...Nissa Lewis William Carey University Contemporary Psychology 2 Abstract The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various Times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the Spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, Then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities Of contemporary psychologist. These are just a few of the activities that engage contemporary psychologists. Clearly, no single definition of psychology can take into consideration the wide variety of activities engaged in by the more than 148,000 members and affiliates of the American Psychological Association, not to mention the many other psychologists around the world. Contemporary Psychology 3 Introduction to Contemporary Psychology The definition of psychology has changed as the focus of psychology has changed. At various times in history, psychology has been defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior. Perhaps, then, we can arrive at and acceptable definition of modern psychology by observing the activities of contemporary psychologist. These are...
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...There has been a long standing debate as to the legitimacy of The Apocryphal books, and, why the Biblical Christians and their churches have rejected them as part of the original 60 books of the Old and New Testaments. The fifteen Apocryphal books which the Roman Catholics have included in their Bibles come from a collection of about eighteen or more books written during the Inter-testamental period. This period of four hundred years began with God giving the last book of the Old Testament which was Malachi. The Inter-testamental period ended with the coming of Christ and the writing of the New Testament. During this four hundred years God sent no prophets to Israel and was silent giving no written revelation. The word "apocrypha" means "of questionable authenticity (cai.org)". These are called non canonical books because when the canon of Scriptures were accepted by the early Christians they recognized that these books contained artificial material and therefore were not inspired of God. These books are also called "pseudepigraphal", meaning "false writings" to designate them as spurious and unauthentic books of the late centuries B. C. and early centuries A. D. These books contain religious folklore and have never been considered inspired of God by biblical Christians from the earliest times of churches (cai.org). Some have referred to these books as the missing books of the Bible and conclude they are new discovers which are part of God's revelation...
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...When people approach the Bible without any concern for the historical-cultural context, their interpretation of what is written can be seriously misunderstood and lead them to form opinions and ideas other than what was originally intended. There is the danger of interpreting passages far too literally and missing the meaning that it holds for us today. Slavery is an excellent example of this. There are numerous references to slavery being acceptable in the bible. This was, unfortunately, a way of life then. However, that doesn’t mean that we should employ slavery, in any form, today, just because it was acceptable back then. In the Song of Solomon 4:1-4, Solomon proceeds to compliment his love with the following words: 1Your hair is like a flock of goats descending from Mount Gilead. 2 Your teeth are like a flock of sheep just shorn, coming up from the washing. Each has its twin; not one of them is alone. He was, stating that her hair was as beautiful as that of the long, flowing black hair of the goats as the sun shines off of their coats. At a time when dental hygiene wasn’t really a concern, this was quite a compliment, as he was commenting on how white and straight her teeth were. If someone were to comment on the state of our teeth today or refer to your hair as being that of a goat’s, it would be considered quite rude! From a modern aspect, his “compliments” don’t seem to get much better: 3 Your lips are like a scarlet ribbon; your mouth is lovely. Your temples...
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...Ansley Wilson Survey of the Old Testament February 5, 2014 Essay Assignment #1 Academic Verses Devotional Study Studying the Old Testament in the bible in an academic setting and a devotional setting, are honestly completely different. There are certain characteristics that are the same, however, for the most part they are not the same. In this paper I intend to discuss what makes the academic and devotional settings similar, what makes them different, and also why it is important to study both of them. When viewing the bible in these manners it gives you a better understanding of his word, his intentions, and his love for us. To start off you need to understand how the bible came about. It started out as human communication. It was verbal until it was finally written out and when it was written out it was still meant to be “heard”. The Bible gives us instructions and laws that we are to follow. This is something that the academic Study really helps you understand. Certain things happen in a Chronological order just like history that you learn in an academic study at school. When you are able to observe the time period and why it happened you can conclude more due to the information you have by studying everything about it. This is great information for you to use later when you have your own personal devotional study. You have a better understanding of the message God wants to give you when you know the historical aspect. Studying the Bible in an academic setting...
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...The fact is, at the root of the towing tree that is in fact a sprouting timeline that has budded and bloomed into five billion Bibles—propagating further into 2,123 leaf-like lan-guages—is the humble but enduring Nile River African pa-pyrus plant. Chocolate everywhere. Other Noteworthy Papyrus Manuscripts With the total corpus of Dead Sea Scrolls in the posses-sion of different entities (including private collectors), it is difficult to ascertain exactly how many are papyrus. One thing is for certain, papyrus from Africa’s Nile Riv-er formed the infrastructure of the Old Testament as repre-sented by the Dead Sea Scrolls. Might it have done so for the Greek version of the Old Testament as well? African Septuagint Manuscripts Just as the earliest manuscripts we have of the Old Testament are made of Black African Nile River papyrus, the same is true of the earliest manuscripts we have of the Greek Septuagint. The word Septuagint means 70. About 70 men (tradition-ally 72 to be more exact) translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek almost 300 before the time of Christ. The translation took place in Alexandria, Egypt, Africa, and the oldest manuscript we have of the Septuagint is, not surprisingly, written on Nile River papyrus. We can be confident of this if for no other reason save that, as noted above, Alexandria is literally at the Nile Riv-er’s back door, being as it is, part of the delta as the Nile branches off into the Mediterranean Sea. The Bible up to that point (consisting...
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...Desiree Savath APA THEO 201-B32 Inerrancy through Inspiration That is a very good question, because in society today there are many people questioning inerrancy and authority of the Bible. They want proof that the Bible is inerrant and wonder about the Writer’s inspiration. By saying that the Bible has authority, one needs to show and prove from where it comes. First, “Authority is the right and power to command, enforce laws, exact obedience, determined or judge.”(Elwell, Walter A., 2001, p. 153.) Many people may not understand how important authority is for a book that had been written centuries ago. This authority comes through God because He says it is so. “…Thus saith the Lord,” (Isaiah 44:6, KJV) has been written throughout the Old Testament to show His authority and truthfulness. This was also proven in the New Testament of God’s word. “…thy word is truth.” (John 17:17b, KJV). One must know that God is Truth and the Holy Bible is His Word. This sort of knowledge will lead one to arrive at the fact that the Bible is true and authoritative. The Bible is God’s inspired Word given to the scripture’s writers. “The content of the Bible teaches that it was given by the process of inspiration of God so that the words were God’s word and that they are accurate and reliable, hence they are authoritative.” (Towns, Elmer L., 2008, p. 66). We read that in the Bible the prophets were “carried along” by the Holy Spirit to speak the Words of God rather than their own. (2 Peter...
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...2 Esdras Summary: The book of 2 Edras starts with Ezra receiving a prophetic call from God. He explains that God is upset with Israel because as time goes on, they keep on sinning. He continues and says that they are going to be driven out of their land and that there will be a people coming from the East (1:38). His prophecy ends with God saying that he will judge Israel and protect the church that is to come. Then there is a cut and we jump into Ezra’s discussions with the angel Uriel, and he his three visions. Ezra talks about two main things, the first being his struggle with sin and how God is disappointed with Israel. The next big topic is Ezra’s visions about things to come and the end times. Ezra struggles to grasp God’s decisions and actions and Uriel makes it clear that man cannot comprehend God’s actions. The last two chapters of the book talk about God’s judgment on people and cities that oppose him, such as Babylon. From here, the writer encourages believers to stay strong for there is much persecution to come. Date and Evaluation: Many scholars believe that 2 Esdras wasn’t written by Ezra or during the time he was alive, but rather the book was written by Christians in the first and second century A.D. After reading through this book I understand that the author has many questions about why things are what they are. We read over and over again that “Ezra” is disturbed by questions about God’s chosen people and sin. More than this, I see that Ezra really respects...
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...The valley of the dry bones There are many translations of the Old Testament. Some use a more modern language that make it easier to read and understand, some used close to the original translation with words that many people would have to look up, and some have a happy medium of both the original text mixed with a modern translation to aid in understanding. Even though every bible is worded different the message stays the same with Ezekiel 37: 1-14. In this passage the prophet Ezekiel is having a vision. God has taken him to a valley full of dried out bones that have been scattered about. This is when God asks Ezekiel if he thinks the bones could live. Ezekiel is smart and answers God by saying that only that he, the lord, could know the answer. God then demonstrates his power by telling Ezekiel to prophesy to the bones. While Ezekiel is prophesying the bones reconnect, form tendons, muscles, skin, and become living people. God then tells Ezekiel that he will restore his people from their grave, and that the land of Israel will once again become his land[1]. The meaning of Ezekiel 37 can sometimes be hard to understand. The scribes who first interpreted the Old Testament took the text literally. They believed that the Old Testament was saying that the bones were those of the dead Israelites, and thought the message was about actual resurrection of the dead[2]. The scribes are most likely wrong, but at the time they had no way of knowing a hundred percent of what the...
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...Study Guide: Module 2 I. Christianity is a Life-Changing Book Instructions to Student: Write your answers in this column. The cell will expand as you type. A. Core Christianity (textbook): Chapter 2 1. What does dual authorship mean? It means both God & Man were writing the Bible at the same time. 2. What was the Old Testament written on? Vellum or Parchments that were sewn together and rolled into a scroll. 3. What are the three divisions of the Old Testament? Law of Moses, Prophets, and Psalms 4. What did the Psalms scroll contain? The Major Prophets 5. What is a codex? The first title for the books ( New Testament) 6. Where does the name “Bible” come from? Ta Biblia – Latin for “the book”, later translated to Bible in English 7. Where does the term “Scripture” come from? Scriptus which is the act of producing writing. 8. What are three ways the Bible can influence its reader? It’s convicting, convincing, converting power to all who honestly accept its message and believe in Jesus Christ. B. Theology for Today (online excerpts) Arguments that the Bible is the Word of God 1. What three arguments form the basis for arguments from revelation? (1) that the Bible is consistent with itself, (2) that the Bible corresponds with reality, and (3) that the Bible’s claims can be scientifically demonstrated. We shall examine the Bible’s claim that it is the Word of God. 2. What empirical evidence sets Christianity apart from other...
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...Defining Words Of Worship YourFirstName YourLastName University title Introduction In the early 1990’s, Andrew E. Hill published his treatise which is titled: Enter His Courts with Praise: Old Testament Worship for New Testament Church. Hill dedicates the content of this treatise to one component or another of worshipping the Lord in the context of the Old Testament. The vocabulary words which are applied in the Old Testament are reviewed. The production of biblical histories is reviewed. The holy places, actions and forms are reviewed in this essay. This analysis is inclusive of the priestly class and the royal class in giving reverence to the Lord. The theme of this essay will be Old Testament worship and its function in the New Testament Church. The rituals of worship which were conducted in the Judaic temple are explored in addition to the implications of the artistic adornments which are applied toward worshipping the Lord. Hill makes an argument for the association of the forms of worship which were applied in the context of the Old Testament and the New Testament. Hill emphasizes the application of the book of Psalms in the conventional Christian church. Tracy reviews the application of the book of Psalms in conventional Christian worship. In the treatise titled: Biblical Worship is Good for You, Tracy makes an argument for the use of singing, playing of musical instruments, creating music and formulating psalms in the New Testament worship of the Lord. , In the...
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...religious literature? The Bible is known as the Good book, but the word bible literally means “little books,” meaning the bible is a collection of many individual books. The word bible is translated from the Greek word biblia. The definition expresses that it is a book that consists of diverse compositions, ranging from poetry, narrative to law, and prophecy. 2. Explain the relationship of the Christian Old Testament to the Hebrew Bible; define the term Tanakh, and name and describe the three main sections into which it is divided. In what way to Protestant editions of the Old Testament resemble the contents of the Tanakh? How do Catholic and Orthodox editions of the Old Testament differ from the Tanakh in content? Define the terms canon, Apocrypha, and deuterocanon. The Christian Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible are looked upon as the same even though there are significant differences between them. The most important of these variations is a change to the order of the books: the Hebrew Bible ends with the Book of Chronicles, which describes Israel restored to the Promised Land, and the Temple restored in Jerusalem; in the Hebrew Bible God's purpose is thus fulfilled and the divine history is at an end. In the Christian Old Testament the Book of Malachi is placed last, so that a prophecy of the coming of the Messiah leads into the birth of the Christ in the Gospel of Matthew. Tanakh is the modern name for the Hebrew Bible. It is an acronym consisting of three consonants that...
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...A Comparison and Contrast of: “A Short Confession of Faith of 1610” and “The Philadelphia Confession (Particular) 1742” The history of the formation of the Baptist faith is extremely important in understanding the doctrine it holds today. It is interesting to look at the growth since an English confession from the year 1610, to the American need to perfect it through a new confession over a century later. I will focus entirely on a comparison and contrast of A Short Confession of Faith of 1610 and The Philadelphia Confession (Particular) of 1742. This examination of two different Baptist confessions will analyze doctrinal, polity and ordinance differences, and show how these distinctions would affect the movement as well as history. Baptists have drafted confessions of faith since 1609 for an assortment of reasons. In the years of persecution, confessions reacted to false accusations. The Baptist distinctiveness was etched by their rejection of the creed of a state church. This shaped their opinion of religious liberty, freedom of conscience, and confessions of faith. The confession A Short Confession of Faith of 1610 emphasizes the character of the community of faith and its righteous living. It was signed by thirty-four women and men, with John Smyth at the top. The Second London Confession was revised to form the Philadelphia Confession of Faith and is believed to have been adopted by the Association in 1742. Serving as a benefit to apologetics and education, this...
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...Content I. Introduction: How do Evangelicals agree or disagree with contemporary Catholicism? II. This paper will explore the different motif within Contemporary Roman Catholicism while examining the differences between Evangelicals and Contemporary Roman Catholics. A. Origin of the Roman Catholic Church. 1. Different views of Church History. 2. Apostolic Succession. 3. Veneration of the Saint/ Virgin Mary. B. Mass/ Sacraments/ Eucharist/ Purgatory. III. Protestant Reformation. A. Council of Trent. 1. Vatican Counsel II. 2. Biblical Canonization/ Apocrypha B. Evangelical Attitude toward Contemporary Roman Catholicism? 1. Areas of Agreement. 2. Area of Disagreement. 3 Different views of Church of Authority. 4. Different view on Salvation on justification. IV. Conclusion: Evangelicals persist that some of the Contemporary Roman Catholic teachings can be misleading, in spite of this salvation to the believer can still be achieved. Introduction Since the Vatican Council II commenced in 1963, the Roman Catholic Church had a paradigm shift in regard to its interaction with Protestant believers. The Catholic Church reformed their approach from...
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...education. Furthermore, I find myself constantly seeking new information. I love learning and I have always loved learning. I am always reading about new ideas and concepts when it comes to my current job and looking at ways I can improve. I also find myself researching topics just for fun. Someone I know will say something or I will hear something on TV or read something on Facebook that will spark my interest. I will then pursue information on that topic until my thirst for information has been satisfied. For example, I watched a biblical movie. It had creatures called "the watchers". I googled the watchers and found that they are mentioned in the Book of Enoch which is part of the Apocrypha. I read articles of opinion on these creatures. I read articles about the Apocrypha. I then read the Book of Enoch and finally, formed my own opinion on the matter. I truly feel that this desire to learn and to understand will help me become not only an excellent student, but an excellent teacher in the future. However, one of my lowest scores was actually managing my environment. I'm going to have to admit that my environment is a little chaotic. I know that that will be one of my greatest challenges while completing my education with WGU. I have four children, a dog and a husband in a fairly small, open concept, home. Privacy and peace and quiet are almost exclusivley found out of the house or in the bathroom. However, I have developed a plan for placing a desk in one...
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...Anabaptist rejected the authority of the Catholic Church completely. Lutheranism is a chief branch of Christianity in western society. It recognizes with the philosophy of the 16th century German theologian and reformer Martin Luther. Baptist believers are Christians that have theological beliefs of salvation through the acts of faith and baptism by the form of immersion. Sheehan, Jonathan. They hold the bible as an authority. Lutherans embraced the main creeds of Christianity. The Creed of Apostle and the creed of Nicene are of those that had been incorporated. The Baptists avoided the affiliation of creeds and what it represents. The Lutherans embraced the Aramaic and Greek scriptures. In addition of this they also included the study of the Apocrypha as sound sources of doctrine. Baptist firmly believes that God is inexpressibly glorious and the glory of that is in holiness. Sheehan, Jonathan. Examining Lutheranism and Baptist Views Lutheranism and Baptist doctrines have slightly similar ambitions. Each doctrinarian can be understood as significantly diverse. There are many who may philosophize that it is not significant to understand the similarities and...
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