...Abstract Many ancient cultures existed throughout time but none as popular as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Although Rome eventually became powerful and ruled over Greece, much of Roman art, architecture, and religion were adopted from the cultures they conquered and were adapted to meet the needs of the Roman Empire. Much of the Roman society mocked that of ancient Greece. | ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE | ANCIENT ROMAN CULTURE | GEOGRAPHY AND GOVERNMENT | Athens was the center of the Greek world in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. Athens was the capital of Greece and its name was taken from the Greek goddess Athena. Athens was symbolic of art, freedom, and democracy (the prevailing government of ancient Greece introduced around 500 BCE by an aristocrat). Athens was just one of over 800 city states that made up ancient Greece. Several city states (comparable to a modern county) were isolated from each other and the mainland as they were located on islands that made up the fractured geography of ancient Greece. These islands were located in the Aegean Sea and reached around the Mediterranean to peninsula of Italy and to the shores of Asia Minor. Each city state considered itself a cultural center. City states of ancient Greece were very independent however they remained loyal to Greece and considered themselves Greeks.***See Figure 1 | Rome was the result of a combination of two cultures, the Greeks (to the north) and the Etruscans (to the south). Rome was built on...
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...IP Introduction to Humanities By Amber Brooker Abstract In this essay, I created a chart to compare and contrast elements of early Greek and Roman cultures. Greek/Roman Comparing Chart Category | Greek | Roman | Art | Greek Temple Architecture was an important form of art in Early Greece. The Greeks developed three architectural systems called Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Each one was distinctive in its style and design. Greek Pottery was another important form of art in Early Greece. The paintings on the pottery found from early Greece has survived for centuries and these pieces give a glimpse into the culture and lives of Early Greece. Sculptures were important too, they consisted of small figurines and life-size statutes. Sculptures were created using marble, limestone, stone, and other materials. The sculptures created told stories of Heroes, Gods, Mythical Creatures, Important Events, and the culture of Greece | Roman Statues were developed from copying the art from the Greeks. Statues were made of gods and important leaders. Their statues showed a great sense of skill and originality. Roman sculptures were designed for the purpose of telling the significant history of the culture. Besides the sculptures, statues, and paintings in Rome, Mosaics were also popular. Mosaics were made with geometric shapes of stone and placed in different shapes to create the desired look. | Geography | Greece is a peninsula that is composed of even smaller peninsulas on its land...
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...Ancient Art History Essay Ancient Greece, Rome, Etruscan Art 8/30/2012 Art 101A, World Art Garrett Stokes Garrett Stokes Art 101A, World Art Abbas Daneshvari 8/30/12 Ancient Art History Art history has been a vital part of the modern human experience. For thousands of years, the first painters and sculptors have given us the first displays that allowed people to see and touch tangible artwork. The artwork has also captured the history and lifestyle of that time. Art History has also expressed its social and political events that happened during that time. This gives the present person a good understand on what events took place during that era. Some of the most prominent artwork of the western civilization is Greek, Etruscan and Roman art. That historical artwork has paved the way for modern art to have a place in art history world. I will compare and contrast the Greek, Etruscan and Roman characteristic and traits of its historical artwork. During the Geometric and Orientalizing art in the 900-600 BCE, the human shape returned to Greek art in the structure of bronze statuettes and simple silhouettes and other motifs on Geometric vases. One art example is the Dipylon krater, Athens, ca 740 BCE. During the Archaic Art, 600-480 BCE the earliest real-life stone statues appeared in Greece. The first Greek kouroi copied the frontal poses of early Egyptian statues, however designed the young men nude the same way that the men competed in the Ancient Olympics. In the...
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...Examine Byron’s response to at least two of the places visited by Childe Harold: Greece, Rome, Portugal, Venice & co. ‘I have always had great contempt for women; and formed this opinion of them not hastily, but from my own fatal experience. My writings, indeed tend to exalt the sex; and my imagination has always delighted in giving them a beau ideal likeness, but I only drew them as a painter or sanctuary would do, -- as they should be.’[1] (Medwin, Nov 1821- Mar 1822 (Cf. Ideality of Art)) p. 195 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage was Lord George Gordon Byron’s first composition which he begun in 1809 and finally completed in 1818. The structure of the poem follows a young promising knight through his journey around Europe. The poem is autobiographical: Byron uses Childe Harold as a fictional figure to respond to, and comment on, life and experiences around Europe whilst Byron was undertaking his own ‘Tour’. The Grand Tour ‘became the fashionable way for young male aristocrats to complete an education whose foundation was classical Greek and Roman history, rhetoric, philosophy, and poetry.’[2] As a Romantic poet, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Byron uses the depiction of nature as a way to express his opinions of place. Childe Harold is full of images and motifs which takes its reader on a journey, or a pilgrimage, of self-discovery and through foreign lands in the truly beautiful Byronic style. Politics have dominated the critical analysis of Childe Harold in the past,...
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...YEAR 10 RELIGIOUS EDUCATION ASSESSMENT TASK ANCIENT RELIGIONS Religions of Ancient Mesopotamia George Pauls 10K Ms. Delalande (Note: Ms Delanlande instructed that essay format was permitted and an extension was granted in regards to my absence.) George Pauls 10K Year 10 Religious Education Assessment Task Ancient Religions – Religions of Ancient Mesopotamia Many religions around the world in modern time are still believed and followed by a large portion of the world’s population with the predominant religions being Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Many Religions have simply come to a halt and ceased to be believed and followed such as the religions in Ancient Egypt and Ancients Greece. One of the lesser known and arguably the oldest ancient religion of our world was the ancient religion on Mesopotamia, which did follow some key concepts from the other foreign ancient religions in which there were multiple gods, goddesses and other deities and supreme beings. It is believed to have originated over fifty centuries ago. Mesopotamia is known more commonly known as Iraq, situated within the Middle East. The religion of Ancient Mesopotamia consists of numerous components. The God Anu (Below) The God Anu (Below) The Mesopotamian religion was followed by Sumerians and Akkadians (Assyrians/Babylonians) who lived in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian religion was basically perceived as a form of paganism with over 2100 deities which associated with a specific region, city or state within...
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...CLASSICS 101 2ND QUARTER 2013 ESSAY You are required to write an essay on either The Golden Age of Greece or Greek Tragedy. The question for the first topic is given below. The questions for the second will be given when the lectures on Greek Tragedy begin. Title: Compare the situation of women in Sparta with that of women in Athens in the 5th century BC. Note: The most important word here is compare. Avoid writing about Spartan women and then Athenian women – or vice versa. Rather compare them under specific subject areas such as birth, upbringing, marriage, authority/influence at home, political influence, economic power, status in society… and anything else which you believe is important. The following books (with barcodes in brackets) are available on Short Loan. Bradley’s book is helpful as a general guide to students of Classics. Those by Pomeroy, Fantham and Lefkowitz and Samons focus on women in the Classical World. The other works may not have immediate relevance to this essay, but should be helpful as you study Athenian and Spartan forms of government and the ways of life and values of these two very different societies. Bradley, P. Ancient Greece: Using Evidence. (10021550) Barrow, R. Athenian Democracy. (13143987) Cartledge, P. Sparta and Lakonia. (12667874) Fantham E et al. Women in the classical world. (11621324) Fornara, C., Samons, L. Athens from Cleisthenes to Pericles (10112243). Forrest, W...
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...There are several factors that contribute to cultures in society. Early cultures were primarily shaped in the same fashion as people are today. Values and beliefs were an essential element to adding uniqueness to a culture. Values may have consisted of ones desire for cleanliness, need for achievement, and alertness to trespassers. Behavior claimed a major part of the characteristics of culture. Behavior determined how we treated our neighbors, our families, and the roles men and women played in a society. In early cultures men were the decision makers, the ones who governed or ruled. Religion played a significant role during early culture as well. When cultures encountered each other, they were taken aback by their differences. The fact that they may have spoken different languages or revered dissimilar Gods may have been a conflict of interest. Their inability to communicate effectively would have cause a hostile situation, as they would have felt threatened as if their territory was at risk of being invaded. The main cultural influences on earl civilizations were religion and geography. The geography of a culture determined if they would have the ability to farm the land or if they were close to the sea to they would have the ability to trade resources with other cultures. These resources and ability to create wealth were valuable to the survival of a culture. Greek and Roman culture depended upon the gods to guide them, so religion would be emphasized among the people...
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...Collected and edited by Victor Davis Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience is a collection of nine scholarly essays specifically about the Hoplite warrior: describing the weapons used, how the identification and retrieval of casualties was conducted, the style of phalanx battle from the perspective of the actual soldier fighting as well as sacrifices and battle rituals. He reveals a new experience to the reader using these works, one that sheds new light on the hoplite warrior. Born on September 5th, 1953, Victor Hanson is a military historian and columnist specializing in the study of the classics and ancient warfare. Most notably known for his contributions on modern warfare and contemporary politics for the National Review he has published a number of books on ancient warfare and the classics most on Greek warfare and the Peloponnesian Wars. Keeping his love for the classics intact he received his Ph.D in that field from Stanford University in 1980. Hanson recently relinquished his position and California State University where he began teaching in 1984 where his solely responsible for the creation of the classics program. He currently writes two articles per week for the National Review. Although much scholarly research and publication has been made available on the topic of hoplite warfare, the collection of unpublished essays that Hanson has brought together has undoubtedly opened a new perspective of battle itself. Hanson may have very well been...
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...Julius Caesar is known as one of the greatest war tactions in history. His battlefield tactics are still used in modern day warfare. Had it not been for his narcissism, his accomplishments would have been even greater. Augustus Caesar, Julius’ nephew and adoptive son, succeeded his uncle as the new Emperor of Rome. Throughout this essay, I will discuss the achievements of Julius Caesar, the achievements of Augusts, and the qualities of both their personalities. Julius Caesar is known for his many conquests in ancient Roman history. It was an intrical part in making the Roman Empire as vast as it was between 58-50 BC. As a young aristocrat, Julius Caesar went to Greece to perfect his public speaking skills and his knowledge of philosophy (Starr, page 75). In 63 BC he secured election to the august post of “pontifex maximus,” which made him chief in the Roman religious affairs (Caesar, page 4). In 61 BC, after one year of being praetor, Julius became governor of a Spanish province. In 60 BC he returned from Spain with exceptional military experience and decided he wanted to be consul, and as a result, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the first Triumvirate, which basically means they were the authority in the civilization. The triumvirate ruled for Caesar to be one of the consuls for the following year, 59 BC (Starr, page 79). After one year as consul, in Caesar appointed himself as governor of Illyricum and Cisalpine Gaul for...
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...Contrast essay by Louise Hensley I love both my pets! Sosha which is a red-nosed Pit-bull, and then there is Lilbit and she is a German Shepard. These two breeds of animals have their own special unique qualities of their own. As for the Pit-bull breed they are known for their intelligence, strength, and loyalty. They have also been marked for centuries now for their violence and aggressiveness towards people and other animals. They get their name from the Molossian family of dogs, which bear the name from the Molossi Tribe, which is a group of people who lived in Ancient Greece, and they favored the use of robust, muscular dogs in warfare. They are reknowned for their fierceness, and for the ability to intimidate the enemies of the tribe. The Greece later began to sell these dogs to Rome which they used to cross breed with their counterparts from the year 50 A.D to 410 A.D. and then was used for entertainment in the arenas and coliseums of Rome. Once in Rome the British dogs were sold to the Englishman, when they left to go back home the Englishmen took their dogs with them and this is how they ended up in the United States. Even though Sosha is a Pit-bull, she is nothing like they say, she is very well trained and mild mannered. Lilbit is a German Shepard and their breed is known for their largeness, intelligence, strength, and their ability in training. They were used to work in the fields for sheep herding. Also, because of their intelligence and obedience training they...
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...Login 2006 GMC Sierra 1500 Join The Research Paper Factory $10,995 VIEW Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search over 100,000 Essays Home Page » Other Topics Accountability In: Other Topics Accountability This essay is all about accountability. Where it came from and why it’s important today. The word “accountable” has so much history behind it. Accountability is important on all levels. Being able to be accountable is a corner stone of being a working member of society. Accountability is a word with many different meanings. This essay will explore what accountability is, where it comes from, and what it means to “be accountable”. Websters dictionary defines it as such: the quality or state of being accountable; especially; an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones actions. "Accountability" stems from late Latin accomptare (to account), a prefixed form of computare (to calculate), which in turn derived from putare (to reckon). While the word itself does not appear in English until its use in 13th century Norman England, the concept of account-giving has ancient roots in record keeping activities related to governance and money-lending systems that first developed in Ancient Israel, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and later, Rome What is accountability and the definition: (DOD) The obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping accurate record of property, documents, or funds. The person having...
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...Ancient Olympics Essay, Research Paper Since 1896, the year the Olympics were resurrected from ancient history, the Olympics have been a symbol of the camaraderie and harmony possible on a global scale. The gathering of athletic representatives, the pride of the pack, from participating governments, even throughout the recent Cold War period, is proof that world unity is possible; just as it was in Ancient Greece with the polis or city-states. Olympic Games were held throughout Ancient Greece, but the most famous are the games that were held in Olympia in honor of Zeus every four years from August 6th to September 19th. The first record of these games is of one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, winning a sprint race in 776 BC. Most historians believe the games to have been going on for approximately 500 years before this. In the year Coroebus was made a part of history, there was apparently only one simple event, a race called the stade. The track was said to be one stade long or roughly 210 yards. In subsequent games, additional events were to be added, most likely to increase the challenge to these amazing athletes. In 724 BC, the diaulos, a two stade race, was added, followed by a long distance race, about 2 1/4 miles and called the dolichos, at the next games four years later. Wrestling and the famous Pentathlon were introduced in 708 BC. The Pentathlon consisted of five events; the long jump, javelin throw, discus...
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...THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ASIA FALL SEMESTER 2014 History of Art Dr Raymond-Josef Hoffmann Description: This course is an introduction to art as the embodiment of cultural, social, and political values, ranging from ancient civilizations to the modern period. The class examines painting, sculpture, and architecture , and both domestic and ornamental artifacts of Near Eastern, Mediterranean and Western civilisations. Various historical periods will be considered through an examination of creative practices, themes, and visual forms. Examples of the work of representative artists and movements, from Praxiteles in ancient Greece to recent artists will be explored. The course will also consider cultural and artistic exchanges between societies of Europe, the Americas, Asia (including central Asia), and Africa, when appropriate. Human beings have been culture-makers and illustrators from the beginning: the history of our species on earth can be traced from early cave drawings and implements for eating and hunting to decorative arts, gothic cathedrals, skyscrapers to non-cognitive forms of expression that defy interpretation. This course is an exploration of an essential aspect of our attempts to shape the world and to create an environment in which self-expression, pleasure, ideology and aspiration can thrive. 1. Structure: The course comprises two 80 minute discussion/seminars based on specific works of art each week. The topics and readings are given...
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...Author: Mashell Chapeyama Institution: University of the People Course: History Bachelor’s Degree Selected essays on Roman Civilization Plebeian revolt There are a number of causes that led to the first revolt by the Plebeians. Some of the causes of the revolt are poor distribution of land, poverty among the Plebeians, and the harsh debt law that affected the plebs. This essay will discuss the causes of the first Plebeian revolt as well as the results of the revolt. One of the main causes of the plebeian revolt was the existence of poverty among the Plebeians. The poverty was a result of the actions of the Patrician, in some ways. What happened was that the Plebs assisted the Patrician to expel the kings from Rome and led to a republican state. The fight against the kings left the plebs in a very worse off condition. Since the patricians lived in the city, during the war their property would remain secure. The city was guarded by walls. However, since the plebs lived in the countryside, which was not guarded, their property was greatly destroyed during the wars. The plebs’ fields were destroyed as much as their property. The destruction of the property and fields was possible since the Plebs men were fighting in the wars leaving their homes unprotected. So, whereas the men were fighting during the wars their properties and fields were being plundered, making them very poor at the end of the wars. So the Plebs were not happy that their properties and fields were being...
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...Comparison 1 The image on the left is of ‘The Parthenon, Acropolis’, a Pantelic marble structure, dating between 447 and 432 BCE, Ancient Greece. The original building on the site was built as an offering in honor of the Greek goddess Athena built in 490 BCE but destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480BCE. However in 447 BCE, Perikles commissioned a much grander and larger temple to be built over the existing foundation. The image to the right is of the ‘Hagia Sophia’, dated between 532-537, Byzantine Period. In a similar way to the Parthenon the Hagia Sophia was built over an existing fourth-century church that had been destroyed during the Nika Revolt in 532. An apparent similarity between both the places of prayer is that they were both aesthetically magnificent and groundbreaking works of art at the time, and are respectively one of the greatest examples of Greek and Byzantine architecture at it’s best. The building of the Parthenon required extraordinary skills of all forms -mathematical, mechanical, architectural, sculptural, and the culmination of this skill resulted in a beautifully harmonious monument. The Hagia Sophia was also planned and developed by the best scholar-theoreticians of the time who managed to...
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