...What are the types of brain injuries that occur in high-impact sports? Some of the types of brain injuries are skull fracture, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hematoma, cerebral contusion, juvenile head trauma syndrome, second impact syndrome, concussion and sub concussion and post concussive syndrome. At the cellular level, how are neurons and glia believed to be affected by TBIs? They are to be affected because it affects nerve related circuitry by causing the death of the nerve cells and supporting brain cells and tends to destroy the connections between them. It also includes the cellular extensions dendrites and parts of the nerve fibers which the nerve cells receive and give off signals of molecules called neurotransmitters. What are the...
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...Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain that results from: A hard, direct blow to the head (closed injury). An object penetrating the skull and entering the brain (open injury). What are the causes? TBI is caused by a closed or open injury to the brain. What increases the risk? You are more likely to develop this condition if: You are 75 years or older. You are a man. You are in a car accident. You play contact sports, especially football, hockey, or soccer, and you do not wear protective gear. You are in the military. You are a victim of violence. You abuse drugs or alcohol. You have had a previous TBI. What are the signs or symptoms? Symptoms of this condition can vary from person to person. They may occur right...
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...The temporary lobe is part of the brain that is responsible for the memory capacities that Lucy does not possess. The temporal lobe is responsible for receiving information from the ears. I believe it is the temporal lobe that causes Lucy brain damage, because according to the (Frontal Lobe Brain Injury), any serious injury to the body can have a significant any lasting effects. However, the brain injuries bring with them an even more profound set of challenges (Frontal Lobe Brain Injury). This mean, is a person suffer from a brain injury, it can change their physical, cognitive, or behavioral in his or her life. In Lucy brain, it is learning how to adjust to physical, cognitive, or behavioral changes, so that it can return to the highest...
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...Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, is when the brain damage by external mechanical force making Brain function briefly or forever impaired. The definition of (TBI) is not very accurate, according to specialties and circumstances. A head injury definition used identically with brain injury definition, which may not be associate to neurologic deficits. In another word, the definition is not comprehensive. (TBI) known back before recorded history. Human skulls found in ancient graves with holes. According to Scholars these holes may have been made to treat (TBI) in ancient time. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability (1). The main causes of (TBI) in the United States include assaults, car accidents, sport, and fall. (TBI) types depend on the spot and strength of the mechanical force in the head, so doctors decided to classify (TBI) based on that, including symptoms in to three main level mild, moderate and severe....
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...Traumatic brain injury also known and abbreviated as TBI, it is described to different for every person, and varies depending on the circumstances. TBI is a disability that is recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and a very common injury. Playing tackle football or even romping around with siblings can cause this injury, and very commonly overlooked due to no visible injuries but can be very dangerous and life-threatening if not looked at by medical professionals. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury varies from state to state. However, in the state of Kentucky the definition for students to be to be categorized by this disability “is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an...
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...Brain Injuries Learning Team A University of Phoenix PSY 340 Biological Foundations of Psychology 28 March 2016 Abstract Thesis Statement: In this paper we will discuss different kinds of brain injuries, the functions of neural plasticity and the limitations of neural plasticity. The first thing that is discussed in the paper in different brain injuries. We go into depth about five different brain injuries that include blood clots, hematomas, concussions, strokes and cerebral edema. Once we have covered brain injuries we discuss the functions of neural plasticity in brain injuries. An important thing that is discussed with neural plasticity is the recovery from a brain injury, what is required during recovery and how long recovery from a brain injury can take. The last thing that is discussed in this paper is the limitations of neural plasticity with brain injuries. Keywords: brain, injuries, plasticity, neural “Each year, traumatic brain injuries (TBI) contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the United States.” (cdc.gov) Robert has experienced a traumatic brain injury that is going to affect him for the rest of his life. Brain injuries are serious, and should be treated as such. For some people brain injuries go unnoticed and untreated leaving it to be deadly, but for others it is caught and treated but the healing process is extensive. In...
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...us briefly through the research process. Let’s pretend that we’re all taking an ENGL 1001 class this semester and that we are required to write a paper on a current event, issue, or controversy. As part of our research for the paper, we are required to complete an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. Our instructor has informed us that we need to use 6 total sources for our annotated bibliography: * 3 must be scholarly journal articles * 3 can be a mix of popular articles, reference sources, internet sources, images, statistical sources, etc. * The information must be current, and must not have publication dates or cover dates before the year 2000 * You must cite articles in the APA style. We know that the first thing we should do as researchers is look up the topic in a reference source to gain a bit of knowledge about the topic, become familiar with the vocabulary used to write about and discuss the topic, and to start noting the cited references included in entries that will lead us to other sources of information. Our first stop is our Reference Sources. Search for Traumatic Brain Injury in Wikipedia. Ideally, in a true research situation, you would read...
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...control the common functioning of the brain. Since the brain controls all other functioning of the body, if the region organ is injured, poor-body function will follow. If the head suffer an injury disorders of brain may follow including but not limited to, accidents, hereditary, or due to other unsafe environmental conditions. According to research, “failure of communication of the nerves and neurons in the brain can result to development of a brain disorder” (Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, McGorry P (May 2007). Many brain disorders have no cure, and if there is treatment, they leave adverse effects to the person the remainder of their life. Schizophrenia is known as a disorder of the brain. This paper will take a microscopic look at the origin, pathology, treatment options, and diagnostic research associated with schizophrenia. The Origin Schizophrenia is an extremely severe disorder of the brain that causes warp thinking, The human body is created with many different organs that work together to control the common functioning of the brain. Since the brain controls all other functioning of the body, if the region organ is injured, poor-body function will follow. If the head suffer an injury disorders of brain may follow including but not limited to, accidents, hereditary, or due to other unsafe environmental conditions. According to research, “failure of communication of the nerves and neurons in the brain can result to development of a brain disorder” (Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, McGorry...
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...obstacles to overcome both physical and mental. Most soldiers are not aware of a certain condition that they might have developed while deployed in a war zone. This condition is called Traumatic Brain Injury, also known as TBI. It is an injury that is not found on the outside of the body but rather internal, therefore it is called the Unseen Wound. Even though it’s unseen, TBI is real and affects a large percentage of veterans returning from war and test results show that an average of 46 percent of soldiers have TBI. Traumatic brain injury, the signature wound of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, is doubly cruel: it leaves many victims emotionally shattered and cognitively crippled. But because mild and moderate brain injuries do not show up on CT or other imaging devices, doctors and even family members are often skeptical that any real damage exists. TBI is real and affects a large percentage of veterans returning from war. “Consistent with the designation of TBI as one of the signature injuries of the war theaters in Iraq and Afghanistan, 46% of the returning veterans recruited for this project screened positive for a deployment-related TBI” (Morissette, Woodward, & Kimbrel, Meyer, Kruse, 2011, p. 346). I have deployed multiple times to Iraq and Afghanistan and have sustained injuries in result of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED’s) and mortar attacks. Shortly after returning home, my family and close friends noticed that I was no longer the same person. Even though my family...
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...neurological consequences of playing football and what is currently being done to prevent neurological injuries? The first thing I would say is that while football is certainly fun and entertaining to watch, the human body was not designed to handle the frequent hard hits to the body and head as a result of playing the sport. Unfortunately these professional athletes end up suffering from brain damage as a result of our thirst and fascination for hard hits and violence. I would explain that while football helmets seem safe, they truly only provide very minimal protection against concussions that cause the brain to bounce, shake and rotate back and forth hitting against the wall of the human skull as a result of frequent football tackles that appear harmless to those watching the sport. To ensure the message hits home, I would bring up examples of their favourite former NFL players such as Hall of Famer Mike Webster who actually suffered neurological effects of playing the sport. It is important to highlight the most severe consequences first, which is that playing football can cause severe trauma to the brain as a result of multiple concussions that these athletes regularly experience. This trauma starts to destroy the integrity of the brain cells, causing a degenerative brain disease known as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). High levels of CTE in a football player’s brain can result in memory loss, agitation and even increased anger management issues. It can also cause...
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...This paper explores the human brain and what happens when a traumatic event disturbs the chemical balance or calibration of its functions. The writings of Nadia Harris and Adam Piore (2013) explore these questions by studying and observing the journey of Derek Amato an individual that had unique adverse effects following a brain injury, in this case a concussion. The work of John Powell (2001) aids this exploration by defining and describing symptoms, treatment and other effects of concussions. This paper goes over the origins of Amato’s accident, the preceding symptoms, the after effects, the treatment and the successful nature of such things. This paper also discusses the region of the brain affected loosely, while bringing up...
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...Education Article Review 2 November 27, 2012 Source and Issue Statement “Brain Injured Students At My School? In My Room?” by Bobbin Kyte Cave comes from The Clearing House journal and was published in 2004. This article discusses traumatic brain injury and how it relates to an educational environment. It outlines some of the causes of TBI, what results from a brain injury, how the law intertwines with TBI and which educational interventions are successful for students with a brain injury. Critique The background information provided about TBI is thorough, but some areas if the paper could use more empirical support. For example, the first paragraph of the manifestation section could use some support for the idea that, “Students with brain injuries often have good memory for prior learning but exhibit an inability to connect new learning to prior knowledge,” (Cave, 2004). This could be a result of the author’s professional experiences as a psychological development counselor, but nothing directly indicates that. Another area that is in need of empirical support is the second paragraph on page 172. The statement that begins, “Students with brain injuries find it helpful when…” appears to be a matter of opinion without the research to lend credibility to this statement. Overall the manifestation section of the article is very thorough in its coverage of the many different ways in which brain injuries affect individuals. The author at one point makes a great transition from the...
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...Phineas Gage Paper The brain is one of the key role players in cognitive functioning. There are many different areas in the brain but only a few certain areas have an influence on cognitive functioning. A man named Phineas Gage showed the key elements in the specific areas in the brain that do support these cognitive functions. In 1848 Phineas gage suffered a traumatic brain injury which has aided in understanding the human brain in the fields of cognitive and neuropsychologists. This paper will help to better explain the role of cognitive functioning and the brain. One will better understand the importance of Phineas Gage’s injuries and how they have helped to aid cognitive functioning and neuropsychology. The Brain and Cognitive Functioning The brain plays and important role in cognitive functioning. The ability to process thoughts and information is cognitive functioning (Willingham, 2007). Learning, memory, and perception are all examples of cognitive functioning (Willingham, 2007). Different areas of the brain support different cognitive functions. The amygdala, hippocampus, and the rhinal cortex are all responsible for memory. Emotional memory and memories which are prompted by emotional behavior are all stored in the amygdala. The hippocampus is responsible for receiving information from the senses and then translating them into an individual’s short-term memory. Learned information is recalled from the rhinal cortex. “The cerebral cortex is what is studied, photographed...
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...Abusive head trauma (AHT), also called shaken baby syndrome, is a traumatic brain injury to a child as a result of child abuse. Shaking as well as throwing a baby constitutes AHT. When a caretaker forcefully shakes a baby, his or her head muscles will rotate in a circular motion as their head whips back and forth. Impact is especially damaging because the fast acceleration and deceleration is very dangerous and causes blood vessels to rupture, tearing in the brain, and bleeding of the brain. AHT is the most common cause of traumatic brain injury in infants. Around 25% of victims die from AHT. Infants are at a high risk of AHT due to their large head size relative to the rest of their body and their inability to support their head with their...
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...Clinically Induced Hypothermia in the Management of Severe Head Injury: A Review of the Evidence PAGE 1. Title Page 2. Acknowledgements 3. Contents 4-5. Abstract 6-7. Introduction 8-11. Methods 9. i) Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria 10. ii) Limitations of Search 11. iii) Critical Framework 12-26. Critical Review of the Data 13. i) Study Aims & Design 19. ii) Sampling & Controls 25. iii) Results 27-36. Discussion 32. i) Implications for Practice 37-41. References 42. Appendix 1) – The Four Stages of Research 43. Appendix 2) – Database Search (Hard Copy Only) 44-49. Appendix 3) – Example (1) Using the CASP Framework 50-55. Appendix 3) – Example (2) Using the CASP Framework 56. Appendix 4) – Summary of Studies (Hard Copy Only) 57. Appendix 5) – Intracranial Pressures 58. Appendix 6) – Type 1 & 2 Errors 59. Appendix 7) – The Hawthorne Effect 60. Appendix 8) – The Glasgow Outcome Score 61. Appendix 9) – The Hierarchy of Evidence ABSTRACT Medically induced hypothermia has been used as a neuro-protector to try and limit the consequences of severe brain injury for more than fifty years but it is only recently that its effectiveness has been assessed using randomised controlled trials. Under certain circumstances clinically induced hypothermia has already been proven to be beneficial by providing a degree of neuroprotection in post-cardiac arrest patients. As such it has recently...
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