...Constancies and Illusions What are Perceptual Constancies? * Tendency for the perception of an object to stay constant despite changes in stimuli * Perceptual constancies rescue us from confusion * They allow us to identify objects with different stimuli Three types of constancies: * Size * Shape * Brightness Size Constancy * The most studied of all constancies is size constancy, the fact that an object’s size remains relatively constant no matter what its distance. As an object moves farther away from us, we generally do not see it as decreasing in size. Hold a quarter a foot in front of you and then move it out to arm’s length. Does it appear to get smaller? Not noticeably so. Yet the retinal image of the quarter when it is 24 inches away is half the size of the retinal image of the quarter when it is 12 inches away. We certainly do not perceive the quarter as becoming half its size as we move it an arm’s length. Like other constancies, however, size constancy is not perfect; very distant objects appear to be smaller than the same objects close up, as anyone knows who has looked down from a tall building or from an airplane in flight. Shape Constancy * Tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite changes in its retinal image. Ex. A book will have the same shape regardless of the angle it is viewed from. Brightness Constancy * Tendency for the perceived brightness of an object to stay the same as long...
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...the sheer force of the rushing water carrying sand and rock, eroding everything below that happens to be in its path. Due to the fact that the water falls vertically down, and the rocks adjacent to the falls are composed of horizontal strata, if we stare at the water for a certain amount of time and then transfer our attention to the rocks, we get the impression that the rocks are moving in a wavelike pattern. Looking below the waterfall, the spray of the waterfall creates a sort of mist in the air, which then splits the light into a spectrum, creating rainbows in various places at the foot of the waterfall. This seemingly simple, majestic and powerful display of water is in fact a series of molecular bonds, laws of physics and optical illusions which interact in complex manners, creating the fascinating effect we can observe. Memo...
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...The final illusion is the Checker Shadow Illusion. This illusion shows two squares that are the exact same color. You mind thinks that the squares are two different colors, but your brain thinks that because of their background. It mainly has to do with how our brain interprets the drawing. The image is described as two specific checker squares, labeled A and B, are drawn on a grid. The checker square that is labeled “B” is being cast over by a shadow from a large cylinder. We are expecting the cylinder to cast the shadow onto the checkerboard. Because we are used to making sense of shadows in real life, we become aware of the shadow, and we think that we know how to interpret it. However, the person who made this illusion, Edward H. Adelson,...
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...can never truly be sure that our visual experience tells us how things really are; optical illusions disprove our sight regularly and distort our opinions of what we believe to be true due to visual perception on a daily basis. Because of a defect in the shape of my eyes, if I were to take off my prescription lenses, the world would seem to me as if someone applied a Gaussian blur filter to everything in front of me. Without the aid of my glasses, objects blend into one another and details not immediately in front of me disappear from my perception altogether. This, however, does not mean that the object ceases to exist just because I can no longer see it. We learn this concept of object permanency at a young age. Similarly, if we take Morpheus’ claims to be true, and the world outside of the Matrix as reality, the entirety of Neo’s life experiences up to the point when he’s freed from the vat of liquid have been false. For years, the visual stimuli perceived by his mind seem to have fooled him, and this serves as a testament to our inability to objectively discern truth from falsehood, “the real world” from the fiction. All we have to rely on are our senses, but the existence of Matrix, or even more mundane illusions have proven that they can’t always be trusted. They are susceptible to manipulation. However, I posit that the ability to discern whether his perceptions were now real in that situation would not make any practical difference to him, because for all intents...
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...ART 120- 2D Design Vocabulary Terms 1. Actual texture - A surface that can be experienced through the sense of touch (as opposed to a surface visually stimulated by the artist). 2. Aesthetic – Used to describe something as visually-based, beautiful, or pleasing in appearance and to the senses. Aesthetics is a term developed by philosophers during the 18th and 19th centuries and is also the academic study of beauty and taste in art. 3. Atmospheric perspective - The illusion of depth produced in graphic works by lightening values, softening details and textures, reducing value contrasts, and neutralizing colors in objects as they recede. 4. Balance - A sense of equilibrium achieved through implied weight, attention, or attraction, by manipulating the visual elements within an artwork. 5. Chromatic value - The relative degree of lightness or darkness demonstrated by a given color. 6. Collage - A technique of picture making in which real materials possessing actual textures are attached on the picture plane surface, often combining them with painted or drawn passages. 7. Concept -A comprehensive idea or generalization. An idea that brings diverse elements into a basic relationship. 8. Context - The location, information, or time frame that informs how a work of art is viewed and what it means. Works of art often respond to a particular space or cultural climate. If the context for a work of art is changed or re-contextualized...
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...Brain injuries have revolutionized the same as cell phones have, and everything else in the world. But the real question is, has it gotten better or worse? A brain injury is very serious due to the fact that it is causes severe damage to your skull, and your skull is nothing to mess with. The area where your brain is most affected when someone has a traumatic brain injury are your frontal and temporal lobes. “About 300,000 TBIs occur each year as the result of sports” (Journal of Athletic Training). The most common brain injury is a concussion. A concussion is a type of a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. According to the BIRI (Brain Injury Research Institute)...
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...pleasing result exceeds their objective realities. In both Huysmans’ Against Nature and James’ The Real Thing, the protagonists seek a more evocative reality; one that transcends the boundaries of the objective and replaces the idea of what is natural with the more arousing powers of imagination. In James’ short story, using the real thing, defined by the true nature of Major and Mrs. Monarch, becomes irrelevant to his depiction as the figures rendered by the artist appear as uninhabited forms and in no way suggest the reality of their social stature. Instead, what in person appears artificial and inauthentic, two separate beings insignificant to the social realities of superiority in the eighteenth-century, embrace the dignified postures and mannerisms of high society to a higher degree than the Monarchs who in fact are the real thing. In Against Nature, Huysmans’ Des Esseintes escapes 19th century bourgeoisie society in a manufactured sanctuary, void of anything real or absolute. What is real outside of his retreat has no value, but his own reverie, contrived and artificial, creates a deeper and more emotional beauty. The characters of Charles Dickens, the women of Gustave Moreau, the artificial flowers, “fashioned by the hands of true artists,” encapsulate the essence of his imaginary reality. Transcending into Realist art itself, both works suggest that for art to appear “real”, it must come from a counterfeit representation. In this proposed exhibit, I will examine the question...
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...The history of Geometry started in Ancient Egypt around 3000 B.C.E. Egyptians used an early stage of geometry when surveying the land, construction of pyramids, and astronomy. And around 2900 B.C.E. they began using their knowledge to construct pyramids with four triangular faces and a square base. It was created because it was a collection of empirically discovered principles concerning lengths, angles, areas, and volumes, which were developed to meet some practical need in surveying, construction, astronomy, and various crafts. It was used in Babylonia and in the Indus Valley by the Egyptians, Babylonians, and the people of the Indus Valley but the creators were Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, and Thales. Pythagoras was the first pure mathematician although we know little about his mathematical achievements. He was also, a greek philosopher and created a movement called Pythagoreanism. Euclid is sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria. He is also called the “Father of Geometry” and his elements were one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, which served as a textbook used for teaching mathematics (especially Geometry) from when it was published till the late 19th century to early 20th century. In the Elements he included the principles of what is now called Euclidean Geometry. Euclidean Geometry is a mathematical system and consists of in a small set of appealing postulates that are accepted as true. In fact, Euclid was able to come up with a great...
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...Film History & Research Citizen Kane Film Essay Orson Welles' Citizen Kane Success the first time around is very uncommon. Orson Welles's first feature film richly realizes the full potential of excellent craftsmanship. Citizen Kane is almost indisputably the greatest achievement in the history of filming. In 1941, this film was considered by many as the best film ever made. This film is about the enormous conflict between two twentieth-century icons, publisher William Randolph Hearst and the prodigy of his time, Orson Welles. The rather overwhelming beginning of an opening sequence is still as electrifying as any in the history of movies. That tarnished sign on a forbidding black wire fence is the first thing we see in Orson Welles' Citizen Kane. Citizen Kane is a movie about perception and projection. Indeed, with the complex theme the whole movie seems to be placed in a kind of psychological trauma for the viewers. Citizen Kane is a portrait of a public and private figure that remains tantalizingly unfinished. Excellent acting was revealed for the first time as these new roles played out. Orson Welles was a director ahead of his time and his portrayal of Kane shows his acting ability. This film is one of the first films to rely heavily on style and visuals; Citizen Kane uses camera, lighting, and set techniques to show Kane's rise and fall from power. The movie as a whole, though as artistically satisfying as a picture can get...
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...According to Gibson’s direct theories of perception, the array of our information in our sensory receptors is all we need to perceive anything. Meaning, we don’t really need to rely on past experiences to mediate between sensory experiences and perception. Gibson believes that it is vital to study perception in real world environments. According to Gibson, perception is based on four things. One of the theories states that the pattern of light that reaches into our eyes can be thought of as an optic array which may contain data necessary for perception. Secondly, it states that it is important information is provided by the movement of the observer. Thirdly, the optic array contains invariant information. The optic array is known to contain all the visual information from the environment that strikes the eye. He also believes that the starting point for perception is the structure of the light that reaches the retinas of the observer. To be able to perceive objects, it is vital for the light to be structured by the presence of the objects, surfaces and textures. The structure itself can be very complex because these rays of light converging on the observer from every part of the surrounding environment and also this structure will change every time the individual makes a move therefore his or her own perspective changes too. Optic flow is the changes in the light patterns that reach an observer when the individual moves. Flow patterns are created when objects in the visual...
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...Name: Date: Course: Instructor’s Name: Assignment: 3D Glasses Specific Purpose Statement: To enlighten my listeners about the history of 3D glasses as well as their mode of operation. Central Idea: 3D glasses were developed to assist individuals view objects in a three dimension without having to strain their eyes. Method of Organization: Topical INTRODUCTION I. (Gain attention and interest) Many of us have encountered 3D technology at one point in our lives such as the red and blue comics usually found at the back of magazines, or a have watched a 3D movie at IMAX. It is with no doubt that, we all find this technology to be a fascinating one. II. (Reveal topic) 3D glasses is a technological concept that creates the illusion of depth by showing the human eye two separate images to each of their eyes. The lenses filter two images on the screen such that one is barred from one’s left eye while the other is exempted from the right eye. III. (Establish credibility and goodwill) The knowledge of the operation of 3D glasses is crucial and can assist individuals to make their glasses or even help one to sort out two images using their naked eyes. IV. (Preview body of speech) My presentation will focus on a brief history of how 3D glasses were created and how they work. (Transition) Let us now move to how this technology was developed BODY I. According to Aljoscha Smolic and Peter Kauff in their article "Interactive 3-D video representation and coding...
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...the fact that object depth is encoded as right/left position difference in the panels. Because in a stereoscope one views a representation rather than a real scene, the word illusion is sometimes associated with a stereogram. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope. Other types of stereograms include anaglyphs and autostereograms. The stereogram was discovered by Charles Wheatstone in 1838. He found an explanation of binocular vision which led him to construct a stereoscope based on a combination of prisms and mirrors to allow a person to see 3D images from two 2D pictures. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. invented an improved form of stereoscope in 1861, which had no mirrors and was inexpensive to produce. These stereoscopes were immensely popular for decades. Stereograms were re-popularized by the creation of autostereograms on computers, wherein a 3D image is hidden in a single 2D image, until the viewer focuses the eyes correctly. The Magic Eye series is a popular example of this. Magic Eye books refer to autostereograms as stereograms, leading most people to believe that the word stereogram is synonymous with autostereogram. Salvador Dalí created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. An auto stereogram is an optical illusion of depth usually observed by allowing the eyes to focus behind the image (diverge), or, less often, in front of it (converge). These two methods are also...
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...Final assignment CM Thijs van der Velden s1645676 1 Introduction This paper consists of four different parts. The first two parts are two topics that were discussed during the guest lectures, which I think are very important in change management. The first topic is about communication, and how you can improve your communication to stimulate a fluent change. The second topic is about perception and mindset, which I think are also very important, because of all the different people with their corresponding views that are involved in a change. When you understand their perception and mindset, it gives you an opportunity to act on this and change them accordingly during the change. The last two parts are about changes in the reality, which I personally have encountered or that I think I will encounter. The first topic is about outsourcing, a topic of which I think is something a lot of organisations think about or need to think about. The second topic about leadership, something I am very interested in because I may come across a position where I need to lead people, and I would like to understand how to make suitable changes and guide these changes as a leader. Table of contents Introduction Table of contents Communication Perception Outsourcing Leadership ...
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...Digital analog: Neuron: digital: spike or none; analog: number of spikes per second Sparsity: % of neurons fire in response to a stimulus How many objects a neuron respond: sparsity times total objects ANN: weight, more input more output : algorithm and representational Input times weight Not threshold to fire Turing test: computational Visual fields: left visual field: nasal left eye, temporal right eye, right hemisphere Right visual field: nasal right eye, temporal left eye Color blindness: missing cones; common: no L or M cone Cones not function at night One class of rods, see in the night Opponent processing: Red/green: (L-M): differences between those 2 cones/ if miss L, then can’t tell red from green Blue/yellow: (s-s+m/2) Explicit: conscious Episodic/semantic Implicit: skill memory LTP: stronger synaptic connection Long term: grow more receptors on post synapse anatomical Short term: amount of neurons Turing machine Single vs double dissociation Single: one manipulation Double: two manipulations Visual angle Grandmother cell a lot of cells respond for Halle Berry Do not respond only to Halle Berry Math: impossibly large number of neurons Only 100 images do not necessarily show that those cells only respond to one concept Size constancy: If no depth cue/ with out size constancy; then same visual angle same proximal size and same perceived size. s Alternative: different difficulties of those 2 tasks ...
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... Current technologies attempt to create the visual perception of a free-floating image through the manipulation of depth cues generated from two-dimensional data employing well-established techniques. A few examples of these include stereoscopic imaging via shutter or polarized glasses, as well as auto-stereoscopic technologies composed of lenticular screens directing light from a conventional display, or real-imaging devices utilizing concave mirror arrangements. All of these technologies suffer convergence and accommodation limitations. In order to resolve this visual limitation, the image and its perceived location must coincide spatially. A well-established method solving this constraint is by projection onto an invisible surface that inherently possesses a true spatially perceived image location; yet prior art method s rendered poor image fidelity. In late 2003, a small company from the San Francisco Bay Area demonstrated a unique revolutionary display technology. The (then) prototype device projected an image in thin air just above it, creating an illusion of a floating hologram. The development of this...
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