...CH5. Natural Resource Utilization & Pollution of the Environment * Resource depletion: the consumption of finite or scarce resources. * Pollution: undesirable contamination of the environment by the manufacture or use of commodities. * Conservation: the saving or rationing of resources for future use. * Private costs: costs of production borne by the producer. * External costs: costs of production not borne by the producer. * Social cost of production: = private costs + external costs * Internalization: make producers bear the total social cost of production. * Ecological system: an interrelated and interdependent set of organisms and environments * Ecological ethics: ecosystems as having inherent rights or interests and we have direct duties to them. * Ecofeminism: socio-ethical theory which combines ecological ethics with a critique of paternalistic patterns of domination (top down hierarchical authority structures) in our political and economic institutions as contributing to environmental exploitation. * Unlimited resource view: view encapsulating the attitude of bygone times which regarded the earth’s carrying capacity as unlimited, and air and water as "free goods." * Sustainable growth: a level of economic and population growth which enables each generation to hand down a world no worse than it inherited to succeeding generations, which avoids the Doomsday scenario. * Doomsday scenario:...
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...business activity also has some features that might limit the applicability of our ordinary ethical views. One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character which can be summarized as the conduct of buyers and seller and employers and employees. A second distinguishing feature of business is that it typically takes place in organizations which is a hierarchical system of functionally defined positions designed to achieve some goal or set of goals. Because business involves economic relations and transactions that take place in markets and also in organizations, it raises ethical issues for which the ethics of everyday life has not prepared us. Decisions making occurs on several distinct levels: the level of the individual, the organization, and the business system. The level of the individual represents situations that confront them in the workplace and require them to make a decision about their own well-being. The level of the organization can be identified as a decision which must be made by an individual acting on behalf of the organization bringing about some organizational change. The level of the business system can be summarized as a decision which can be made by neither an individual nor a single organization; rather, it is a decision which is agreed to industry wide. Identification of the appropriate level for a decision has been...
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...For Immediate Release Gays and Lesbians Face Persistent Workplace Discrimination and Hostility Despite Improved Policies and Attitudes in Corporate America Findings of New National Survey by Witeck-Combs Communications/Harris Interactive to be Presented at Out & Equal Workplace Summit in Orlando on Friday, September 13 Rochester, NY— September 12, 2002— Two out of five gay and lesbian adults in America’s workplaces report facing some form of hostility or harassment on the job, according to a new national study conducted by Witeck-Combs Communications and Harris Interactive®. Moreover, almost one in ten gay and lesbian adults state they were fired or dismissed unfairly from a previous job or pressured to quit a job because of their sexual orientation. In addition, when over 2,000 Americans surveyed were asked which groups of people in society they perceive experience discrimination in the workplace, such as being fired, harassed or denied a promotion, almost three quarters (73%) answered ‘gays and lesbians’ – the second highest survey response, just behind ‘older adults aged 65 and older’ (78%). Other groups mentioned as vulnerable to workplace discrimination included ‘people with disabilities’ (68%), ‘women’ (65%), ‘African Americans’ (61%), ‘Hispanic Americans’ (60%), ‘Muslims’ (60%), ‘Asian Americans’ (44%) and ‘Jews’ (39%). The far-reaching online survey was commissioned by Out & Equal Workplace Advocates, a non-profit organization that provides support and advocacy for...
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...Discrimination against Women Abstract This paper looks into the various forms of discrimination against women, which prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. Women are faced with discriminatory behavior in all stages of their adult life. Throughout history, women normally have had less career opportunities and legal rights and than men. In this paper, we look at how women are discriminated against based on their gender in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Introduction Research data have revealed that discriminatory practices against women prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Discrimination against women based on their gender occurs in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Women make up half of the population of the world and carry out two-thirds of the globe’s labor hours. Women obtain a tenth of the income of the world and possess less than a hundredth of the world’s property. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. For example, women perform 50 to 70% of all agricultural...
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...in the United States, including the 50 states. It also operates under its own name in Puerto Rico. Wal-Mart itself has not produced the same results in different countries. With Wal-Mart's investments outside North America having mixed results its operations in the United Kingdom, South America and China have been highly successful, while it was forced to pull out of Germany and South Korea when ventures there were unsuccessful. As Wal-Mart grew rapidly into the world's largest corporation, many critics worried about the effect of its stores on local communities, particularly small towns with many "mom and pop" stores. There have been several studies on the economic impact of Wal-Mart on small towns and local businesses, jobs, and taxpayers. It has been recorded in reading many articles about small towns...
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...in the United States, including the 50 states. It also operates under its own name in Puerto Rico. Wal-Mart itself has not produced the same results in different countries. With Wal-Mart's investments outside North America having mixed results its operations in the United Kingdom, South America and China have been highly successful, while it was forced to pull out of Germany and South Korea when ventures there were unsuccessful. As Wal-Mart grew rapidly into the world's largest corporation, many critics worried about the effect of its stores on local communities, particularly small towns with many "mom and pop" stores. There have been several studies on the economic impact of Wal-Mart on small towns and local businesses, jobs, and taxpayers. It has been recorded in reading many articles about small towns...
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...Who will take their place? Is the next generation of workers ready for the challenge? Do they have the same ideals and principles of the outgoing workers? Management is tasked with making this transition as smooth as possible while dealing with an ever growing diverse work force. Technology will play a key role in the sweeping changes facing a workplace as well as older workers trying to learn new ways to do the same tasks they have done a certain way for an extended period of time. How management meets these challenges will determine the long term success of the company. What changes in employment relationships are likely to occur as the population ages? As the baby boomer generation looms towards retirement a big challenge faced by management will be to fill the rolls...
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...each employee in the company brings to the table. Not one person is alike in a company. A person ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, and gender can set you a part from the individuals that you work with. Diversity impacts every part of the company.If diversity is accepted in a company the company will surely succeed. A company that creates a diverse environment shows its employees that no matter how different we are that we can all work together as a team. Employees should feel accepted by its company and fellow coworkers. In my research on diversity I came across an article about diversity in the New Zealand workforce or should I say the lack thereof. This article gave me further insight of the troubles that this countries workforce faced. These problems included migrant workers, the process of hiring employees, immigration process, and social partnership. The article is called Why Diversity Really Matters by Ruth Le Pla. The article gave me a understanding of exactly why their workforce was failing and how companies did not practice diversity. The article talked about Catherine Taylor who is the president of the Human Resources Institute of New Zealand. Ms. Taylor surveyed many companies just to see the problems with their diversity. The results shocked me. New England’s workforce is in trouble and their labor pool is shrinking. Companies are not making it better because they are very close minded when it comes to the hiring of new individuals. The survey showed that many...
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...Introduction I will thoroughly discuss in detail the operation of Wal-Mart, the company’s strategies, legal concerns and various challenges the company faces. In addition, I will address any current (or anticipated) human resource issues concerning the expanding into the international market and make recommendations on how the organization can leverage its human resources to come out on top in a highly competitive market. Wal-Mart, an Organizational Analysis Describe the nature of the organization, its size, and any specific human resource challenges it faces. One of the most recognized retail chains around the world, Wal-Mart is an American public multinational corporation running chains of large discount and warehouse stores. Considered the largest public corporation when ranked by revenue, Wal-Mart boasts a staggering 2 million employees worldwide with approximately 1.4 million in the United States. (Wal-Mart, 2012). Wal-Mart is known for their brand of low prices and high volume which dominates the retail market. Wal-Mart’s mission statement and slogan sums it up in one simple phrase: “We save people money, so they can live better”. Wal-Mart’s idea and strategy is targeted at offering consumers a variety of name brand goods at competitive prices. Wal-Mart has over 10, 300 retail stores in 27 countries under 60 different banners. As of Jan 2012, Wal-Mart generated approximately $444 billion in revenue and increasing sales by 5.9% and a return of 11.3 billion to shareholders...
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...local store owners, or they might defend the store’s future employees, since Wal-Mart’s reputation for unfair labor practices involves sexual discrimination, denying unionization and offering wages so terrible that some employees have to rely on social services to get by. Although Wal-Mart portrays an image of servitude and charity to the community, this multi-million corporation is responsible for inhumane, unjust and shameful practices in the United States and abroad, and whether people Love it or hate it, Wal-Mart is, in many places and for many people, inescapable. Much like work and taxes and eventual death. There is no question that Wal-Mart's relentless drive to squeeze out costs has benefited consumers, but Some experts contend Wal-Mart's "everyday low prices" are causing a clash between the interests of Americans as workers and the desires of Americans as consumers. "If people were only consumers, buying things at lower prices would be just good. But people also are workers who need to earn a decent standard of living," says economist Larry Mishel of the Economic Policy Institute during an interview for Frontline. "The dynamics that create lower prices at Wal-Mart and other places are also undercutting the ability of many, many workers to earn decent wages and benefits and have a stable life." In Bangladesh women and children are...
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...Bibliography Appendix i ii 1-7 8-17 18-21 21-23 25-26 26-27 27-31 31-33 33-39 39-42 42-44 45-47 47-51 52-53 53-55 55-56 57-59 3 1.1 Introduction The definition of gender is the state or fact of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones). Often gender and sex are used interchangeably, but gender is socially constructed and sex is biologically determined. The word gender has been used since the 14th century but this did not become common until the mid of 20th century. In human societies sex differences are experienced as gender differences. Concepts of gender are cultural interpretations of sex differences. Gender is related to sex differences. Gender depends on how society views relationship of male to man and female to woman. Every culture has prevailing images of what men and women are ―supposed‖ to be like. The concept of an ideal woman exists in every culture and in every society. The sexual division of labour according to Friedrich Engels, (―The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State 1845)‖, showed how changes in the material conditions of people affect the organisation of their family relations. The man took control over the land and later put forcible claims on individual women as their personal...
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...research paper addresses the importance of diversity training in the workplace. Having realized how pertinent workplace discrimination is globally, this paper will give a broad look into the various ways that diversity is displayed in the workplace. The diversity issues involving gender, sexuality, race, age, culture and religion will be explored, and the benefits that diversity training brings in each area will be outlined. Examples of the approaches that many Fortune 500 companies are taking will be touched on throughout the paper, as well as, the strategies behind corporate inclusion. Finally, manager’s recommendations will be given on ways to incorporate diversity training into an organization, and the potential outcomes that it brings to an organization. Introduction People differ in many aspects of their lives. We differ in race, color, sex, religious beliefs and origin to name a few. These diverse characteristics are what make us so unique from one another. Some people see diversity as an opportunity to learn and grow from other people, but others see it as a hindrance, which should be eliminated. Discrimination is defined as treatment or consideration, or making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing, based on class or category rather than individual merit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination). In most cases discrimination is negative behavior displayed to somebody because of their differences. It has been around for many years and occurs...
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...Overproduction, the stock market crash, and the weak banking systems led to a crisis that immensely impacted the way people had to live their everyday lives. Many factors played a role in triggering the start to the Great Depression, which can be considered one of the darkest times in American history. One of the most influencing factors was the vast amount of economical resources being made that weren’t being sold at the rate they were being produced. Both farmers and factories were producing much more goods than the people were able to afford. This was known as overproduction. By 1929, worker input increased by 32 percent allowing manufacturing companies to soar. ("Causes of the Great Depression." Great Depression and the New Deal Reference Library. Ed. Allison McNeill, Richard C. Hanes, and Sharon M. Hanes.) During this time, more suburban families had access to electricity and automobiles causing the demand to rise immensely. In turn, farmers produced more goods to meet the demand. With the overabundance of new consumer products and farm goods such as wheat and meat, prices began to decrease putting farmers and manufacturers into major debt. In an attempt to aid the war effort, many farmers mechanized their techniques spending extensive amounts of money on improving their way of farming. This put farmers across the nation into major debt. While the advances in machinery due to these improvements enhanced production, the prices of the goods being sold decreased, having...
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...What ethical issues faced by MNC's in their treatment of foreign workers could bring allegations of misconduct in their operation? Answer: The ethical issues faced by MNC's in their treatment of foreign workers are given below: a. Employing child labor b. Using workers overtime c. Paying unfair salaries d. Treating inhumanly with workers e. Providing poor working condition for the employees f. Women discrimination g. Unfair business with minorities such as older worker, religious minorities h. Unlawful business practice Would the use of the third party independent contractors insulate MNC's from being attacked? Would that practice offer MNC's a good defensive shield against charges of abuse of “their employees”? Answer: Human rights issues is one of the most important issues in this globalization era. There are no universal or International Standard of what is right or wrong because of the cultural differences among the countries. For example, some country appreciate child labor but some country has a strict law of child labor. So when a business organization conducts business in another country, they are trying to take advantage of that country. The reason for an organization to do business beyond the border is to maximize their profit. Sometimes some MNC does offshore or outsourcing to get the job done. So some MNC goes to the third world country to gain economies of scale. For example Apple Inc. Products are produced by a third party independent manufacturer...
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...Wal-Mart: Strategic Initiatives for a Changing Market MGT 521 Wal-Mart: Strategic Initiatives for a Changing Market Local, state, and national economic trends play a large part in the success and failure of businesses. When the economy experiences a downturn, consumers spend less and seek more for the money they do choose to spend; this puts companies in a unique situation. Many companies must choose between increasing prices and letting employees go in order to keep themselves in business. The United States recession of 2008 put employers in the same situation; in fact, this recession put employers in an even more difficult position. The recession saw a decrease in employment of over 6 percent—double that of all previous postwar recessions (Auguste, Lund, & Manyika, 2011). The retail sector lost 1 million jobs during the most recent economic recession. Since then the industry has added over 90,000 jobs, but this still results in job losses offsetting job gains due to this rough economic time (McCall, 2011). Wal-Mart, like any other retail business, feels the effects of recent economic trends. Unfortunately, Wal-Mart has had to resort to eliminating health insurance coverage for part-time employees and increasing premiums for other workers in an effort to cut costs (Wright, 2011). This strategy, though unfortunate, allowed the company to cut costs during the recession without eliminating positions or increasing prices. Wal-Mart also implemented...
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