The Preterritorial Period
During Circa 10,000 B.C, Prehistoric Paleo inhabitants were present in Arizona. On Circa 2,000 B.C., Cochise Culture was originated and developed in what is now called southern Arizona. The Cochise people are known for growing vegetables; they also grow corn. During Circa 300 B.C., Hohokam settled in southern Arizona. From 1000 B.C. through 1,000 A.D, the Hohokam and Anasazi people created irrigation canals, agricultural villages, roads, and also complex ceremonial centers. On 500 A.D., Sinagua were seen farming near San Francisco Peaks. The years 700-1100 A.D. showed great progress and developments. During this period, Anasazi culture was developed in its Pueblo Period. During this period they used adobe bricks, stone slabs, mud, and sticks in order to create homes. During this time period, Kivas(underground ceremonial chambers) and cotton fabrics were established. On 1064 A.D., Sunset Crater erupts. From the dates of 1276-1299 A.D., a Great drought occurs in Arizona. During Circa 1300 A.D., the Casa Grande is built near the Gila River. Finally, during the Circa 1400 A.D., a culture decline is prevalent among the pre-historic groups.
The Spanish Period
The Spanish Period occurred during the years of 1528 through 1821. From the years of 1528 to 1536, an eight-year odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca along with his companions occurred. They were shipwrecked off the coast of an area that is known today as Texas. After being shipwrecked in the area, they become interested in exploring the region. In 1539, Fray Marcos de Niza looks for the city of Cibola. He feels that this could possibly be the greatest Spanish discovery at the time and is encouraged to explore even farther. During the years of 1540-1542, Coronado explores areas in Spain the lands that are considered today as American Southwest. It is believed that is party collectively or in small groups made the first systematic of the Southwest. The people in Coronado group were the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon. In 1629, the Franciscans were the first Europeans that lived in Arizona. The Franciscans established missions in the north near the Hop; the venture, however, was not successful. From the years of 1687 until 1711, Father Kino establishes missions near San Xavier, San Miguel, and Guevavi in Pimeria Alta that were along the Rio Santa Cruz and Rio San Pedro. During the year of 1736, large chunks and pieces of silver were discovered and found on the ground near Arizonac. In 1751, a Pima Indian Revolt occurred against the harsh discipline of Jesuit missionaries. In 1767m the Spanish government expelled the Jesuits from its realm and replaced them with Franciscans. In 1776, Tucson was established. During the year of 1781, Yuma tribes revolted. Father Grace is killed. During the year of 1785-1821, Spanish troops protested against the Apache. They eventually worked things out. From the years of 1810 through 1821, the Mexican Revolution occurred.
The Mexican Period
During the year of 1821, Mexico gains independence from Spain and considers most of today’s Arizona as part of its territory. In 1824, American mountain men come to Arizona to trap beaver. From the years of 1835-1836, the Texas War against Mexico begins to weaken the power of the Mexicans that are close to the United States. During the year of 1846, the Mormon Battalion marches over 2,000 miles from the location of Council Bluffs, Iowa to San Diego, California and cross Arizona during the march. During 1846 through 1848, the Mexican War that is fought by the U.S. Army ends up controlling New Mexico and California. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war. It is confirmed that the United States is go gain its title of Texas as well as the annexation of California and New Mexico.
The U.S. Controlled Period
After the Mexican War, the United States extended territory to the Pacific. With the discovery of goal, California seaports became notable. People begin to realize the value of the trade routes. In 1857, the first stagecoach lines came to Arizona. In 1877, the connecting of the East and the West made it possible for the railroad to reach Arizona. During the years between the Gadsden Purchase and the resulting of war between the states, settlers begin to move in southern Arizona. They had heard about the California gold rush and came to look for gold and silver. The people wanted to establish Arizona as a territory that was separated from New Mexico. Being part of the Territory of New Mexico, Arizona continued to grow immensely. Forts were established and stage lines were between them. During the year of 1864, Colonel Kit Carson was the leader in the campaign that calmed the Navajo. In 1862, the Confederate Congress identified Arizona as a separate territory. During the summer of 1862, Union forces occupied the Tucson ending of Confederacy reign.
The Territorial Period
During this period, the United States passed an act (The Organic Act) in 1863 that created a Territory of Arizona. Charles D. Poston is known as the “Father of Arizona” because of his working in getting the law above passed. Poston later became Arizona’s territorial delegate to Congress. John A. Gurley was selected to be the first territorial governor but got sick and died before the new government was even established. During the year of 1864, the census concluded that the population in Arizona was 4573 with many of the people in the southern part of the area. In 1867, the capital was moved and became Tucson and remains in that location until 1877. It was shifted to Prescott. However, it was finally moved to its permanent location, Phoenix in 1889. In 1871, the first public school in Arizona was opened in Tucson. During the year of 1880, over one hundred schools provided education for children. From the year of 1880 until 1890, the population grew from 40, 440 to 88, and 243. Today, the population of Arizona is over four million people and continues to strive to be an area of booming economy and growth.
References
http://www.bellre.com/arizona_history.htm http://azgovernor.gov/Documents/AZSpotlight/chronology.pdf McClory, T. (2010).Understanding the Arizona Constitution Second Edition University of
Arizona Press
