...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...Chapter 5: Learning I. Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice relatively permanent aspect of learning refers to learning being associated with physical changes in the brain experience although physical changes may be present we may not always be able to “get” to the information Maturation * Not all change is accomplished through learning. Changes like an increase in height or the size of the brain are another kind of change controlled by a genetic blueprint. * is due to biology, not experience II. Classical Conditioning learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Ivan Pavlov focused on observable, measurable behavior; worked with salivating dogs * Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * unconditioned means “unlearned.” * ordinarily leads to the reflex response * Unconditioned response (UCR) * involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus * Natural Stimulus (NS) * stimulus that has no effect on the desired response * the sight of the food dish itself became a stimulus for salivation before the food was given to the dogs. Every time they got food (to which they reflexively salivated), they saw the dish. It had no effect on salivation. ...
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...consequences of the same action. If the consequences are bad, there is a high chance that the action will not be repeated; however if the consequences are good, the actions that led to it will become more probable.[6] Skinner called this the principle of reinforcement.[7] The use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior he called operant conditioning. As his main tool for studying operant conditioning Skinner The Skinners’ grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box.[8] Skinner developed his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism,[9] and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his philosophical manifesto Walden Two, both of which still stimulate considerable experimental research and clinical application.[10] Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner emphasized rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He invented the cumulative recorder to measure response rate as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement.[11][12] In a June 2002 survey, Skinner was listed as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.[13] He was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.[14][15] Alpha Fraternity. He wrote for the school paper, but as an...
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...Describe how fairness perceptions are determined and consequences of these perceptions. 4. Understand the importance of rewards and punishments. 5. Apply motivation theories to analyze performance problems. What inspires employees to provide excellent service, market a company’s products effectively, or achieve the goals set for them? Answering this question is of utmost importance if we are to understand and manage the work behavior of our peers, subordinates, and even supervisors. Put a different way, if someone is not performing well, what could be the reason? Job performance is viewed as a function of three factors and is expressed with the equation below. [1] According to this equation, motivation, ability, and environment are the major influences over employee performance. Performance is a function of the interaction between an individual’s motivation, ability, and environment. Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. Motivation is defined as the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Motivation is clearly important if someone is to perform well; however, it is not sufficient. Ability—or having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job—is also important and is sometimes the key determinant of effectiveness. Finally,environmental factors such as having the resources, information...
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...Behavior Portfolio for Autism Student Name Institution Behavior Portfolio for Autism Student Case Study of an Autism Girl Positive Behavior Support Plan Positive behavior plan are strategies formulated to deal with problematic behaviors exhibited by ASD individuals to reduce the occurrence of the problem and teach new skills to those individuals (Matson, Tureck, Turygin, Beighley, & Rieske, 2012). It is a rigorous plan that involves all members around the individuals on how best to deal with individuals with ASD and to ease their co-existence, which may sometimes be stressful. Members surrounding the individual receive full details of the problems to enable them have an in-depth understanding of what triggers the problem and therefore know how to prevent it. It also provides information on how to respond to those problems and the importance of teaching and reinforcing new skills. According to Neitzel Positive Behavior Support is used currently as a mode tool to reduce interfering behaviors of individuals with ASD and has been noted to be effective in reducing interfering behavior (Neitzel, 2010). The individual’s environment is to be modified to allow ease of transition and application of new skill to reduce any interfering behavior exhibited by the individual. Characteristic of the Individual Trisha is a nine-year-old girl living with her parents and three siblings in their country house in the outskirt of the city. Their home is large and each of the children...
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...------------------------------------------------- LEARNING Submitted to: Prof. Ma. Corazon Cabigao Constantino PSYC1013 Th 10:30am-1:30pm Submitted by: Apiladas, Jessa Marie Bestal, Vanesa Billones, Joanne Camangian, Mae-Ann Cortez, Shayna Dela Cruz, Carlo BSA I-1, GROUP 2 What is “learning”? In ordinary language, this term is applied to many different cases—the development of new skills, the acquisition of new knowledge, and more. Although most people think of learning as “studying”, a lot of situations nonetheless take place outside a classroom. Psychologists define it more broadly as the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. It is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Notice that this definition excludes temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs. Each of these can alter our behavior, but none qualifies as learning. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. For one to learn something, one must experience it first, whether directly from the person’s own experience or indirectly through the experiences of others. Learning must also be able to produce...
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...concluded that a person’s internal thoughts and behaviour could not be used to determine ones behaviour. On the other hand, he proposed that people should look at the external observable causes of human characteristics. He coined the term ‘operant’ as the active behaviour of a human being that acts upon the environment to result in particular consequences. Skinner attempted to explain how we acquire the varied types of behaviours that we exhibit each and every day. (Harnad, Stevan R; Catania, Charles A, 1988) The key concepts in operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is further categorised into two: positive reinforces and negative reinforces. Positive reinforces are the favourable outcomes of a behaviour. The response or the behaviour is strengthened by praise or a reward. On the other hand, negative reinforces refer to the withdrawal of an unpleasant outcome after a particular behaviour. In either reinforcement, behaviour increases. Similarly, punishment is further categorised into two: positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment refers to the application of a particular response after a specific behaviour in order to decrease the behaviour. On the flip side, negative punishment is the removal of a favourable response to reduce...
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...The Behavior Analyst 1995, 18, 173-185 No. 1 (Spring) Encore "Reinforcement" in Behavior Theory William N. Schoenfeld Queens College, City University of New York, and Cornell University Medical College In its Pavlovian context, "reinforcement" was actually a descriptive term for the functional relation between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus. When it was adopted into operant conditioning, "reinforcement" became the central concept and the key operation, but with new qualifications, new referents, and new expectations. Some behavior theorists believed that "reinforcers" comprise a special and limited class of stimuli or events, and they speculated about what the essential "nature of reinforcement" might be. It is now known that any stimulus can serve a reinforcing function, with due recognition of such parameters as subject species characteristics, stimulus intensity, sensory modality, and schedule of application. This paper comments on these developments from the standpoint of reflex behavior theory. From its modest beginnings in behavior science, the term "reinforcement" has come to play a central role in modern behavior theory. Like so many others in psychology, the verb "to reinforce," and its cognate nouns and adjectives, were an importation from common usage in which they had seen broad service: reinforced concrete; reinforcing a conclusion; reinforcing a fence; and so on. In acquiring their new dignity in science, they have also acquired some status...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...action stage of therapy today all have some historical roots in these theories and the theories of others. The overall goal being to focus on making changes in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings while continuing to explore feelings and examine values, priorities, barriers. Behaviorism began when Ivan Pavlov’s dogs began to salivate upon hearing the sounds of food being prepared. Unfortunately this phenomenon ruined his saliva measuring experiment but it contributed the theory of classical conditioning. The theory is that when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus many times a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response will result. The unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment was the food, which caused the dogs to salivate. The unconditioned stimulus normally elicits this reaction. The neutral stimulus, something that does not normally elicit the same reaction as the unconditioned stimulus, was a tone or bell. When the two were presented together the conditioned stimulus or learned stimulus became the tone and the learned behavior or conditioned response was to salivate. John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) expanded Pavlov’s theory into the behaviorism. Due to his contribution he became known as the Father of American Behaviorism. He described behaviorism as the study of overt rather than covert behavior. His emphasis was on objectivity instead...
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...COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE COMMUNICATION FORMATS: ADVERTISING, INFOMERCIAL, AND DIRECT EXPERIENCE (2000). BY MANDEEP SINGH, SIVA K. BALASUBRAMANIAN & GOUTAM CHAKRABORTY Article review and analysis: 1 – Motivation, goals, contribution. 2- Context. 3 - Elaboration and illumination of theory and results. 4 - Critical review, limitations and further thought. Group: 3.08 Assignment Theoretical assignment Date: 5.11.2014 1 1. Motivation, goals, contribution The article aims at making a comparative analysis between three different communication formats used in advertising, and assess their relative effectiveness on a continuum. The three communication formats are direct experience (DE), television ads, and infomercials. The authors build on previous work to explain the similarities and differences of infomercials and ads / DE, and imply that it is interesting to examine the moderating / mediating effects each medium’s features has on consumer attitudes and intentions. (For example, length, persuasive intent, physical interaction, etc. – how does each effect consumer’s attitudes?). The reasoning behind the choice of these specific formats is that infomercials are a “natural” middle ground, as they combine both television advertisements and DE features (while, they assume beforehand, most likely closer to DE, which is also what they find in their experiments). The motivation for the study is twofold: novelty and useful practical implications. Novelty / research gap: Previous...
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...Organizational Behaviour Book Notes Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define organizations and describe their basic characteristics. Organization – social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social inventions – coordinated presence of people or a group of people * Goal accomplishment * Group effort – organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish their goals. * Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group efforts. 2. Explain the concept of organizational behaviour and describe the goals of the field. Organizational Behaviour – the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. * The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. i. Certain behaviours are necessary for survival and adaptation: 1. they have to be motivated to join and remain in the organization; 2. carry out their basic work reliably, in terms of productivity, quality, and service; 3. be flexible to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skills; and 4. be flexible and innovative. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how to get people to practice...
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...Managerial Decision-Making Managers are often referred to as decision-makers, and every organization grows, prospers, or fails as a result of decisions by its managers. Many manager decisions are strategic, such as whether to build a new factory, move into a new line of business or sell of a division. Yet managers also make decisions about every other aspect of an organization, including structure, control systems, responses to the environment and human resources. Decision A choice made from available alternatives Decision-making The process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them. Programmed decision A decision made in response to a situation that has occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future. For example the decision to reorder office supplies when inventories drop low. Non-programmed decision A decision made in response to a situation that is unique, is poorly defined and largely unstructured, and has important consequences for the organization. For example the decision to build a new factory or move headquarters to another location. Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Certainty The situation in which all the information the decision-makers needs is fully available. Few decisions are certain in the real world, most contain risk or uncertainty. Risk A situation in which a decision has clear-cut goals and good information is available, but the future outcomes...
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...Methods and Techniques Annexure References 60 For more detail :- http://www.gurukpo.com UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Q.1. What is training? Ans.Training can be defined as “The systematic acquisition of attitudes, concepts, knowledge, roles, or skills, that result in improved performance at work.” It refers to the process of teaching employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. Training refers to skill enhancement processes and activities designed to provide learners with the knowledge and skills needed for their present jobs. Q.2.What is training needs assessment? Ans. Training Needs Assessment consists of : Organizational Analysis :Examines systemwide factors that effect the transfer of newly acquired skills to the workplace Person Analysis: Who needs what kind of training Task Analysis: Provides statements of the activities and work operations performed on the job Q.3.What is training design? Ans. Training design refers to the content, methods, material etc. used for purpose of imparting training. It is based on the following information:...
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...Notes Video People’s behavior is not only about the person, but the environment they are in! Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology: I-side: human resources functions Ex: training, selection, performance appraisal O-side: understanding and predicting behavior Ex: motivation, work attitudes, stress, leadership, team effectiveness Organizational behavior: the scientific study of individual and group behavior in organizations; focused on different levels of analysis * Use of the scientific method to understand and solve problems relate to people in organizations * Focus on organizational behavior * Individuals: attitudes, behavior, health * Groups/teams: norms, cohesion, conflict * Organizations: firm performance, culture, climate Historical influences: * Fredrick Taylor: first to subject work to scientific study; interested in efficiency * Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911) * Conducted first field experiments like shuffling studies * Time-and-motion studies to identify “one best way” to do a job * Ford example; he found a way to make Ford cars cheaper * Elton Mayo: studied workers at Hawthorne; worked of the Western Electric Co. in late 20’s – early 30’s * Research on effects of lighting, breaks, length of work day, and type of incentive pay on performance * Illumination studies and Hawthorne Effect * Social factors affect behavior in organizations (human...
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