INCINERATOR

Construction
Incinerator is in the shape of a vertical cylindrical chamber with an inverted funnel shaped chimney at the the top. The cylindrical chamber consists of a burning chamber just as in case of oil fired burners, which are lined with refractory materials at the inside. An oil fired burner is provided to initiate the ignition process. It is extremely important that the temperature inside the cylinder is controlled and for this reason thermostats are used. To provide an uninterrupted flow of air for the combustion, forced draft fans are provided. The air supplied is directed upwards in swirls with the help of strategically designed ports.

A rotating shaft with blades is attached at the center, which helps for a faster combustion process and also prevents incomplete combustion. The ash and the residue thus generated due to the combustion is forced at the periphery by this rotating shaft. The ash is pushed into an ash hopper and it gets collected there. A door is provided to dump the waste inside the incinerator. This door pneumatically operated and when opened shuts down the fan and the burner automatically.
Not all the ash gets collected in the ash hopper. Some of the ash due to the forced air goes up to the chimney with the smoke. To remove this ash from the smoke a char eliminator is used. A char eliminator is similar to a filter paper. A sight glass is provided at the side of the incinerator to keep a watch at the burning process. All the processes are controlled with the help of a control panel that is fitted on or near the incinerator.

Working and disposing
Solid waste is put inside the incinerator through the waste door, in properly arranged stacks so that the chances of incomplete combustion are minimized. The oily sludge or waste oil is not directly put into the combustion chamber neither it is put through the waste door. A separate tank is made which has its outlet into the combustion chamber. The oily sludge is first heated up to a temperature which can facilitate the difficult process of burning oily waste. Once optimum temperature is reached, the oil is passed into the combustion chamber.
The burner then burns the mixture at a thermostatically controlled temperature so as to induce a complete combustion. The force draught fan provides continuous supply of air and the rotating shaft creates the required swirling of air. The ash that is created is collected in the ash slide. This ash can be disposed to the sea or stored to dispose it at the next port.
In many ships these incinerators are not used properly and it should be made a practise so that all staff right from thejunior engineer, deck cadet to the chief engineer and master are aware of its use. This would go a long way in improving the quality of sea water as well as reduce stress on their minds in that they are doing everything as per themaritime law.

Incineration
A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments. During the process of incineration, the waste material that is treated is converted in to IBM, gases, particles and heat. These products are later used for generation of electricity. The gases, flue gases are first treated for eradication of pollutants before going in to atmosphere.
Among waste-to-energy technologies, incineration stands taller. Other technologies are gasification, PDG, anaerobic digestion and Pyrolysis. Some times Incineration is conducted with out the reason for recovering energy.
In past, incineration was conducted with out separating materials thus causing harm to environment. This un-separated waste was not free from bulky and recyclable materials, even. This resulted in risk for plant workers health and environment. Most of such plants and incinerations never generate electricity.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent. This reduction depends upon the recovery degree and composition of materials. This means that incineration however, does not replace the need for landfilling but it reduced the amount to be thrown in it.
Incineration comes with a number of benefits in specific areas like medical wastes and other life risking waste. In this process, toxins are destroyed when waste is treated with high temperature.
Incineration or thermal treatment of waste is much popular in countries like Japan where there is scarcity of land. The energy generated by incineration is highly demanded in countries like Denmark and Sweden. In year, 2005 it was estimated that 4.8 percent of the electricity as is consumed by Danish nation was produced by incineration and the amount of heat was some 13.7 percent out of total. Other then Denmark and Sweden many European countries are recovering heat and electricity from waste.
Technology
Incinerators and their types:
Incinerator can be understood more precisely as a furnace where waste is burnt. Modern incinerators are equipped with pollution improvement systems, which play their part in cleaning up the Flue gas and such toxicants. Following are the types of plants for burning waste:
Moving Grate:
The incineration plant used for treating MSW is moving grate. This grate is capable for hauling waste from combustion chamber to give way for complete and effective combustion. A single such plant is capable for taking in thirty-five metric ton of waste every hour for treatment. Moving grates are more precisely known as incinerators of municipal solid waste.
This waste is poured in the grate with a help of crane from and opening or throat. From here, the waste has to move towards the ash pit. Waste is further treated and water locks wash out ash from it. Air is then flown through the waste and this blown air works for cooling down the grate. Some of grates are cooled with help of water.
Air is blown through the boiler for another time but this time comparatively faster then before. This air helps in complete burning of the flue gases with the introduction of turmoil leading to better mixing and excess of oxygen. In some grates, the combustion air at fast speed is blown in separate chamber.
European Waste incineration Directive is of the view that an incineration plant must be designed so that operating worker must know that flue gases are reaching the temperature of eight fifty degrees centigrade with in two seconds. This would ensure complete and required breakdown of toxins of organic nature. In order to achieve this every time backup auxiliary burners must be installed.
Fixed Grate:
This was the fixed and much older version for grate. This kind generally is lined with the brick while lower or ash pit is made up of metal. This grate generally has an opening at the top and for loading purpose; a side of the grate is left open. A number of fixed grate were first formed in houses, which today are replaced by waste compactors.
Rotary-kiln:
Industries and municipalities generally use this sort of incinerator. This incinerator consists of two chambers i.e. primary and secondary chamber.
Fluidized Bed:
In this sort of incineration, air is blown at high speed over a sand bed. The air gets going through the bed when a point come where sand granules separates and let air pass through them and here comes the part of mixing and churning. Therefore, a fluidized bed comes in to being and fuel and waste are then can be introduced.
The sand along with the pretreated fuel or waste is kept suspended and is pumped through the air currents. The bed is thus mixed violently and is uptight while small inert particles are kept suspended in air in form of fluid like form. This let the volume of the waste, sand and fuel to be circulated throughout the furnace, completely.
Specialized incineration:
When it comes to the furniture factory for incineration of the waste, they need to take special precautions, as they have to handle inflammable material. For this purpose, they have incinerators, which are installed with burn back prevention systems and are very much necessary for the dust suspensions when they are more able to catch up the fire.
Use of Heat:
The heat that is produced by an incinerator can be used for generating steam, which is used for driving a turbine in order to produce electricity. The typical amount as is produced by Municipal waste per ton is 2/3 MWh for electricity and two MWh for heating.
Pollution:
Incineration is conducted with a number of outputs, which include ash and flue gas emission. Before the flue gas cleaning systems were introduced, the flue gas has to move to atmosphere thus leading to pollution.
Emission of Gases:
Furans and Dioxins
The biggest most concern, which has caught thoughts of environmentalists about MSW’s incineration, is production of a huge amount of furans and dioxins. These are considered staidly injurious to health. Modern generators are equipped with special equipment to clean emission of gases from these injurious components. There was a time when no governmental regulation were there to bound incineration and save environment and atmosphere from this hazardous emission of gases but today there are strict and rigid rules and regulations to follow and conduct incineration.
Carbon dioxide
Incineration while being conducted produces a vast amount of Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide plays a due role in global warming, as this is the green house gas. It has been observed that almost every thing which has carbon in its composition is when processed by incineration evolves out as carbon dioxide.
Extra Emissions
Some other emissions of gases by waste processing are sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, fine particles and heavy metals.
Cleaning out Flue Gas:
A number of processes are involved for the cleaning up of flue gas.
The mixture of flue gas is collected by means of Particle filtration and this filtration is conducted using electrostatic precipitators and baghouse filters. Baghouse are very effective for fine particles. The next step of the processing and cleaning of flue gas is processing of scrubbers, which are critical for the removal of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, mercury, hydrofluoric acid, lead and residuary heavy metals. With the reaction of lime, sulfur is converted in to gypsum. The wastewater, which comes out of scrubbers, is then passed through wastewater treatment plant.
Desulphurization is a process that is used to remove sulfur dioxide with the limestone slurry injection directly in to flue gas. Nitric component or gases are reduced with catalytic reduction with help of ammonia application. Heavy metals are removed with the help of active carbon injection. Particles are the collected at filters.
Solidify Outputs
Flue ash and Bottom ash is produced with the processing of waste materials and settle at the bottom of the incineration plant. The ash, which is produced, is four to five percent of total weight of the waste processed while the flue ash makes up some ten to twenty percent of total weight of waste material. The heavy metals, which are contained in the flue or bottom ash, are lead, cadmium, zinc and copper. A small amount of furans and dioxins are also produced. It is to mention here that bottom ash seldom have heavy metals in it. Flue ash is hazardous while bottom ash is not that dangerous or injurious to health.
Other issues related to Pollution:
Older models of incinerators have inconvenience that this produce odor pollution. However, in modern plants are saved from producing dust and odor pollution. They are designed to store waste in enclosed containers along with a negative pressure to keep from odor and dirt dispersal.
Another issue that is affecting community is increased load of traffic due to WCV for hauling waste materials. This is the issue, which has forced incinerators to move in to industrial areas.

http://www.wrfound.org.uk/articles/incineration.html

https://azmariner.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/safety-operating-maintenance-instructions.pdf parts

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