...Operation Fortitude Lessons Learned Operation Fortitude Lessons Learned Abstract Examine the importance of deception in Operation Fortitude through lessons learned. Provide an understanding of how the Allies were able to successfully deceive the enemy, what methods worked and how they were able to close loose ends without enemy knowledge. . Operation Fortitude Lessons Learned Sun Tzu knew early on that “all warfare is based on deception (Giles, 2000, p. 3).” So it should come as no surprise that military deception is and will always play a decisive role in warfare. The goal of deception is to make the enemy believe misinformation presented to keep them off balance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the deception used by the Allies during Operation Fortitude and the lessons learned. “The enemy must not know where I intend to give battle. For if he does not know where I intend to give battle he must prepare in a great many places. And when he prepares in a great many places, those I have to fight in any one place will be few (Sun Tzu, 1963, p. 66).” .Operation Fortitude was built upon a simple concept; to present supporting intelligence and evidence to the Germans to make them believe the major landing of the Allied forces would be at Pas de Calais. Although the idea sounded simple, the actual formulation of the plan came from the Twenty Committee (XX Committee) under the British Intelligence Service. The plan itself was broken into two pieces;...
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...Sun Tzu Verses Great Military Leaders Military 301 Great Military Leaders Abstract Sun Tzu a great military leader, designed many principles in which he felt if followed you would have the ability defeat any enemy. Three of Sun Tzu’s principles were preparation, know yourself and your enemy, and deception. One must always prepare for battle. In this preparation process, one must learn their enemy. You have to learn their strengths and weaknesses. You must also learn your strengths and weaknesses. One of Sun Tzu’s keys principles of being a good leader is leadership, being able to communicate clear and concise orders and having the ability to motivate your subordinate leaders to execute your exact orders without hesitation. Subordinates must have the discipline to execute the mission upon receipt. This is Sun Tzu’s principle of knowing yourself. Sun Tzu also practiced the art of deception. Which in many ways similar to deception techniques used by General Patton and General Washington when flanking their enemies. I will show you these principles and the principles of some of our great leaders throughout history. I will show how many of these leaders’ principles and beliefs were very much alike and used throughout history during different periods. Some of these great leaders are Napoleon Bonaparte, General George Patton, and John Moore. We can see through the analyzing of battles throughout history Sun Tzu’s principles are effective and taught by many today....
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...Deception by the Investigating Officer NAME AJS/532 August 5, 2013 Margery Melvin Deception by the Investigating Officer There are three sides to every story: the suspect’s version, the police’s version, and somewhere in the middle lies the truth. Humans by nature will instinctively do anything to ensure the security of his or her survival. Regardless if an individual is guilty or not the possibility of meeting consequences for his or her actions will almost always sway the individual to deny said actions to prevent the consequences from happening. Law enforcement personnel walk a fine line with regard to the use of deception, to find the truth. This paper will analyze the code of ethics in comparison to law enforcement procedure, and the role of nonverbal communication play with regard to detecting deception. The Ethics of Deception Ethical and moral behaviors are characteristics that individuals have but not all individuals have the same degree of moral ground. Everyone has the right to free choice and free-thinking, which are the foundation of the pursuit of happiness, life, and liberty. Within the context of free choice, humans have the choice of telling the truth or lying. Truth is usually only given freely when the foreseen benefit exists; otherwise most individuals will resort to a lie. By nature, humans do not want to experience pain, harm, or anything that may restrict individual freedoms. For individuals who violate laws, social norms, or otherwise...
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...The The Beauty of Perspective Illusion and perspective in art represents the victory of art over reality. Many artists continue to follow the basis of these illusionistic principals that have been used for many years before, but have added their own individuality to their art which has challenged new heights in illusion and perspective. These artists want to trick the eye of the viewers to ultimately create a work of art greater than reality itself. Trompe l’oeil has been a style that has lived on for many years. For this reason, illusion and perspective in art surprises the viewer because artists use perspective to shock the viewers and change what and how they view a piece of art. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that perspective was discovered. This discovery created depth in art. Through the use of color and contrast, artists were able to create art with depth never seen before in art. During the 19th Century, Impressionists began to look deeper into color relationships. What they discovered, would be the basis for perspective and illusion in art. They discovered that the use of cool tones made objects appear farther away than objects in warm tones. Artist’s main purpose for this type of art is to depict reality, but to evoke surprise and pleasure. Artists have been implementing illusionistic components into their work since the early 15th century after the discovery of the trick of the eye. Through linear perspective and vanishing points as well as color and...
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...“The most essential skill….is artifice” said Chris Hedges, the author of “Empire of Illusion”. Artifice is deception, or rather the clever use of deception. Many have witnessed someone using artifice in their daily lives; it is one of the main skills used by politicians, magician, and marketers. Politicians are an excellent example of masters in artifice. They use rhetoric to persuade others to believe in their cause and help them win the office the office they want. An example of this can be current U.S. president, Donald Trump. He used many slogans during his campaign but his most famous saying was, “Make America Great Again”. Trump’s campaign message was, “Make America Great Again”. He used this slogan to strengthen his ideas about making the country safer again. He wanted to build a wall between American and Mexico because he believed there were too many illegal immigrants coming in from Mexico. His idea about the wall helped to persuade many people to vote for him because many of his voters believed these illegal immigrants were taking jobs that American citizens should have. Another one of his main ideas was creating a travel ban on countries that he believed were causing problems to America. Many agreed with this idea because they wanted to make the country safer but they eventually regretted it because the travel ban...
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...been written on the subject and there are professions and organizations built around determining the true nature of an object. For the purposes of this paper and object may be a work of art, a document or an artifact. A replica is a copy of an original object that is not presented as the original. The replica is not considered the original even if it is made of the same materials and constructed in the same fashion as the original object. A forgery or a fake is a copy of an object that is represented as the original object. The forgery or a fake is not considered the original even if it is made of the same materials and constructed in the same fashion as the original object. According to some experts determining the authenticity and originality of an object is becoming more and difficult “...we have become so immersed in the world of mediated representations that we can no longer tell the difference between authentic and the artificial” (Knight & Long, 2004, p. 2). The differences which separate replicas from forgeries or fakes are deception in representing the object, altering the value of the object and the intent in the creation of the object. The intent to deceive the true representative nature of an object is at the center of determining if it is a forgery or a replica. The deception can be as simple as misrepresenting the identity of the artist or craftsman. Jones (1990) reports that immigrants from the country of India have been making Native American artifacts...
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...The Scarlet Letter was written during the Romantic period, during a worldwide movement in art, literature, and music, where they wrote about topics dealing with death and had an overall dark presence to each piece of art. Hawthorne’s mentions of witchcraft and the power of nature on the human spirit are examples of common themes written during this period. Suffering always will be a pertinent and timeless subject. Dimmesdale’s suffering was his unwillingness to confess his sin, therefore it consumed him and he suffered greatly internally in private. Throughout the novel, he makes half-hearted attempts to confess in the public eye, but in the end it only mocks Hester. In chapter three “The Recognition” Dimmesdale says, “Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness...
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...Art and Forgery: Why People Get Involved CREA232: Art History from the 15th Century Artists and art dealers have been forging works of art since the time of Rome. The reasons for the choice to forge works of art and the provenance of works of art can vary, but ultimately they lead back to one of two reasons: financial gain and/or to trick the art world. Crimes of forgery affect the entire art market. The entire art trade with the exception of the buyer all earns money when they handle a piece that is not what it is claimed to be. Often times the only person that loses out is the buyer when a piece is discovered to be forged. There are three distinct types of people that contribute to forgery in the art world. The forgers themselves, the art dealers who know that a piece is fake and yet still authorize it as original and someone who finds a piece and passes it off as something else to increase its value. The most common types of forgery and deception are wholesale forgery, alteration forgery, provenance forgery and willful misattribution. Wholesale forgery is when a piece is passed off as something that is either older than it actually is or by someone more valuable than the artist who created it. Alteration forgery is an actual work that has been altered in some way to increase its value. An example of this type of forgery is to add a signature when it was originally not there. Provenance forgery is when the paperwork that accompanies a piece of art is forged or...
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...Delivering Deception (A Discussion of the Deception Existing in Macbeth Act 1 & Act 2) Shakespeare wrote many plays in his lifetime and his style varied in many of them. There are at least thirty seven plays that have proved to be written by Shakespeare. In Macbeth, there are many different interesting aspects that secretly hid between the lines. To be able to detect these lines, one has to analyze what Shakespeare was wanting to occur on stage and read the tension between characters as well as assume other moods and thoughts. The play of Macbeth has many occurrences of deception within the flowing lines of many characters. To begin, Shakespeare’s Macbeth demonstrates its first taste of deception when the King speaks of Macbeth after naming him Thane of Cowdor. The King was very proud of Macbeth for the victory he had in the battle for his country and he was excited to name him the new Thane of Cowdor. However, he was unware of the information that Macbeth just received notifying him that he will end up killing Duncan to take over the thrown. Of course...
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...The art of tricking or deceiving, is defined by the word deception. In the short story "The Open Window" by H. H. Munro, the theme of deception is demonstrated perfectly through the character of Mrs. Sappleton's niece. She has an impressive talent of getting people to believe what she tells them and then using it to scare people off, just as she did with Framton Nuttel. The author does an incredible job of developing the characters point of view and even deceiving the reader until the very end of the story. He does this by staying vague, creating a conversational scene before Mr. Nuttel meets Mrs. Sappleton, and finally by building the character of the niece. To start, the short story starts in the middle of an activity, making the reader infer the situation. By keeping it vague, the author now has the reader in a vulnerable position to present the developing plot of the story. There is a man who has recently moved in to the area and being a new comer, is trying to meet people to make...
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...Thought and Structure of Comedy — The Tragic and the Comic fade into each other by almost insensible gradations, and the greatest beauty of a poetical work often consists in the harmonious blending of these two elements. Not only in the same drama may both exist in perfect unison, but even in the same character. Great actors generally have a similar quality, and frequently it is hard to tell whether their impersonations be more humorous or more pathetic. This happy transfusion and interchange of tragic and comic coloring is one of the characteristics of supreme art; it brings the relief along with the pain; it furnishes the reconciliation along with the conflict. Shakespeare seems to have taken a special delight in its employment. No principle of his procedure is better known or more fully appreciated. His tragedies never fail of having their comic interludes; his comedies have, in nearly every case, a serious thread, and sometimes a background with a tragic outlook. Life is not all gloom or all delight; the cloud will obscure the sun, but the sun will illumine the cloud — at least around the edges. Still, the Comic is not the Tragic, however subtle may be their intertwining, and however rapid their interaction. They rest upon diverse, and in some respects opposite, principles. Criticism must seek to explain the difference between them for the understanding, and must not rest content with a vague appeal to the feeling of beauty. Tragic earnestness springs from the deep ethical...
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...leads to tighter borders, more security and more thorough screening which then can create the security paradox that Booth and Wheeler discussed. This paradox and uncertainty tie in to each other in more ways than one. Not only can uncertainty create the security paradox through heightened security, but also the security paradox can create uncertainty because the motives behind the increased security may be unknown. “ The Art of War” In “The Art of War,” by Sun Zu the concept of deception is briefly discussed. Sun Zu states that “all warfare is based on deception” and deception is when an enemy attempts to mislead their opponent in order to gain a lead. In America, officials are always trying to see around other’s deception, which is why the borders must be more secure. With 100 percent screening, it will be known if something of danger to citizens is entering the country and measures can be taken to protect everyone. Having less porous borders and higher trained officers will help keep the American government from being deceived. A form of deception in relation to border control can be explained by thinking of a large cargo ship. This ship is filled with what on the surface appears to be barrels of grains, but within those grains, hidden, are weapons of mass destruction that are waiting to take the lives of innocent Americans. With the screening process, these weapons will be spotted and assessed to prevent further damage, once again keeping the United States one step...
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...half thousand years. Sun Tzu was a general in the Kingdom of Wu in China around 490BC. His text was translated from Chinese to French in 1782 and it has been suggested that it was the key to Napoleon's success. To this day, military strategists around the world have used Sun Tzu’s philosophies to win wars and have made Sun Tzu on the Art of War a staple of their military education. Sun Tzu’s theories on war are timeless to both military and civilian strategists. His theories are as relevant today as they were in 500 B.C. Sun Tzu’s work covers all levels and spectrum of war. It provides fairly simple but applicable guidance from tactical aspects for the commander in the battlefield for waging war to strategic deliberations in the council chambers as to whether or not to wage war.( Cook,99) The principles that lie buried in the text of The Art of War have been used successfully in countless battles throughout time. Speed was an essential facet in the victories of Genghis Khan and his Mongolian horde. Controlling their enemies by the skillful use of alliances allowed the Romans to expand and maintain their empire. Secrecy and deception were used in major World War II battles, both by the Japanese in their attack on Pearl Harbor and by the Allies to mislead the Germans about the exact location of their invasion of France. The use of intelligence was critical to American success in the Cuban missile crisis. The Viet Cong lived by the rule of avoiding strength and attacking...
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...On numerous occurrences he was able to make the British Army believe that the U.S. had a superior formation than they in fact did, or that they were not ready, when they were in actuality fully prepared. One example of this deception was spy John Honeyman. The British believed that Honeyman was working on the British side. In December 1776 Honeyman told the British that the Americans had no intentions to move during the winter. This made the British army very relaxed and unprepared for a surprise attack. On Christmas night Washington moved his troops across the Delaware River, and launched an attack on the British Army.(Furthermore, with the British Army unprepared, they were forced to quickly surrender.) They were unprepared for an attack and were forced to quickly...
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...In both plays, families are held together by illusions, yet torn apart by truths that have been concealed to protect the children. Ibsen’s use of artistic realism is an ironic art form where illusions and realisms are contradicted to reveal the deeper conflicts of ordinary lives. Ibsen presents the complicated realities of ordinary lives and emphasizes the fact that there are always many realities -- just as there are many illusions. Title: Illusions and Realities in Ibsen’s Plays The Wild Duck and Ghosts Introduction In Ibsen’s The Wild Duck, illusions and reality are set into a conflict within the story of a son’s personal desire to confront idealism. Throughout much of the play, the son, Greger, argues the value of truth with the reluctant Dr. Relling. Relling insists on the importance of illusions, but fails to discourage Greger’s intentions and a play that begins as a comedy quickly turns into a tragedy because of these conflicts. At the heart of the illusions in this play are the ways that people assume many roles in a family, impersonating multiple ideals as ways for managing their relationships. This theme of impersonation is also developed in Ibsen’s Ghosts, where family relations are slowly undone as the illusions and deceptions are stripped away. In both plays, deceptions are strategic and designed to protect the children from the pains and struggles of their families’ histories. Ultimately, in these plays, families are held together by illusions...
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