...Many also object to specific rights which they say reflect Western cultural bias: the right, for instance, to political pluralism, the right to paid vacations (always good for a laugh in the sweatshops of the developing world) and, most troublesome of all, the rights of women. How can women's rights be universal in the face of widespread divergences of cultural practice, when in some societies marriage is seen not as a contract between two individuals but as an alliance between lineages, and when the permissible behaviour of womenfolk is central to the society's perception of its honour? In addition, some religious leaders argue that human rights can only be acceptable if they are founded on transcendent values of their faith, sanctioned by God. The Universal Declaration claims no such heritage - a draft reference to the Creator was consciously left out of the final text. There is a built-in conflict between the universality of human rights and the particularity of religious perspectives. How can one respond to these objections? Concepts of justice and law, the legitimacy of government, the dignity of the individual, protection from oppressive or arbitrary rule and participation in the affairs of the community are found in every society on the face of this earth. The challenge of human rights is to identify the common denominators rather than to throw up one's hands at the impossibility of universalism. The objections also reflect a false opposition between the primacy of the...
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...Are human rights truly universal? This essay will address the question of human rights, whether they are truly universal or not. First I will explore the contemporary definition of human rights by outlining the key points in the historical evolution of the concept. Then I will engage with those perspectives which suggest that human rights are not universal, because of cultural or other differences between societies. After that, I will consider the possible ways that human rights can achieve its universality without the contradiction of any culture. Human Rights have quite a long history. They have already been mentioned in ancient Greek Philosophy. Later on, “Rights of Man” has been mentioned in both the American Declaration of Independence, as well as in the Rights of Man and the Citizens at the time of the French Revolution (Summa, 2011). After the second world war, the need for an organization to maintain international peace and to prevent the world from a new world war has been emerged. As a result of that, on the 26th of October 1945, 51 country has established the United Nations. To protect and guarantee the rights of every individual in the world, the United Nations General Assembly has approved a bill, which contains the human rights of individuals. This document is called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which includes rights such as equality before the law, protection against arbitrary arrest, freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and political participation...
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...Extent Are Human Rights Universal? Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ‘all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood’ (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948). This idea that human rights should be applicable and accessible to all, that they are, in all senses of the word, 'universal', is a topic of debate for many critics in all parts of the world (Tharoor, 1999: 5). The very concept of anything being universal is in itself controversial; can anything in our multicultural, multipolar world ever be ‘truly universal’? This essay aims to evaluate the extent to which human rights are universal, focusing on the imposition of Western norms on Non-Western countries, the cultural relativist view of universal human rights and the defence for human rights as a universal idea. The first hurdle that the idea of universal human rights faces is who defines human rights? Critics such as Michael Ignatieff argue that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a Western document, and that individuals from Non-Western countries are not given the same rights as those in the West (O’Connor, 2014). This is noticeable in the emphasis on individual rights as opposed to communal rights, which are commonly practiced in Non-Western countries. In addition, many of the rights stated are only accessible to the West, such as the right to paid...
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...Since 1940, there have been many violations of human rights. A lot of them have to deal with Article 5. Article 5 states that “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). This has been violated repeatedly, including twelve instances that I have read about. These twelve instances are big events that have caused millions of people to suffer. People of North Korea, the southern parts of Africa, Egypt, and even in the United States. You would think that these violations would have at least stopped by the mid-1900s, but they keep happening even through the present day. Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been violated through sexual...
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...Introduction Human rights are rights that are entitled to every individual regardless of nationality and citizenship as it is inherent, inalienable, and universal. The presence of basic human rights are vital in upholding a civilized society. The idea of having individual rights and freedom is not a new concept in Britain, in fact it has very deep roots. History shows landmark advancements such as Magna Carta 1215, Habeas Corpus Act 1679, and Bill of Rights and Claim of Rights 1689 all had important roles in protecting citizen’s rights. After World War II which ended in 1945, many nations realized that they had to prioritise the protection of human rights in order to avoid history from repeating itself (again). More than 50 nations joined forces in forming an organization called the United Nations which drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This Declaration was the point of departure for the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereafter the ECHR) as its drafting was followed soon after by the newly formed Council of Europe in 1950. However, it was only ratified in 1953 under the enforcement of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg. Contents of the ECHR consists of main rights and freedoms in the form of articles, rules of operation...
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...Rauscher Mr. Finch ENC 1101-086 30 October, 2012 Universal Human Rights: Perspectives of Friedman, Poe, and Yoshino In the past, civilizations used to trade with others through ships and sailing across the oceans to deliver goods. Today, trade is done through air travel, freighters on the seas, and countries working together to build product. A car that is designed in North America could be assembled in China, with a CPU chip from South Korea, door frames from India, and leather from Germany. The world today is much different in terms of trade and interaction. Now, everything is on a global scale, and almost everything is interconnected, and Thomas Friedman simply describes this as the world being “flat” in his work The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention. This includes human rights, which can be considered one of the most basic pieces of foundation for society. With that in mind, one must try to evaluate whether it is possible, with the world as flat as it is today, to create and maintain universal human rights. First, one must identify what human rights means in context. According to the United Nations, “Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination.” (United Nations) This states that humans are born with rights that cannot be taken from them, and those that are taken...
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...one wishes to be treated, represents the basic principle people have been taught to act upon in society - fairness. After the horrifying acts that took place during WWI and WWII, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was established in order to better assure fairness in the world and to declare the basic rights and freedoms all human beings are obliged to have. Additionally, it states that human rights are to be enjoyed by all people, regardless of who they are or where they live; while also including civil and political rights such as the right to live, freedom of speech, and privacy. In Elie Wiesel’s Night, Wiesel shares an impeccable account and the overlying theme of the dehumanizing macabre that is referred to as the Holocaust- particularly the idea that if one is treated as subhuman, death overrules innocence, the fight for survival results the loss of feelings, and extreme starvation outweighs all....
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...Human rights are said to be universal, inherent, inalienable, and indivisible. In this paper we will discover what each of those mean including discussions which examine if human rights are in fact universal, inherent, inalienable, and indivisible equally and without prejudice for all of humanity. Human rights are universal since they are said to belong to all humans in every society and should accommodate all persons in the world equally. To consider if human rights are in fact universal, one must considerer a wide range of factors including cultural differences and geographic setting to name a few. Human rights are said to be inherent regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. To say that human rights are inherent would infer that they exist as permanent and essential or are considered characteristic attributes of all humans. The term inalienable rights refer to a set of human rights that are fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and cannot be surrendered. Human rights are also supposed to be inalienable; because they flow from and protect human existence, they cannot be taken away without endangering the value of that existence. We must consider weather this trait is to be uniformly applied to all of humanity or if there are special considerations (such as incarceration) to which the concept of inalienable human rights may not be appropriate. Human rights are indivisible and interdependent, which means that in...
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...Universal & Regional Treaties on Human Rights Human rights are those undertakings, situations, and liberties that all individual being are permitted to relish, as humans. They include political, civil, financial and social-cultural rights . It allows s human rights groups to acquire more legitimacy and prominence on the fight against repressive governments when they are bound and make regional treaties. International human rights also protect people from the administrative action that would intimidate or harm individual liberties thought to be ultimate, such as freedoms, physical integrity, and life. Also, when nations approve human rights agreements, they are obligated to desist from violating liberties but to assure enjoyment of those privileges by beings and groups within their authorities . Furthermore, international and regional treaties allow oversight groups to contribute to a country agreement to human rights treaties and provide openings for redress and responsibility that do not exist or unproductive at the domestic level. Another advantage of regional and international human right agreements is that it acts to deter states who are likely to violate these rights and freedoms. In essence, respect for those liberties may not materialize in such countries in the absence of regional and international agreement and supervisory body . However despite the advantages, international and regional human rights agreements have shortcomings, as well. Firstly, agreement based...
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...Universality of human rights By Maarten Hamming Introduction “Rights are either God-given as part of the divine plan, or they are granted by government as part of the political plan. If we accept the premise that human rights are granted by government, then we must be willing to accept the corollary that they can be denied by government.” – Ezra Taft Benson Despite having been an idea since 539 BC, when Cyrus the Great wrote the Cyrus Cylinder, which had the most basic of human rights, the official Declaration of Human Rights was not set up until after the second world war. The Romans had a concept called Natural Law, which is defined by rules, that are a naturally followed by people. The concept of Natural Law changed into Natural Rights, when the French set up their version of rights all men have. These Natural Rights became Human Rights1 after the second world war, when the allies wrote down the first four human rights: Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear and freedom from want, the last one being the right of well-being. The Declaration of Human Rights represents the rights all humans have when they are born without any distinctions. This declaration was written down by the UN and was adopted by 49 countries all over the world including countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria. While counties outside of these 49 have not adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to the UN they still ought to live by them, because...
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...Intro--- Human rights arise from being human. Therefore, their concept has been with humans for a while, although the conceptualization is still in its infancy. They are unalterable, inalienable, and universal. Right? The Magna Carta is the generally accepted beginning of written human rights. (explain Magna Carta) Beginning is the key word here, concepts of H.R. had been around earlier. Although H.R. have changed through the times. H.R. are a controversial thing.……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………... R.Q.: So, with the fact that Human Rights evolve will the shifting values and new technological advances and widespread communication have an impact on Human rights?...
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...Speech: Human Rights Violations in India One third of the world’s child brides originate from India; whose journalists are continuously shut down for revealing their political opinions. India’s culture has been having arranged underage marriage for many centuries, “Child marriage, which has existed for centuries, is a complex issue, rooted deeply in gender inequality, tradition and poverty” according to an article published by UNICEF. In an article published by the Library of Congress Jeanine Cali writes, during the 19th century, Britain placed a sedition law in its colonies of India; today, that law is being used to deny Indian citizens their freedom of speech and opinion. In India, underage and forced marriage and the freedom of expression of opinion are ongoing human rights abuses; they violate articles 16 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, also known as UDHR. Currently, in India, children of young ages are being forced into illegal marriages which all violate Article 16 of the UDHR. “Because the wedding was illegal and a secret, except to the invited guests, and because marriage rites in Rajasthan are often conducted late at night, it was well into the afternoon before the three girl brides in this dry farm settlement in the north of India began to prepare themselves for their sacred vows” (Gorney). Gorney explains that the three weddings were to occur during the night as all of the marriages were illegal under Indian marriage laws. Although underage,...
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...The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article XXVI: Right to Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. The right to education is a universal right and is recognized as a human right. It includes the right to free, non biased and non political primary education for everyone, to make secondary education at least accessible to everyone and make access to higher education. The right to education also provides the obligation to avoid discrimination at all educational levels and to improve quality of education. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights defined „education...
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...In chapter 33 of Burns H. Weston and Anna Greer Human Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action they challenge whether human rights are as universal as the rest of the world makes it seem. I would agree with their argument that universal rights are not as universal as they appear to be. If humans rights were universal everyone would be striving for basic rights but not every country not state is the same. Hunger, poverty, and protection are rights that only seem attainable to privileged few. Universally countries can’t even agree on climate, as pointed out in the reading. The amount of problems of globalization presents challenges of extraterritoriality and other related complexities in trying to hold TNCs (Transnational Corporations...
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...Leadership Defination of Leadership: Leadership has been described as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".[1] For example, some understand a leader simply as somebody whom people follow, or as somebody who guides or directs others,[citation needed] while others define leadership as "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal".[citation needed] different types of leadership: * Ambidextrous leadership * Democratic Leadership * Innovation leadership * Transactional leadership * Transformational leadership Innovation leadership involves synthesizing different leadership styles in organizations to influence employees to produce creative ideas, products, services and solutions. The key role in the practice of innovation leadership is the innovation leader.[1] Dr. David Gliddon (2006) developed the competency model of innovation leaders and established the concept of innovation leadership at Penn State University. As an approach to organization development, innovation leadership can be used to support the achievement of the mission or vision of an organization or group. In a world that is ever changing with new technologies and processes, it is becoming necessary for organizations to think innovatively in order to ensure their continued success and stay competitive.[2][3][4][5][6] In order to adapt to new changes, “the need for innovation in organizations...
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