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Analysis of Organizational Behavior

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TUGAS INDIVIDU ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Analisa Penyebab Tingginya Turn Over Karyawan di PT. X

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NURUL BATHARI SINAYANGSIH

LATAR BELAKANG

Pada era perdagangan bebas saat ini , laju persaingan bisnis menjadi agresif dan sangat ketat dengan banyak munculnya kompetitor asing yang masuk ke Indonesia. Sejalan dengan hal ini, maka dibutuhkan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas dan kompeten dalam menghadapi persaingan bisnis. Faktor sumber daya manusia menjadi faktor utama dan berperan penting dalam jalannya suatu bisnis atau perusahaan. PT. X yang sedang mengalami growth berusaha untuk selalu mengikuti persaingan atau tantangan bisnis yang ada sebagai upaya dalam pencapaian misi perusahaan (Recognized Internationally, Be a Market Leader, and Being Expert) dengan cara selalu menjaga kualitas perusahaan termasuk dalam pengelolaan sumber daya manusianya.

PT. X merupakan salah satu perusahaan pemegang hak eksklusif atau retail resmi 16 brand internasional di dunia (timepieces dan fashion lifestyle) yang berdiri sejak tahun 1993 dan berlokasi di pusat sentra bisnis Jakarta. PT. X telah memiliki ±100 store di seluruh Indonesia dengan karyawan head office 280 orang (Data November 2012). Persaingan bisnis yang semakin agresif mempengaruhi PT. X terutama faktor sumber daya manusia. Permintaan sumber daya manusia yang semakin tinggi tiap tahunnya di PT. X juga dibarengi dengan keluar masuk karyawan dalam waktu yang relative singkat, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa turn over karyawan PT. X semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Hal ini menjadi permasalahan utama di PT. X.

DATA TURN OVER JUMLAH KARYAWAN PT. X (2012)

| |June 2012 |July 2012 |August 2012 |September 2012 |October 2012 |November 2012 |
|Jumlah Karyawan Resign |14 |11 |9 |11 |20 |11 |
|Presentase(%) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 |

Dari data turn over jumlah karyawan PT. X bulan Juni 2012 – November 2012 dapat dilihat bahwa presentase turn over jumlah karyawan yang mengundurkan diri > 0.03 % dimana based on experience/ best practice, turn over karyawan yang mengundurkan diri disarankan sebaiknya ≤ 0.01%. Turn over PT. X paling tinggi terjadi pada bulan Oktober 2012 dimana mengalami kenaikan yang cukup siginifikan yaitu dari 0.04% menjadi 0.08%. Dengan melihat peningkatan presentase turn over jumlah karyawan yang mengundurkan diri periode Juni 2012 - November 2012 ini, banyak hal yang mungkin mempengaruhi hal ini.

Maka perlu dilakukan analisa mendalam mengenai turn over di PT. X, sebagai upaya pencarian akan masalah yang mendasari tindakan perbaikan agar tepat sasaran dalam implementasinya.

LANDASAN TEORI

• What is an Organization?

Menurut Robert Kreitner dan Angelo Kinicki, 2010, “Organizaton is a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons.”

Organisasi di setiap perusahaan akan berjalan efektif apabila sumber daya manusia di dalamnya memiliki komitmen (Organizational Commitment) terhadap organisasinya dimana komitmen itu timbul karena setiap individu memiliki rasa kepuasaan kerja (Job Satisfaction) dan rasa keterlibatan kerja (Job Involvement) di dalam organisasinya. Job Involvement memiliki hubungan positif dengan Job Satisfaction dan Organizational Commitment tetapi memiliki hubungan negatif dengan turn over jumlah karyawan yang mengundurkan diri.

Hal ini sejalan dengan teori yang diungkapkan oleh Greenberg dan Baron (Greenberg, Jerald dan Robert A.Baron,2003, ”Seorang karyawan yang mempunyai komitmen organisasi mempunyai kemungkinan yang lebih kecil untuk mengundurkan diri.”

• Organizational Commitment

Menurut Robert Kreitner dan Angelo Kinicki, 2010,

“Organizational Commitment is extent to which an individual indentifies with an organization and its goals.”

Organizational Commitment dibagi menjadi dalam tiga komponen yang saling berhubungan, yaitu :

1. Affective Commitment

Adalah keterikatan emosional karyawan untuk organisasi, mengidentifikasi dan keterlibatan dalam organisasi. Individu yang termasuk di dalamnya berkomitmen karena keinginan sendiri.

2. Continuance Commitment

Adalah komitmen yang lebih mengacu kepada biaya-biaya yang akan timbul apabila meninggalkan organisasi. Individu yang termasuk di dalamnya berkomitmen karena keperluan dan kebutuhan mereka.

3. Normative Commitment

Adalah komitmen yang timbul karena ada rasa kewajiban untuk tetap berada di dalam organisasi.

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• Job Involvement

is the extent to which an individual is immersed in his or her personal job (Robert Kreitner dan Angelo Kinicki, 2010)

• Job Satisfaction

is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one’s job (Robert Kreitner dan Angelo Kinicki, 2010)

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Gambar 2. Factors of Job Satisfaction

Salah satu penyebab tingkat turn over yang tinggi karena timbulnya rasa ketidakpuasaan dalam bekerja (Job Dissatisfication) dari setiap individu. Job Dissatisfication akan menibulkan sikap yang berbeda dari setiap individu.

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Menurut Robert Kreitner dan Angelo Kinicki, 2010, sikap yang timbul dibagi menjadi 4, yaitu :

1. Exit

Adalah sikap yang ditunjukkan oleh individu dengan meninggalkan organisasi atau perusahaannya karena timbul rasa ketidakpuasan. Sikap ini termasuk dalan Active Choices.

2. Voice

Adalah sikap yang ditunjukkan oleh individu secara aktif dan konstruktif berusaha memperbaiki keadaan dalam organisasi. Sikap ini termasuk dalam Active Choices.

3. Neglect

Adalah sikap yang ditunjukkan oleh setiap individu dengan tidak melakukan apapun dan membiarkan keadaan terburuk sekalipun terjadi di dalam organisasi-nya.

4. Loyalty

Adalah sikap yang ditunjukkan oleh setiap individu yang secara pasif hanya menunggu keadaan berubah menjadi lebih baik.

PEMBAHASAN

Fenomena yang telah dipaparkan mengenai PT. X dimana persaingan bisnis semakin agresif dan membuat permintaan akan sumber daya manusianya pun meningkat. Namun hal ini dibarengi dengan turn over karyawan yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Analisa yang akan dilakukan mengenai fenomena ini adalah dengan menggunakan analisa SWOT Matriks dengan terlebih dahulu menetapkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingginya turn over PT. X dan akan dikombinasi silang ke masing-masing faktor. Dari hasil Analisa SWOT Matriks menghasilkan inisiatif–inisiatif yang kemudian akan menjadi dasar dalam penyusunan action plan 2013 demi untuk mengurangi turn over karyawan.

Faktor-faktor tersebut terbagi menjadi 4 bagian (Internal dan Eksternal), yaitu :

INTERNAL

1. Kekuatan (Strengths)

a. Goal Oriented b. Team work per divisi

2. Kelemahan (Weaknesses)

a. Tidak melakukan benchmark b. Subjektif c. Tidak Open Minded/Old Fashion d. Tidak memiliki SOP e. Kekurangan Manpower f. Gaya kepemimpinan otoriter g. Job Description yang tidak jelas h. Sistem Manual

EKSTERNAL

3. Peluang (Opportunities)

a. Angkatan Kerja bertambah b. Brand Awareness yang sudah kuat di masyarakat

4. Ancaman (Threats)

a. Turn Over Jumlah Karyawan tinggi b. Masa Kerja Karyawan ≤ 5 tahun c. Banyaknya kompetitor retail yang masuk d. Regulasi pemerintah e. Tuntutan kecepatan kerja dalam waktu singkat

TABEL ANALISA SWOT MATRIKS

| |Strengths |Weaknesses |
| |Goal Oriented |Tidak melakukan benchmark |
| |Team work per divisi |Subjektif |
| | |Tidak Open Minded/Old Fashion |
| | |Tidak memiliki SOP |
| | |Kekurangan Manpower |
| | |Gaya kepemimpinan otoriter |
| | |Job Description yang tidak jelas |
| | |Sistem Manual |
|Opportunities | Strengths-Opportunities | Weaknesses-Opportunities |
|Angkatan Kerja bertambah |Jumlah sumber daya (sourcing) meningkat |Melakukan benchmark dengan kompetitor |
|Brand Awareness yang sudah kuat di masyarakat|Memiliki daya tarik yang cukup untuk menarik |Menyusun Job Spesification tiap jabatan |
| |angkatan kerja yang semakin bertambah |Menerapkan Policy Perusahaan dengan lebih jelas |
| | |Mengembangkan sistem komputerisasi |
| | |Menyusun SOP, Job Description, Job Evaluation |
|Threats | Strengths-Threats | Weaknesses-Threats |
|Turn Over Jumlah Karyawan tinggi |Rutin dan kreatif dalam mengikuti event yang dapat|Melaksanakan Meeting Koordinasi Mingguan |
|Masa Kerja Karyawan ≤ 5 tahun |memenuhi kebutuhan sumber daya manusia, seperti: |Sosialisasi Regulasi Pemerintah |
|Banyaknya competitor retail yang masuk |job fair, walk in interview, job street |Sosialisasi Job Description, Job Spesification, dan |
|Regulasi pemerintah |Memperbanyak jumlah kandidat atau calon karyawan |SOP |
|Tuntutan kecepatan kerja dalam waktu singkat |yang kompeten |Mengubah Gaya Kepemimpinan dua arah |
| |Penetapan target yang jelas |Menambah Manpower |
| | |Implementasi HRIS |
| | |Evaluasi Karyawan secara objektif (Performance |
| | |Appraisal, Key Performance Indicator) |

Dari hasil analisa SWOT Matriks di atas telah menghasilkan inisiatif-inisiatif untuk PT. X, yaitu :

• Jumlah sumber daya (sourcing) meningkat • Memiliki daya tarik yang cukup untuk menarik angkatan kerja yang semakin bertambah • Melakukan benchmark dengan kompetitor • Menyusun Job Spesification tiap jabatan • Menerapkan Policy Perusahaan dengan lebih jelas • Mengembangkan sistem komputerisasi • Menyusun SOP, Job Description, Job Evaluation • Rutin dan kreatif dalam mengikuti event yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan sumber daya manusia, seperti: job fair, walk in interview, job street • Memperbanyak jumlah kandidat atau calon karyawan yang kompeten • Penetapan target yang jelas • Melaksanakan Meeting Koordinasi Mingguan • Sosialisasi Regulasi Pemerintah • Sosialisasi Job Description, Job Spesification, dan SOP • Mengubah Gaya Kepemimpinan dua arah • Menambah Manpower • Implementasi HRIS • Evaluasi Karyawan secara objektif (Performance Appraisal, Key Performance Indicator)

Usulan Action Plan 2013 PT. X untuk mengurangi turn over karyawan, yaitu :

1. Update Social Media dan Event Job Fair setiap bulan

2. Menciptakan website perusahaan sebagai daya tarik perusahan agar lebih dikenal

3. Membuat Program Training Development and Motivation untuk setiap karyawan setiap dua bulan sekali termasuk untuk CEO atau pun direktur

4. Menciptakan suatu divisi baru yang berkonsentrasi pada penyusunan SOP, Policy, Job Description, Job Evaluation, Job Spesification. (Quality Assurance Departement)

5. Koordinasi Weekly Meeting setiap divisi

6. Implementasi HRIS

7. Review dan Update Peraturan Perusahaan secara berkala dan sosialisasi

8. Menyusun Salary Grading

9. Pelaksanaan Job Analysis, Job Description, Job Evaluation secara berkala dan objektif

10. Penerapan Performance Appraisal System sesuai Key Performance Indicator

11. Review Benefit Karyawan, seperti : Kesehatan, dll

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa permasalahan utama PT. X adalah tingginya turn over karyawan dari tahun ke tahun dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal PT. X yang dibagi menjadi ke 4 bagian, yaitu : Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats yang kemudian di analisis melalui metode SWOT sehingga menghasilkan inisiatif-inisiatif yang mendasari usulan penyusunan Action Plan 2013 PT. X.

Action Plan 2013 disusun sesuai dengan visi dan misi perusahaan dan berdasarkan kepentingan serta kebutuhan PT. X yang pelaksanaannya disarankan dilakukan secara berkala dengan pelatihan/ coaching yang tepat sehingga tidak menimbulkan culture shock di internal perusahaan dan di-monitoring oleh PIC tertentu yang terkait langsung dengan tugas/ jobdesc-nya.

Inisiatif-inisiatif yang dihasilkan dari analisa SWOT Matriks akan mempengaruhi kepuasan karyawan dimana diharapkan akan munculnya rasa komitmen terhadap organisasi/ perusahaan dari setiap individu dan munculnya rasa nyaman bekerja di dalam organisasi/ perusahaan yang kemudian diharapkan akan mengurangi tingkat turn over karyawan di PT. X.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Greenberg, Jerald and Robert A Baron, Behavior organizations. 8th ed,New Jersey Prentince-Hall,2003

Kreitner, Robert & Kinicki, Angelo. (2010). Organizational Behavior.

-----------------------
Job Involvement ⎡, Job Satisfaction ⎡, Organizational Commitment ⎡,

Turn Over ⎢

Gambar 3. Job Dissatisfication

Gambar 1. A Model of Organizational Commitment

INTERNAL

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...Organization Behavior Search Home > > Science Organization Behavior By shadcu April 2011 369 Words 455 Views Page 1 of 2 Organizationa Behavior: Organizational behavior is a misnomer. It is not the study of how organizations behave, but rather the study of individual behavior in an organizational setting. This includes the study of how individuals behave alone, as well as how individuals behave in groups. The purpose of organizational behavior is to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. The field also includes the analysis of organizational factors that may have an influence upon individual and group behavior. Much of organizational behavior research is ultimately aimed at providing human resource management professionals with the information and tools they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion that yields maximum benefit for the individual employee as well as for the organization. Organizational behavior is a relatively new, interdisciplinary field of study. Although it draws most heavily from the psychological and sociological sciences, it also looks to other scientific fields of study...

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Organizational Behavior

...of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. As the organizing function, the designing an organization’s structure could be noticed. As an example: they should organize who reports to whom, who has to deal with costumers, what takes are to be done and so on. As the leading function, managers should motivate employees, direct their activities and find out the most effective communication ways. As the controlling function, managers must control organizations performance and compare it with previously set goal. If the things are not going as they planed the manager should find the way how to make it better or how should work harder. 3. What is organizational behavior (OB)? Answer: Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. To make it a general...

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Organizational Psychology

...Organizational Psychology Teresa Rochevot University of Phoenix Organizational Psychology/PSY/428 July 1, 2010 Organizational Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior, and organizational psychology is basically psychology at work. Most adults work for a living as well as spend numerous hours each year in a workplace setting. Human behavior at work can influence many areas in our lives; therefore, understanding and predicting individual behavior in the world of work can prove to be beneficial for any organization to increase productivity and maintain higher quality services. When study of the human element is considered in the areas of business, industry, government agencies, and non-profit organizations, a wealth of knowledge is available through exploration and application improve organizational effectiveness and achieve success. The purpose of this paper is to define organizational psychology, explain the role of research and statistics in organizational psychology as well as describe how organizational psychology can be used in organizations. Define Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is a legitimate component of the much larger field industrial psychology (Jex & Britt, 2008). The science of industrial/organizational psychology is concerned with applying a scientific approach to study processes that occur in organizations and solving problems in the workplace. Both industrial/organizational psychology are intertwined in many aspects;...

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