...affect many parts of the body, including the skeleton, eyes and cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels. The symptoms of Marfan syndrome tend to get more severe as you get older. Skeleton Includes: * tall * slim * have long, thin arms and legs * have loose and very flexible joint Other physical signs of Marfan syndrome can include: * a small lower jaw * a high, arched palate (roof of the mouth) * deep-set eyes * flat feet * a breastbone (sternum) that either protrudes outwards or indents inwards * crowded teeth Scoliosis Marfan syndrome can cause the spine to become abnormally curved to the sides. This is known as scoliosis. Curvature of the spine can cause long-term backache. In severe cases, it can also make breathing difficult or the spine may press against the heart and lungs. Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebra (the small bones that make up your spine) slips forward over another vertebra. This usually occurs at the bottom end of the spine, and can cause back pain and stiffness. Anyone can develop spondylolisthesis, but it more commonly affects people with Marfan syndrome. Dural ectasia The dura is the membrane (thin layer of cells) that lines your brain and spinal cord. Dural ectasia is a condition that occurs when the dura becomes weakened and expands outwards. People with Marfan syndrome are at particular risk of developing dural ectasia. As the membrane expands it can press on the vertebrae...
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...1. Introduction Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implant (TAVI) is a procedure which replaces the native aortic heart valve without open-heart surgery and without concomitant surgical removal of the failed native valve. It provides percutaneous orthotopic placement of a prosthetic tissue heart valve which is placed within the annulus of the stenotic valve by means of a catheter. TAVI is commonly used in the treatment of high-risk and inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25489318 . Figure 1; a healthy valve verses a diseased valve – characterized by fusion of the commissures between the leaflets, with a small central orifice. Medtronic, CoreValve, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Platform,...
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...Heart Valve Replacements: Requirements and Evolution Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials Fall 2013 Sonia Travaglini 1 , Hao Ji 1 , Yangxin Chen 1 , Sofia Cafaggi 2 , Britta Berg-Johansen 2 C215 & 2 BioE C222 Advanced Structural Aspects of Biomaterials University of California, Berkeley 1 ME Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL FUNCTION & REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEVICE ------------------------------ 2 2.1 HEART VALVE DYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2.2 HEART VALVE HEMODYNAMICS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 2.4 MATERIAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2.5 BI-LEAFLET HEART VALVES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3. DESIGN & MATERIAL EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3.1 DEVICE DESIGN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4...
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...A Hybrid Operating Suite at Community Medical Center Russell F Stahl, M.D., Carmen Sciandria, CCP, Cassandra Cuesta, BA The Evolution of Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Surgery for coronary artery disease (CABG), valve repair and replacement, and the treatment of aortic disease, all have a remarkable history of success and evolution. Just as with computer technology, the trend in surgery has been to become smaller, faster and better. The treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is moving towards less invasive and, in many cases, catheter based technologies. First interventional radiologists, then cardiologists, and now cardiac and vascular surgeons have embraced this trend. Clinicians are encouraged by outcomes that appear to be at least as good, albeit with trade-offs, and a high level of patient acceptance. Hybrid operating rooms - rooms combining operating room sterility and functionality with fixed angiography and echocardiographic imaging- are rapidly growing in prevalence and gaining increased interest from hospital administrators. These rooms are used by cardiac surgeons, vascular surgeons, interventional cardiologists, and neuro-interventionalists, and are suited for both open and closed procedures, as well as collaborative “hybrid” procedures. Given the dynamic nature of this room, these investments require thoughtful preparation operationally and logistically, especially when planning for physician and support staff that will work and cover call in this...
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...Do Bioprosthetic Heart Valves Pose a Greater Risk than Mechanical Heart Valves in the Development of Infective Endocarditis? Prosthetic heart valves are, undoubtedly, one of the most profound innovations to be introduced into the medical community. In 1961 the Starr-Edwards ball and cage mitral valve became the first commercially available mechanical heart valve. In 1969, the Bjork-Shiley tilting disk valve emerged, which was then followed by the St. Jude Medical bi-leaflet valve in 1977. In addition to the creation of mechanical valves, bioprosthetic valves were also being developed; and in1968 the Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards porcine mitral valve became a popular alternative to the mechanical valve (Wheatley and Will, 2005, p.1). Over the...
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...the hospital where I work. Being the best nurse, however, is not the point of furthering my education, the patient is. If there is one thing that I learn from this Baccalaureate program that saves a patient’s life, then this will be well worth the time and money invested. When I started researching this topic, I was drawn to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing regarding their stance on a higher qualified nursing workforce. I found multiple studies showing that patient outcomes improved dramatically when the nurses had more education (Rosseter). After reading study upon study, my question became why. Why do Baccalaureate Nurses have so many great outcomes where Associate Nurses fail? We both have the same clinical skills. What could we possibly learn in twelve extra classes that increase our patient’s survival rate by 4% for every 10% increase in Baccalaureate Nurses (Aiken)? Of course the American Association of Colleges of Nursing would promote education; that is their job. However, there were too many studies done with peer review to just sweep this under the rug as propaganda. Today’s patients are not like those of the 1960’s, when the American Nurses Association Committee on Education released a report stating that by 1985 the minimal requirement for professional nursing practice should be a baccalaureate degree (Committee). In fact, today’s patients are more complex than they were even ten years ago. Medicine has become an ever changing,...
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...Rheumatic Heart Disease A case Presentation A Presented to: The Faculty College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines In Partial fulfillment Of the Course N303 Curative and Rehabilitative Nursing Care 1st Semester By: Tha Hnem Section F Presentation Date: September, 4, 2007 I. Introduction Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (CHF), is a life-threatening condition in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition, although it can sometimes develop suddenly. Rheumatic fever and Valvular Heart Disease also contributed to Heart Failure. This condition may affect the right side, the left side, or both sides of the heart. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis (myocarditis, pericarditis, and endocarditis) during the early acute phase and chronic valvular disease later. Long-term antibiotic therapy can minimize recurrence of rheumatic fever, reducing the risk of permanent cardiac damage and eventual valvular deformity. In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur; stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening: incomplete closure of the valve; or prolepses of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis (most common), congenital defects, and inflammation, and they can lead to heart failure. When the heart valve malfunction is significant...
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...Cardiovascular The cardiovascular system is consists of the heart and network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood throughout the body. There are two primary circulatory loops in the human body: the pulmonary circulation loop and the systemic circulation loop. The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries. The condition marked by the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to the rest of the body is called a heart failure, although it is generally long term or chronic, it may have a sudden onset. In the case study presented here the client complains: “I have shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and swelling in feet”. Based on the above information during the initial interview the examiner will collect an additional subjective data in order to gain in depth understanding of what is the cause of the exhibited symptoms, and to rule out certain issues. Subjective data: 1) Dyspnea. (Shortness of breath) What kind of activities and amounts bring on shortness of breath. Did these activities bring the shortness of breath 6 months ago? Does shortness of breath come on suddenly? Is it constant or comes and goes? Is it changed by the position change, for example lying down? Does it wake you up at night? Does the shortness of breath interfere with ADLs? 2) Fatigue...
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...CASE STUDY: Mrs. F., a 56 year old Caucasian woman, was admitted to the Cardiac Step-Down unit with complaints of increasing shortness of breath on exertion, weight gain of 10 pounds in the last month, and difficulty sleeping without sitting straight up on three pillows. History: CABG X 2 with aortic value replacement in 1991, mitral valve regurgitation, HTN, CHF, hyperlipidemia, Type II DM, asthma, DJD, anxiety, and recently diagnosed with sleep apnea following 3 sleep studies with a CPAP prescribed at HS. Mrs. F. works as a cosmetologist instructor. She states she has been unable to walk across the school campus without stopping several times to “catch her breath”. She states she has faithfully been taking her medications. She has not been sick or around anyone with any type of infection recently. Assessment: Neurological- able to follow commands, moves all extremities without difficulty, A&OX3. Respiratory-Lungs sounds are diminished in all lobes both anteriorly and posteriorly. No wheezing or crackles present. Respirations are 20 with noted use of accessory muscles. SATs are 96% on 4L of O2 via nasal cannula. Cardiovascular-Heart rate is regularly-irregular at 65 bpm. Telemetry monitor shows NSR with controlled a fib. Trace pitting edema in noted bilaterally in the lower extremities. GI-Patient is obese. Abdomen is slightly distended. Last BM was this am. A cardiac, 1800 ADA diet is prescribed. GU-Patient voids clear yellow urine without difficulty...
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...Cardiovascular System - Heart Attack From Case Studies for Understanding the Human Body S. Braude, D. Goran, and S. Maxfield Uncle Jake and Aunt Leah were playing golf last week. On the sixth hole, Jake told Leah that he was having unusual pain in his left arm and chest. All of a sudden he felt weak and complained that his shirt was much too tight. A dentist playing one hole behind them examined Jake and found he was short of breath, pale, and sweating. He called 911 on his cell phone and told Jake to lie down and wait for the ambulance. The paramedics rushed Jake to the hospital where he was evaluated by a cardiologist. The tests showed that he had four clogged arteries. He was scheduled for surgery the next day. 1. Describe how the heart as a muscle performs its job of pumping blood. The heart is constantly relaxing (filling up with blood) and contracting (pushing blood out) to pump blood through the four chambers of the heart and eventually to the rest of the body. First, the blood fills the right atrium from either the superior or inferior vena cava. Then, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then squeezes the blood into the pulmonary artery which splits into two vessels each going to the lungs. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and it goes through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. From here, the blood passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. Finally, the...
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...CV+ Blood What happens in MI- A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a blood clot, which stops the blood flowing to a part of your heart muscle. You should call for an ambulance immediately if you develop severe chest pain. Treatment with a clot-busting medicine or an emergency procedure to restore the blood flow through the blocked blood vessel are usually done as soon as possible. This is to prevent or minimise any damage to your heart muscle. Other treatments help to ease the pain and to prevent complications. Reducing various risk factors can help to prevent a myocardial infarction. If you have a myocardial infarction (heart attack), a coronary artery or one of its smaller branches is suddenly blocked. The part of the heart muscle supplied by this artery loses its blood (and oxygen) supply if the vessel is blocked. This part of the heart muscle is at risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly removed. When a part of the heart muscle is damaged it is said to be infarcted. The term myocardial infarction (MI) means damaged heart muscle. If a main coronary arteries is blocked, a large part of the heart muscle is affected. If a smaller branch artery is blocked, a smaller amount of heart muscle is affected. After an MI, if part of the heart muscle has died, it is replaced by scar tissue over the next few weeks. What happens in dysrhythmias- A cardiac dysrhythmia is an abnormal heart beat: the rhythm may be irregular in its pacing or the heart rate may...
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...all congenital cardiac disease. HLHS accounts for 23% of all cardiac deaths within the first week of life. HLHS exists under any or all of the following: “hypoplasia of the left ventricle, stenosis/atresia of the aortic valve, stenosis/atresia of the mitral valve, and varying degrees of hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and aortic arch” (Dadlani and Bradley 2011). Without surgical intervention, HLHS is uniformly a fatal condition. Research shows that before the use of these surgical interventions, nearly 90% of all patients diagnosed with HLHS died within the first 30 days of life. Advancements in both pediatric cardiac surgery as well and pediatric cardiology has significantly decreased the fatality rate in HLHS patients over the past decade. When looking at courses of treatment for HLHS there are four main approaches that are commonly used worldwide: The Norwood Palliation,...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Security Analysis Edwards Lifesciences Jesse Blair Security Analysis Edwards Lifesciences Jesse Blair 2014 2014 Industry Analysis Medical Appliances and Equipment For this security analysis project I have chosen to research the medical equipment industry that specializes in artificial heart valves and related health products. This industry helps in the repair of cardiovascular diseases and critical care monitoring. There are two different types of artificial heart valves. There is the Tissue heart valve which is commonly given to older patients and it has a lifespan from 10 to 15 years. It is safer for older adults because it has less chance for post operation bleeding which could be fatal. The second type of heart valve is mechanical heart valve which has a lifespan of a patient’s lifetime. This type of valve has a higher risk of bleeding and requires for a patient to take blood thinner medication for the remainder of their life. Top Competitors When it comes to competitors there are three main groups that are leading the way in artificial heart valves and medical equipment. These companies are Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, and St. Jude Medical. You can examine the total revenues of the top three competitors on chart 1. Chart 1 Discussing the Competitors Medtronic Inc. Medtronic is the largest of the three competitors with revenues of over 17 billion last year. They are currently in the process of acquiring Covidien, which has been put on hold due...
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...Case Studies Weeks 1-4 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology Name: Robert Mixon Student ID#: 4321101 Case Studies – Instructions: Type your answers IN RED and use your textbook and other resources such as the ones listed below to help you answer the questions. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/index.html MedlinePlus: Medical Dictionary: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html E-medicine from WebMD: http://emedicine.medscape.com/________________________________________ Case #1: Jim and Jane Magnolia have tried for years to conceive a child, with no success. So instead, they have decided to adopt a child. They have found a beautiful little girl named Emma who has been given up by her mother....
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