—leading you to eat more. * Always have plenty of healthy “snack foods” within reach. Often, we consume “empty calories” just...
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...intrigued with the idea of operating a low-overhead, self-service retail store. Leon Levine believed he could offer his customers a variety of high-quality, good value merchandise for under $2. Because he had grown up in his family’s retail store, he understood value, quality and customer satisfaction. In November 1959, Leon Levine opened the first Family Dollar store in Charlotte, North Carolina, and was on his way to becoming a retailing legend. Right from the start, he had a well-developed philosophy of what Family Dollar would be and how it would operate, a philosophy from which he and his management team have never strayed. The concept is a simple one, “the customers are the boss, and you need to keep them happy.” He created a general floorplan that he used in each of his stores that allowed customers to easily shop for their favorite...
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...10 Prison Subculture and Prison Gang Influence LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Discuss the prison subculture for inmates and correctional officers. 2. Compare importation theory with exportation theory. 3. Identify different aspects of prison culture that explain how offenders and officers view the world around them. 4. Discuss how professionalization and the diversification of correctional staff have impacted the prison subculture. 5. Discuss the impact that prison gangs have had on prisons, including the traditional prison subculture. 6. Identify the 13 gangs listed in this chapter as the primary prison gangs in the United States. 7. Explain what prison systems do to control gang problems that occur in their facilities. chapter I will stand by my brother My brother will come before all others My life is forfeit should I fail my brother I will honor my brother in peace as in war Aryan Brotherhood Oath INTRODUCTION This chapter provides students with a very unique aspect of the world of corrections. Students will learn that within the institutional environment, there is a commonality of experiences that arise between those who are involved; this is true for both inmates and staff. Indeed, many people may not be aware that, in fact, the mind and the world of the inmate often affect the mind-set of security personnel who work with the inmate. In essence, there is an exchange of beliefs and perspectives that often come together to produce a unique fusion...
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...Wireless Electricity Final Research Report Group B: DeVry University LAS 432, Section 90 Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………….4 What is Wireless Electricity? ...………………………………………...4 History …………………………………………………………..4 Present …………………………………………………………..5 Concepts .………………………………………………………..5 Political and Legal Influences ……………………………………………6 Political Factors …………………………………………………..6 Government vs. Private Funding …………………………………7 Cost to Consumer …………………………………………………8 Availability to the Consumer …………………………………….9 Legal Influences ..............................................................................9 Wireless Security Issues ..................................................................10 Political Factors ................................................................................10 Government Policy …………………………………………………11 Public Safety Concerns ......................................................................13 Regulation Control and Government Oversight ………………….15 Potential Controversies ......………………………………………...15 Economic Questions and Considerations…………………………17 Research and Development ………………………………17. Initial and Operational Costs ………………………………17. Financial Hesitations and Impacts …………………………17 Psychological Consideration and Sociological Effects ……………17. Theories ..............……………………………………………18 Positive and Negative Effects ………………………………...…….19 Society’s Impact …………………………………………20. Cultural Context...
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...1 March 30, 2003 To the reader: You are enrolled in a principles of marketing course. This publication is intended to supplement your lecture materials. As you read through the text, note that it is keyed to illustrations used in class. The course is divided into three sections. Section one covers introduction to marketing, consumer behavior, industrial buyer behavior, the marketing environment, where marketing fits into the organization, market segmentation, and product differentiation. Section two covers product and pricing. Section three covers promotion (sales) and distribution. As you read the book, consider that it is organized as follows: marketing and its environment (consumer behavior, industrial buyer behavior, marketing environment), product, pricing, promotion, and distribution. So, coverage begins with introductory concepts and proceeds into the marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion and place). You may wonder whether this book covers all aspects of marketing. No, it does not cover all aspects of marketing. You will find only basic concepts herein. If you seek specific, contemporary examples of marketing concepts, check out a traditional textbook from the library or purchase a recent edition from a used book store. Try the Perreault and McCarthy textbook (14th edition) or the Kotler and Armstrong textbook. Section I: Concepts of Marketing A. Who is a Marketer? Consider first that marketing is driven by people and their needs. It is people driven...
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...Section 2 AFFECT AND COGNITION AND MARKETING STRATEGY Chapter 3. Introduction to Affect and Cognition Chapter 4. Consumers’ Product Knowledge and Involvement Chapter 5. Attention and Comprehension Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely...
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...\CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Basic concepts and definition Objectives: By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Explain why marketing managers should understand consumer behavior Define and explain basic concepts in the study of consumer behavior. Introduction Why is it difficult to market any product to consumers? The reason is simple: Consumers are complex and constantly changing. Not only is it difficult to figure what marketing program will work but also what worked yesterday may not work today. Thus marketers must constantly improve their understanding of customers. Understanding consumer behavior and knowing your customers is never simple. Customers may say one thing but do another. They may not be in touch with their deeper motivation. They may respond to last minute influences. Some companies like Kenya Airways, Equity Bank, Microsoft, Coca-Cola e.t.c have stood to profit from understanding how and why their customers buy. On the other hand not understanding your customer’s motivations, needs and preferences can hurt. In Kenya, companies like Elliott’s and Sang Yong Motors failed. Consider also the case of Kodak when it introduced its Advantage camera and proudly marketed it as a high-tech product but to a generation (usually referred to as middle-aged baby comers) for which the bells and whistles of new technology had lost their appeal. It was a costly bust. Basic definitions and concepts Marketing: Just to remind ourselves we can say that...
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...American Ways American Ways A Guide for Foreigners in the United States GARY ALTHEN with Amanda R. Doran and Susan J. Szmania First published by Intercultural Press. For information contact: Intercultural Press, Inc. Nicholas Brealey Publishing PO Box 700 3-5 Spafield Street Yarmouth, Maine 04096 USA London, EC1R 4QB, UK Tel: 207-846-5168 Tel: +44-207-239-0360 Fax: 207-846-5181 Fax: +44-207-239-0370 www.interculturalpress.com www.nbrealey-books.com © 1988, 2003 by Gary Althen Production and cover design by Patty J. Topel All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. Printed in the United States of America 06 05 04 03 02 1 2 3 4 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Althen, Gary. American ways: a guide for foreigners in the United States/ Gary Althen.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) ISBN: 1-877864-99-4 (alk. paper) 1. United States—Guidebooks. 2. United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Visitors, Foreign—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Aliens—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Intercultural communication—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 6. United States—Social life and customs—1971– I. Title. E158.A46 2002 973—dc21 2002032741 ✰ ✰ ✰ Table of Contents Preface to the Second Edition........................................
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...largest reported gang controlling large areas of our states. However, the largest area to which the MS-13’s control is within our own capital, Washington D.C. Their leaders rule all the gangs from inside El Salvador. I will discuss other gangs, and their ties into Organized Crime. Gangs and Organized Crime in the United States When I first began this research, I was stunned by the number of gangs that can be accounted for living on US soil. I wasn’t shocked by the type of activities that they are involved in ranging from drug trafficking, carjacking, murder, rape and kidnapping. The news media is constantly reporting the ages to which individuals join a gang, and the reasons behind their becoming involved. Most that join look for acceptance, and are often from families that have one parent, typically run by their mother who represents head of the household. While others join gangs because they believe it will make others respect them. Throughout our course study, we have discussed a number of things concerning the criminal justice system. In our last couple of weeks, we covered the various theories of criminal behavior, why people become involved, why they do the things they do. Two theories that come to mind when discussing gangs and their reasoning behind becoming a member of one, these are the Social Control Theory and the Neutralization Theory. Within the Social Control Theory (SCT) “David...
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...British racing car. We thought it'd be cool to use it as an airplane - straight to Florida from Vermont in 30 hours, a week in the sun, and back home to New York for Christmas. We got lost, of course, and found ourselves at a small filling station, surrounded by fields, on a back road in South Carolina. It was a two person operation - an older white man in overalls was the owner and watched us from the doorway of the station, and a young black man almost our age pumped the gas. Groggy from the overnight drive, we staggered around in the sunlight, stretching our legs. We must have looked like something from a different planet. Several times I tried to strike up a conversation with the attendant while he filled the car. He'd grunt in response, embarrassed at the attention. His eyes were down-cast, and he kept glancing furtively at his boss in the doorway. For some reason, that look in his...
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