...ics Economics as a Science and its relevance to Law Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. It is the condition of a region or group as regards material prosperity. It is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Now the Question is whether Economics is a science or not? Economics is a science that treats of those social phenomena that are due to wealth getting and wealth using activities of Man. The word ―Economics‖ is derived from the Greeks word ―Oikonomos‖ which means to manage the house. So it means the management of a household especially in those matters, which are relating to the income and expenses of the family. After sometime, political economy term was also used for this topic and slowly political economy adopted the shape of Economics. There are numerous definitions of Economics offered from time to time but there is no clear and concise definition. Keeping in view this situation J.M. Keynes has rightly, stated ―Political Economy is said to have strangled itself with definition.‖ However, Economics is considered to be a science as well as an art. Some of its features like, self corrective nature, systematic body of knowledge, own laws and theories, universal validity of its laws (law of demand, marginal utility, law of diminishing returns etc) support economics to be a science, but its other features like lack of predictability and lack of...
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...IRAC Brief Case Analysis LaTasha Edwards, Margarita Castaneda, Jesse Ellison, and Jonathan Deschine University of Phoenix Business Law 531 James Rambeau July 1, 2015 IRAC Brief Case Analysis Currently, teachers of California are considered government workers and have to pay union dues, according to the law, as a condition of employment. “This arrangement was established under the 1977 Supreme Court case, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education” (Kovacs, 2015, para. 2). The purpose of the lawsuit is to bring back the right to choose and eliminate paying union dues by force that can benefit organizations teachers do not support. The teachers are being represented by Center for Individual Rights and are challenging laws in relation to agency fees under freedom of speech and association grounds. Issue: Was the right to choose and eliminate paying union dues reestablished? Rule: “Typically, California teacher union dues cost upwards of a $1000 per year. Although California law allows teachers to opt-out of the thirty percent or so of their dues devoted to overt political lobbying, they may not opt out of the sixty to seventy percent of their dues the union determines in devoted to collective bargaining. Requiring teachers to pay these “agency fees” assumes that collective bargaining is non political” (Kovacs, 2015, para. 4). Analysis:” “agency fees” laws, which require government workers to pay union dues as a condition of employment in order to negotiate political...
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...IRAC Brief LAW/531 May 12, 2014 Learning Team ‘A’ Reflection: Week Four IRAC Brief The Michigan Court of Appeals heard a case that involved the legality of forcing employee’s “to pay union dues or fees just to keep their jobs, despite the fact they do not belong to the union nor sought the union's so-called representation” ("Workers Defend Free Choice For Workers Against Spurious Union Boss Legal Challenge", 2014). The court ruled in favor of Michigan’s Right to Work Law that states, employees are not required to pay Union dues. The court stated that “the state had the power to make union membership optional” (Livengood, 2014). In this brief, we will identify how the legal concept of Right to Work is applied to relieve employees of compulsory union fees in a managerial setting using the IRAC method. Issue – Are mandatory service fees payable to collective bargaining agencies constitutional for state civil service non-union employees? Rule – “Agency shop” policies enforcing compulsory union fees may force employees to go against their own principles [Ellis v (Brotherhood of Railway, Airline & Steamship Clerks, 466 US 435, 455; 104 S Ct 1883; 80 L Ed 2d 428 (1984)]. Prohibiting or forcing employees to support ideological beliefs and unions violates a person’s constitutional right in the eyes of the State of Michigan. Analysis – The Michigan Court of Appeals considered the limits of the law to avoid infringing on laws superseding the State (Federal laws). During...
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...supervisor, peers, self, customers, and subordinates. acquisition The initiative taken by one organization to own another organization. affirmative action Federal policies that require employers to show initiative in recruiting a diverse pool of applicants for their job openings. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) A federal law that prohibits discrimination against employees over age 40. attitudes Cognitive and emotional appraisals that shape subsequent behavioral tendencies. attrition A reduction in the number of employees by not replacing those who leave. autonomy The level of freedom and independence a worker is given regarding work schedules and the procedures used to complete the job. availability A cognitive bias that causes an evaluator giving a performance review to place more importance on ecurring r factors, no matter how minor they are. Alderfer’s ERG theory A content motivation theory that divides core needs into three groups: existence, relatedness, and growth. baby boomers The generation born between 1946 and 1964. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) A federal law that requires employers of 15 or more employees to provide reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities and that prohibits discrimination against a qualified individual with a disability in hiring practices, testing, firing, promotion, job training, or regarding wages. behavioral competency Personality traits, interpersonal...
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...progress@gtz.de,[->0] Websites: www.gtz.de[->1], www.gtz-progress.org[->2] Working Paper No – 6 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE BANGLADESH LABOR LAW 2006 AND 7 GENERAL CODES OF CONDUCT By Ameena Chowdhury Hanna Denecke Dhaka, October 21, 2007 PROGRESS (promotion of social, environmental and production standards in the ready-made garment sector) is a joint program of the Bangladesh Ministry of Commerce and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), implemented by GTZ. Executive Summary The Readymade Garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh is a highly export oriented sector and therefore extremely volatile to requirements of international buyers. Since the adherence to international social standards has become a mandatory requirement in the international business arena, the local suppliers have to be compliant to these standards in order to remain in business. There have been some significant revisions to the Bangladesh Labor Law in 2006. This newly revised law already covers a lot of the common standards like employment conditions, occupational health and safety issues as well as the ILO core labor standards. Besides being complaint to the national labor law, the suppliers must also adhere to the international standards. These international standards may be defined through their individual buyers’...
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...to maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees while simultaneously improving the work life of employees and treating employees as valuable resources,” according to reference to business. Within this paper many areas of Human Resource management such as the EEO and affirmative action, the planning and recruitment process, the selection and development process, the compensation and benefits process, the safety, health, and employee and labor relations will be examined. Every business big or small should have long and short term goals and a strategic plan to achieve those goals in order to increase the market value of that organization. When you speak of HRM, you speak of people, every business has to have people, and having a well-developed HRM department will allow the business to gain their employment, develop their skills, and keep them motivated and happy while working for the organization. Listed below are the major everyday strategic HRM tasks; •planning and alignment •staffing •preparing compensation offers •orchestrating cultural change Let’s begin with HR planning. Strategic HR planning is a very important part of strategic HR management. It combines HR management to the strategic mission or goals of the organization. Finding the right person with the right skills at the right time is a must as well as looking...
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...HRM531 Chapter Presentation prepares 1) Ch3 is talk about equal employment opportunity, it tell us how to use law to protect woman, disable person and other protected category’s legal job right, such as equal employment, and equal pay. This chapter is also introducing what’s sexual harassment, and what we can do, when sexual harassment happened. 2) Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) * All individuals should have equal treatment in all employment-related actions. Discrimination * “Recognizing differences among items or people.” Protected Category * A group identified for protection under EEO laws and regulations. •Race, color • gender • Age •Disability • Religion • Sexual orientation 3) Illegal employment discrimination: Protect category: Disparate treatment: Occurs when members of group are treated differently from others. * Occurs in employment-related situations when either: * Different standards are used to judge different individuals, or the same standard is used, but it is not related to the individuals’ jobs. Disparate impact: occurs when members of a protected category are substantially underrepresented as a result of employment decision work to their disadvantage. 4) EEO Concepts: Business necessity is a practice necessary for safe and efficient organizational operations. Job relatedness is employers are expected to use job- related employment practice BFOQs is characteristic providing a legitimate...
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...Abstract Employment At-Will and Medical Marijuana use are two issues merging together in today’s society as state laws are becoming more reciprocal to medical marijuana users. Research has found that many users find marijuana to be a great therapeutic alternative when traditional therapeutic drugs start to become ineffective. The issue of employers having the legal right to fire employees who are registered medical marijuana users when testing positive during drug test makes employees feel helpless. This paper explores the legal, ethical, and social responsibilities that companies have in today’s society in regard to the use of medical marijuana. At Will Employment and Medical Marijuana: Analyses based on Legal, Ethical and Social Responsibility There is controversy over the rising issue of employment at-will and medical marijuana off company property. There are 22 states that allow the use of medical marijuana, but these states’ medical marijuana laws do not explicitly provide protection status to patients. Should this be legal and is it worth it for the organization to continue this practice? This paper will discuss the issue of “zero-tolerance” drug policies in organizations located in states that allow the legal use of medical marijuana, and the issues that arise will be analyzed and broken down into the “3 value” analysis of the law, ethics, and social responsibility. According to a report done by CNN there is a case concerning a Michigan man named Joseph Casias...
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...Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Billie Barker University of Phoenix CJA/550 Legal Issues in Justice and Security Michael Barrett, Esq. April 2, 2012 Public Safety and Privacy Analysis Introduction The purpose of this paper is to learn about public safety and privacy issues. Understanding the search and seizure laws; that govern all law enforcement and private security perssonel. Next the paper looks at the laws for surveillance by the police. After that this paper is investigating the idea of cameras in the school system legal or not, for protection or is it a violation of the fourth amendment rights to the students. Last the paper looks at surveillance by private security. Understanding Search and Seizure Law The police are governed by the 4th Amendment to the U.S. constitution which places limits on the power they have. For the police to make arrests, search a person or their property they have to work under the fourth amendment, which are the laws set for search and seizure. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads as follows: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized" (The Charters of Freedom, nd). The fourth amendment provides for the search and seizure...
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...Week 2 Article Summary Michelle Esfahani Global Management September 7, 2012 Mark Harvey Article Analysis: India Proposes Ban on Child Labor The article chosen for analysis is about the child labor laws in India. Amy Kazmin wrote the article for the Washington Post in August of this year. This analysis will describe the problem in India, the previous laws passed, and if this current law will help children in India. India is known as an “emerging economic powerhouse” (Kazmin, 2012), and is also known to have impoverished children as part of the workforce. According to Kazmin, the number of children in the workforce was estimated in 2001 at 15 million, down to 5 million in 2009 according to Statistics Ministry. This is disputed by UNICEF, who estimates the number of children working under the age of 14 at 28 million. While the laws may help in theory, the enforcement of these laws is another story. A law was passed called the 1986 Child Labor Act, which banned children under 14 from working in any hazardous condition, and later amended in 2006 to include the employment of children in homes, restaurants, or tea stalls. In 2009, the Right to Education act was passed to guarantee all children between 5 and 14 to have the right to free-government education. The problem with these laws is that enforcement is difficult. Many families rely on the income children can earn just to live. It is believed that if a full ban on child labor is enforced, impoverished households...
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...could be unable to work or able to work. The employer did not grant the plaintiff the accommodation as he relied on legitimate and unbiased motives. The petitioner was required to present the suggested reasons. The issue prompting court review of the case. The case needed to be reviewed since the lower court improperly granted an employer the summary judgment since the pregnant employee was able to provide evidence that created a genuine dispute that the employer favored some employees whose situations could not be distinguished. Therefore, the employer argument that he was relying on legitimate non-discriminatory reasons needed also...
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...Policy Analysis III- Compare and Contrast Paper Brandy Alston University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Management Theory and Practice CJA/464 Professor Leroy Hendrix October 10, 2013 Policy Analysis III- Compare and Contrast Paper The reason for policy analysis reflects around the assessment of policies from the government by critiquing the failures and successes. The United States implement several policies to deal with criminal activity and social issues, for instance The United States Human Trafficking Policy, this policy is not a successful one but this policy is steadily improving with sustainable reform. The criminal justice system practice the model of Packard’s Due Process, established with the promise form the United States Constitution for individuals civil liberties and rights. This paper will evaluate the issues that courts and law enforcement deals with while working and implementing prior polices. United States Human Trafficking Policy Human trafficking is a tough crime to identify, because of the existence and the transnational nature of an increasingly sophisticated arrangement in assisting organize crime. Trafficking in person is most productive agency in international crimes. According to the United States Justice Department (2001), International Labor Organization predicts that 17,500 individuals are trafficked annually in the United States. The United States had numerous legal advantages to stop human trafficking, mainly using...
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...Executive Summary This paper is about the concepts behind and an analysis of an employment contract between Sam Marafioti and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center. The goal of this paper is to better understand contract law and the legal, ethical and contractual issues that can arise when dealing with an employment contract. The paper begins by explaining the objective of the paper and the used in order to complete the objective. The methodology used is a five step process beginning with the clauses within the contract being defined. This creates an easier reference for a reader without any legal background. The clauses are stated in an easily understandable format in order to better understand the agreement used in the analysis. This precedes the section where all legal concepts within the contract are defined. The legal concepts are used in order to better understand the meaning of the contract. They explain both the what, and the why each clauses exists and how they interact with the signer. The ethical issues within the contract are then showcased. The law is considered the minimum standard of ethics and as such there can be ethical issues for the signer. The process of termination is then analysed to better understand how the clauses within the contract work in a real scenario and can prepare the reader for their own employment termination. Finally, my personal recommendations regarding legal issues and lessons learned are displayed. This section shows how the...
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...chapter 9, #5, pg.243 Relevant Facts: You want to lease your automobile to a friend for the summer but do not want to pay a lawyer to draw up the lease. Joanna, a neighbor, is in law school. She is not licensed to practice law. She offers to draft a lease for you for $100, and you unwisely accept. Later, you refuse to pay her fee and she sues to collect. Problem or Issue: Who will win the lawsuits, and why? Apart from the law, was it morally right for the law student to try to help out by drafting the lease, and why? Was she acting helpfully, or foolishly, or fraudulently? Is it just for you to agree to her fee and then refuse to pay it? What is society’s interest in this dispute? Should a court be more concerned with the ethical issue raised by the conduct of the two parties or with the social consequences of this agreement? Answer or Resolution: I will win the lawsuit. Joanna and I have no contract of leasing. It is right on morally to try to help me out by drafting the lease. She has no license of a lawyer, so she acts foolishly. It is not just for me to agree to her fee and then refuse to pay it. The society interest in the law school student whether or not can draft a lease. The court should be more concerned with the ethical issue raised by the conduct of the two parties. Analysis: A car sale contract passes ownership of the car from seller to buyer. The contract can be drafted and signed by the buyer and seller without a lawyer or notary present. However, witnesses...
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...the concepts of a job analysis. According to Cascio (2010) a job analysis is the planned and systematic gathering of information about the tasks of jobs and the knowledge and qualifications necessary to perform those jobs. At first he struggled with the concept of the different aspects of collecting data for a job analysis. Now he is more comfortable with how job analysis data forms a job description and a job specification. The information learned on the functions of a job description allowed me to relate to Human Resources at my workplace. He have personally worked with my HR office to help create a job description of a new position within our organization that was not a corporate mandate. At the time he did not realize its full importance until reviewing the information during this week’s objectives. Also, he can now sympathize with my employment manager that she has no easy task, and the information provided in this class will help me understand her position even more clearly (Paul Webber). Paul think often times those who do not work in HR underestimate what all we really do. I've heard that HR sits around looking and waiting for trouble, but that's not true. Of course we have to enforce the policies but we also have to compile benefits and compensation plans, plan for the work force, perform job analysis and create job descriptions, and employee relations, payroll (Paul Webber). Taursha is actually in the process of performing job analysis for her organization...
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