...Running head: BUSINESS RESEARCH ETHICS 1 Business Research Ethics RES 351 February 28, 2013 BUSINESS RESEARCH ETHICS 2 Business Research Ethics Before the debt crisis of 2008 exploded, one of the two American banks that backed a large portion of United States mortgages was fined in 2006 because of improper accounting practices. Ethics are a set of standards derived by individual or company ideals of what is right and wrong. Looking back, it should have been clear the poor ethics of this bank would contribute to the economic disaster that would follow. A report conducted by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) from 1998 to 2004 discovered that Fannie Mae’s senior management deliberately influenced improper accounting by swaying internal auditors resulting in undeserved large bonuses. This was accomplished without advising any stockholder or other interested parties; the rest of the world. During this time, Fannie Mae reported unfettered profit growth and reaching publicized earnings targets per share for each quarter. "The image of Fannie Mae as one of the lowest-risk and 'best in class' institutions was a façade" (Fannie mae: Unethical, 2006). During this investigation, Fannie Mae evaded the OFHEO further adding to their harsh fine levied by them and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Fannie Mae’s mismanagement, manipulation of earnings, and unhindered growth culminated in $10.6 billion in losses, “well over a billion dollars in expenses...
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...explained by B, and B by C, but in the end there will be some one object on whom all other objects depend” Richard Swinburne. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument which therefore basis it’s conclusions on observations and experience; this is difficult to challenge. Over many years, different scholars have added their opinions to Aristotle and Plato’s contributions, making that argument stronger. The most famous version of the cosmological is associated with the Christian apologist Thomas Aquinas. In his Summa theological he sets out to demonstrate that the universe requires an explanation and this explanation demands a necessary and non-contingent being, God. This ides is key at the heart of all cosmological arguments. “The series must start with something, since nothing can come from nothing” Metaphysics. Plato and Aristotle postulated the need for a craftsman for their arguments with the fact of motion, which, they argued, needs a prior agency to motivate it. This mover would, itself, have no further mover, because it would be a primes mover, which is a self-actualising, necessary being. Neither Aristotle nor Plato understood how the universe could exist without such a mover. Aquinas further developed this idea in his first and second way. Aquinas’ first way states that all things are in motion (a state of change: for Aquinas, “motion is the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality”) but since nothing moves itself, there must be a...
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...we shall need laws for this as well, and generally speaking to cover the whole of life; for most people obey necessity rather than argument, and punishments rather than the sense of what is noble. (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book X, chapter 10) This is a very important quote coming from Nicomachean Ethics, Book X, chapter 10, where Aristotle tries to explain that most young people don’t tend out of their own nature to act virtuous. But not because they don’t want to, but because they don’t know to act in this way. We need to train, drill, and educate the youth of this generation to act in a virtuous way. Aristotle believes children should be taught at all times whether at school or at home to act in the correct ways. When these children are young they need education and habituation, Aristotle preaches throughout Book X, chapter 10. Virtue naturally brings pleasure at virtuous acts, but its active exercise, as needed for happiness, depends to some extent on goods outside the human’s control. Just like children, adults also don’t automatically tend to virtue themselves and don’t follow arguments. Adults seem to live more of a self-centered lifestyle, as they almost have to, because of their spouses and children. Adults need to keep being trained to act virtuous Aristotle says, because they tend to distance themselves from virtue...
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...Maria Panzo Phil 1301 03-31-12 Socrates was accused of denying the gods and of corrupting the young. The first of these charges rested upon the fact that he supposed himself to be guided by a divine sign. The second, Xenophon tells us, was supported by a series of particular allegations: (a) that he taught his associates to despise the institutions of the state, and especially election by lot; (b) that he had numbered amongst his associates Critias and Alcibiades, the most dangerous of the representatives of the oligarchical and democratically parties respectively; (c) that be taught the young to disobey parents and guardians and to prefer his own authority to theirs. The false images of Socrates arose because people misunderstood his true activity. Socrates explains this activity by relating a story about the Delphic Oracle. The Saying of the Delphic Oracle- A friend of Socrates' went to the Oracle and asked the priestess "Who is the wisest of mortals?" and the priestess replied: "Socrates is the most wise." The Testing of the Delphic Oracle - After some hesitation, he sought to show the saying wrong by finding someone wiser than he. He began to question various people, including politicians, poets, and craftsmen.. The Truth of the Delphic Oracle - After "testing" the saying of the god, Socrates became aware of the truth of the saying that "Socrates is most wise" -- it can be expressed as follows: Socrates was most wise because he was Aware of his ignorance. In the course...
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...Politics and Family It was painful for me to think about the relevance between Family and Politics and I can’t promise that I have already clearly made up my mind about the importance of politics to the family or family to politics. Was the reason behind this is the mere fact that I unintentionally paid little to no attention at all during the discussion of this topic? Well it could be, but I think it is more plausible to say that this topic is more or less peculiar to my standards. But anyway all is well that ends well, for I have found a link between the two after several hours contemplating in a room. All credits goes to my subject called “Politics and Governance” for helping me came up with an idea with Political structures regarding the family. The Philippines is said to obtain the earliest form of political organization which is patriarchal in form. Wherein the original family expanded through the marriage of the children, thus, forming new families; the family broadened into a clan, then the clan developed into a tribe; until it grew into a nation. I see that this primitive theory of state suggests a similarity in our present situation. Like the case of the political structure in our country which had hitherto having families running the entire province and even the entire nation if left unresolved. Having that situation is not the real deal in the problems of our political structure, that is, we are facing the reality that only the wealthy people must step inside...
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...Reynard The Fox Analysis and Comparison Reynard the Fox tells a story of a medieval kingdom in which several barons have conflict with lord Reynard. They come to Nobel the lion king to suggest the execution of Reynard for his villainous acts. The fist part of the story summarizes various “crimes” Reynard has committed. One such example involves puss the hair being abused by Reynard.1 The final decision is made that in order to properly punish Reynard, he must be summoned to court in order to tell his side of the story and defend himself. Several barons are sent to deliver the summons to Reynard. The first two are tricked into harmful traps that send them back to court empty handed. Finally Grey the badger convinces Reynard to come in and use his sly to win over Nobel and wipe clean his offenses. During their trip Reynard confesses all of the wrongs that he had committed. Grey told him that as long as he is truly sorry and abandoned his old ways, that he would be forgiven and trusted once more. For the remainder of the trip to court, Grey notices Reynard slipping into his ways and either reminds him of the oath he made or questions his true intent. They eventually make it to court where Reynard attempts to flatter Nobel by saying that his is his most loyal servant and has always been there when Nobel needed him. Nobel was not pleased with this and challenged Reynard to discount his accusers for his freedom. Upon failing to prove his complete innocence, Loyal...
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...Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as المعلم الأول - "The First Teacher". His ethics, though always influential, gained...
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...used to convince an audience. This paper will discuss the ethos, pathos, and logos modes of persuasion as well as writing structure as seen in King’s “The letter from Birmingham jail”. King’s letter demonstrates his clear logic, empathetic prose, sense of self, as maintained by high moral ground. His letter evokes ethical appeal for two main reasons; the language used is ethical and suits the topic, and the words come from a credible source. King is to be forgiven for saying, “Right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant” because this word may seem provocative (Jnr, 2012). However, these words are persuasive and used in the right context. According to Aristotle, ethos is developed when one chooses to use language that is suitable for the audience, and when the same words makes the person sound fair or unbiased (Aristotle, 2012). He uses historical facts to justify the reason why injustice prevails, and not his own opinion. He says, “Lamentably, it is an historical fact that the privileged groups seldom give their privileges voluntarily” (Jnr, 2012). Additionally, King uses logic views not to negate or dismantle the opinions of his critics, but to embrace and adjust the perspective of the very same critic. For instance, when the clergies ask for negotiations and not direct path, King justifies his actions by saying that the...
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...Descriptive is the best research design for the issue on benefits that are being received for families and individuals. We need more who, what, where, when and why there is an issue for the individuals living in a poverty area versus the individuals/families that live in better off areas. Why would it be possible for an individual to be able to receive benefits and they live in areas that are not considered by society as poverty area as those individuals who are struggling to make ends meet in a poverty area not able to receive benefits or their benefits are reduced. The federal government states cannot discriminate and regardless of race, creed, gender everyone is entitled to the same benefits, but everyone needs to first qualify if they meet the gross income standard chart that the government has created as a guide who should and should not qualify for benefits to start, also after the gross income is meant, then they take into consideration, medical cost for disabled, aged individuals, rent/mortgage, utilities as well. Using a survey is a type of interview that is highly structured to obtain unbiased data. The questions are structured in a way to obtain a wide range of data, which saves time and money while obtaining certain information from the public. The information that is collected from a survey is used as a random sample because the survey can be anonymously performed from the public. Surveys can be done in different forms of telephone, mail, computer, e-mail, or internet...
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...One Malaysia is the latest concept that came up by the new Prime Minister that can benefits the country in the terms of living in peace and harmony, learning others culture and stabilizing the politic climate. The Malaysian should be practice this concept in their daily life in order to become as an advance country. One of the benefits of the One Malaysia concept is we will be living in peace and harmony. As we know, there are many races in Malaysia, so it is important to unite all Malaysian to live in a peaceful environment. If the Malaysian is united as one through the concept of One Malaysia, we will definitely be known globally. Through this concept, Malaysian will be learning culture of other races. As a result of multiply race in Malaysia, there are many celebration that being celebrate by each race, so this is an opportunity for Malaysian to celebrate together in order to learn other cultures. For example, Government should organize any celebration that can be participated by all races in Malaysia. Finally, this concept also will be stabilizing the political climate in Malaysia. The factor of too many races in one organization could make a chaos to the politics of the country. Each leader of the race trying to defeat their right and vice versa. So, the concept of One Malaysia will be united nation in politics that is very important to the organization of the country. We can summarize that the concept of One Malaysia is important and should be constantly for...
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...A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 First American paperback edition published in 2006 by Enchanted Lion Books, 45 Main Street, Suite 519, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Copyright © 2002 Philip Stokes/Arcturus Publishing Limted 26/27 Bickels Yard, 151-153 Bermondsey Street, London SE1 3HA Glossary © 2003 Enchanted Lion Books All Rights Reserved. The Library of Congress has cataloged an earlier hardcover edtion of this title for which a CIP record is on file. ISBN-13: 978-1-59270-046-2 ISBN-10: 1-59270-046-2 Printed in China Edited by Paul Whittle Cover and book design by Alex Ingr A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 Philip Stokes A618C90F-C2C6-4FD6-BDDB-9D35FE504CB3 ENCHANTED LION BOOKS New York Contents The Presocratics Thales of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pythagoras of Samos . . . . . 10 Xenophanes of Colophon 12 Heraclitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Scholastics St Anselm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 St Thomas Aquinas . . . . . . . 50 John Duns Scotus . . . . . . . . . 52 William of Occam . . . . . . . . . 54 The Liberals Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Mary Wollstonecraft . . . . 108 Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Jeremy Bentham . . . . . . . . . 112 John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . 114 Auguste Comte . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Eleatics Parmenides of Elea . . . . . . . 16 Zeno of Elea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Age of Science Nicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . 56 Niccolò Machiavelli...
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...The problem in the business scenario is that the island of Kava is affected by natural disaster threats such as typhoons, tornadoes, volcanic eruption, and earthquakes. The island is also affected by sickness such as HIV/AIDS and the avian flu. Kava also has to worry about terrorism and the risk of petroleum spills. With the potential for disasters the island is not able to produce natural resources so the economy of Kava is supported by tourism and offshore investing. The company wants to have a greater presence in Kava. Chris Morales, the company’s founder, believes in do what is right, not for business reasons, but for ethical reasons. However, the company will only consider developing a greater presence in Kava if the opportunities are good for Kava and good for the company. A second reason the company is looking at developing a greater presence in Kava is that the government is interested in learning the company’s business model so government can use parts of the model to help the countries social needs. Before the company makes the decision to become a greater presence in Kava, the company’s management team will have to evaluate if the benefits are greater than the negatives. Also Alex and Chris have made it clear the company and government will both have to prosper from the decisions made. The decisions cannot benefit one party and not the other. The growth and larger presence has to be a win-win for the parties involved. Alex gave Nik the responsibility of putting...
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...Explain the concepts of Plato’s forms (25 marks) Plato believed in two worlds, the sensible world and the intelligible world. Within the intelligible world there exists the realm of forms which possesses true knowledge and perfection. The realm of Forms is eternal, unchanging, there are abstracts of a perfect object and organisms (human beings or animals), meaning there is a perfect abstract of a chair in the intelligible world which possess a certain value which cannot be possessed in the sensible world. However within the sensible world there exist shadows which are cast by abstracts from the intelligible world but they never possess their true value, and within the sensible world all things are temporarily meaning they will soon die, change and decay. The term “Form” to Plato meant the idea of what a thing is, this is because he realized that there are things which look different but have the same features which make it recognizable to the specific thing you have in mind e.g. when someone says “look at that boy” you immediately know/recognize that it’s a boy you have to look at because he will have the features of a boy, but once you see him you may figure out that his appearance may be a little different to some other boys but nonetheless since he has some set of characteristics that resemble a boy, you will be confident to come to a conclusion that he is a boy. This is also the same with what Plato says but he also goes on to argue that the true Form of a...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Poetry: for and against Submitted by: Arusha tufail Reg# 734 POETRY: FOR AND AGAINST POETRY: The word poetry is taken from a Greek word poieo which means I create. It is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. It consists largely of oral or literary works in which language is used in a manner that is felt by its user and audience to differ from ordinary prose. BRIEF HISTORY OF POETRY: Poetry as an art form predates literacy. In preliterate societies, poetry was frequently employed as a means of recording oral history, storytelling (epic poetry), genealogy, law and other forms of expression or knowledge that modern societies might expect to be handled in prose. Some writers believe that poetry has its origins in song. Most of the characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of utterance—rhythm, rhyme, compression, intensity of feeling, the use of refrains—appear to have come about from efforts to fit words to musical forms. However, in the European tradition the earliest surviving poems, the Homeric and Hesiodic epics, identify themselves as poems to be recited or chanted to a musical accompaniment rather than as pure song. ARGUMENTS ON POETRY: The Plato has criticized poetry as an imitative art in his book Republica. Plato narrated in his book that to have an ideal state, it is necessary to ban all imitative art forms as they corrupt...
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...Grace Chin Paper #2 Intro to Philosophy, Phil-2-2503 Dr. Fjeld October 7, 2010 The Unbridgeable Gap Over centuries, the epistemological gap has been an issue of debate and controversy among deep philosophical thinkers. This very gap refers to the gap between “subject” and “object”, and it is this very gap that provoked the question of true objectivity. Can we reach true objectivity and in essence, know an object in itself? Although many philosophers found their own ways of bridging the epistemological gap and proposed many intellectual explanations, I found that for myself personally, none of the theories settled quite perfectly for me. There was always a lingering question among the theories as their own separate entities, and so as a believer of a mélange of different ideas and philosophies, I must say that I do not believe that the epistemological gap can be bridged. Plato first began to tackle the epistemological gap by presenting the idea of “Forms”. He insisted that through love here in existence, we are pointed to the perfect forms above, with each step up being a step closer to the higher Forms. He believed that all things in existence participated in the perfections above us. For example, anything beautiful here on earth partakes in the bigger, higher Form of “Beauty” in the heavens. Plato gives the cave parable in his dialectical The Republic to further explain the pathway from denseness to clear. All people on earth view only the shadows reflected off the...
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