...Statement Argument Exercise DIRECTIONS for question 1-20: Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak' argument. Give answer (1) if only argument I is strong; (2) if only argument II is strong; (3) if either I or II is strong; (4) if neither I nor II is strong and (5) if both I and II are strong. 1. Statement: Should all refugees, who make unauthorized entry into a country, be forced to go back to their homeland ? Arguments : I. Yes. They make their colonies and occupy a lot of land. II. No. They leave their homes because of hunger or some terror and on human grounds, should not be forced to go back. 2. Statement: Should new big industries be started in Mumbai? Arguments : I. Yes. It will create job opportunities. II. No. It will further add to the pollution of the city. 3. Statement: Should government stop spending huge amounts of money on international sports ? Arguments : I. Yes. This money can be utilized for upliftment of the poor. II. No. Sports persons will be frustrated and will not get international exposure. 4. Statement: Should the oil companies be allowed to fix the price of petroleum products depending on market conditions ? ...
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...exploit the marketing potential of the Internet to be successful. 2- World hunger has many causes and effects. -This statement isn’t even a full sentence and it is very boring and unspecific. They aren’t really taking a stand on anything and make it seem like they are just going to begin to list causes and effects. I would suggest (depending on their stance): The effects of world hunger are seen in the many faces that suffer, but it is time to look into what is causing it. 3- People use many lawn chemicals. -This is just a boring statement not telling me what they are going to talk about. It isn’t specific and doesn’t make a stand on anything. They are just pointing out a product people use. They are making an observation not an assertion. This statement doesn’t open anything up for a discussion. I would suggest: that they make a point to specify what they are writing about lawn chemicals for (are they dangerous, helpful, etc..). They must make some sort of stance in this statement so that they reader can follow the order of their logic. 4- The thesis of this paper is the difficulty of solving our environmental problems. -This thesis is making more of an announcement than a stand for solving environmental problems. They should be more specific as to the difficulties that come with solving these problems. Is this paper about the...
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...Assertions may be classified into the following types: Assertions relating to classes of transactions | Assertions | Explanation | Examples: Salaries & Wages Cost | Occurrence | Transactions recognized in the financial statements have occurred and relate to the entity. | Salaries & wages expense has been incurred during the period in respect of the personnel employed by the entity. Salaries and wages expense does not include the payroll cost of any unauthorized personnel. | Completeness | All transactions that were supposed to be recorded have been recognized in the financial statements. | Salaries and wages cost in respect of all personnel have been fully accounted for. | Accuracy | Transactions have been recorded accurately at their appropriate amounts. | Salaries and wages cost has been calculated accurately. Any adjustments such as tax deduction at source have been correctly reconciled and accounted for. | Cut-off | Transactions have been recognized in the correct accounting periods. | Salaries and wages cost recognized during the period relates to the current accounting period. Any accrued and prepaid expenses have been accounted for correctly in the financial statements. | Classification | Transactions have been classified and presented fairly in the financial statements. | Salaries and wages cost has been fairly allocated between: -Operating expenses incurred in production activities; -General and administrative expenses; and -Cost of personnel...
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...ISA 315 categorizes the different assertions in three categories which are further classified as follows: 1. Assertions about classes of transactions and events: 1. Occurrence: transactions and events so recorded in the financial statements actually occurred and relates to the same period. 2. Completeness: all such transactions and events that required recording have been recorded 3. Accuracy: transactions and ancillary information have been recorded with accurate amounts 4. Cutoff: only those transactions and events have been recorded that pertains to the accounting period under consideration 5. Classification: transactions and events have been recorded in the related accounts properly 2. Assertions about account balances at the period end: 1. Existence: all the assets, liabilities and other interests that appear in the financial statements actually exist. 2. Rights and obligations: the assets presented in the financial statements are actually assets for which entity holds the ownership right or has all the necessary controls the right to use the asset. Similarly, the liabilities recorded are actually the obligations of the entity. 3. Completeness: all the assets, interests and obligations of the entity that required recording have been recorded in the financial statements 4. Valuation and allocation: all the assets, obligations and equity interests have been valued appropriately and if any allocation was need than it has...
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...to Assessed Risks. • Phase IV: Perform Further Audit Procedures. • Phase V: Evaluate Audit Evidence. • Phase VI: Communicate Audit Findings. 5-2 a. State the five categories of management’s financial statement assertions and briefly explain each. The five categories of management's financial statement assertions are (1) existence or occurrence, (2) completeness, (3) rights and obligations, (4) valuation or allocation, and (5) presentation and disclosure. • Assertions about existence or occurrence deal with whether assets or liabilities exist at a given date and whether recorded transactions have occurred during a given period. • Assertions about completeness deal with whether all transactions and accounts that should be presented in the financial statements are so included. • Assertions about rights and obligations deal with whether assets are the rights of the entity and liabilities are the obligations of the entity at a given date. • Assertions about valuation or allocation deal with whether asset, liability, revenue, and expense components have been included in the financial statements at appropriate amounts. • Assertions about presentation and disclosure deal with whether particular...
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...5-29 In planning the audit of a client’s inventory, an auditor identified the following issues that need audit attention. Listed is the issue and the assertion. Identify the assertion for items 1 through 11 above. 1. Inventories are properly stated at the lower of cost or market. Audit objective: Valuation and allocation. 2. Inventories included in the balance sheet are present in the warehouse on the balance sheet date. Audit objective: Rights and obligations 3. Inventory quantities include all products, materials, and supplies on hand. Audit objective: Classification and understandability and accuracy and valuation 4. Liens on the inventories are properly disclosed in notes to the financial statements. Audit objective: Classification and Understandability and rights and obligations 5. The client has legal title to the inventories. Audit objective: Rights and obligations 6. The financial statements disclose the amounts of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Audit objective: Completeness. 7. Inventories include all items purchased by the company that are in transit at the balance sheet date and that have been shipped to customers on consignment. Audit objective: Rights and obligations 8. Inventories received on consignment from suppliers have been excluded from inventory. Audit objective: Rights and obligations 9. Quantities times prices have been properly extended on the inventory listing, the listing is properly totaled...
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...In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley provides us with a strange yet appealing futuristic world. Huxley throughout the book argues the points that author George Orwell makes in his book “1984”. Neil Postman made six assertions that varied when comparing them to today’s contemporary society. Some of these assertions are either highly valuable or fail to meet the standards of today’s advanced society. In one of Postman’s quotes, he states that “As he (Huxley) saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that undo their capacities to think.” Postman describes the lost of thinking for ourselves and how society has lost all ability to use imagination. What we seem to imagine is all given to us through social media and television. Everything around us is intensified, to create a series of propaganda and influences. Both Orwell and Huxley believed that our thoughts and imaginations are a complication of our own...
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...Metamorphosis is the process in which a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly. The lowly caterpillar wraps itself into an ugly cocoon and over time the miraculous transformation occurs and out of that cocoon emerges this beautiful butterfly. Bill Rago, the main character in the movie Renaissance Man, goes through a similar transformation in his life. Bill is a divorced, passive-aggressive, advertising executive who reaches rock bottom when he loses his job and is forced to seek out unemployment. His unfortunate circumstance lands him a temp job as a civilian teacher on a military base. The problem is that he does not have any teaching experience and he is given a class of eight students who supposedly lack the basic comprehension skills to be successful in the military and are required to pass his class in order to complete basic training. Bill had to learn how to assert himself with this ragtag bunch in order to complete his assignment. According to Randy Paterson, assertiveness is a communication style in which a person realizes that they are in control of their own behavior and decision making (19). Bill, played by actor Danny DeVito, needed to learn that he dictates and controls his life and not other people or life circumstances. In order for him to transform and regain control of his life, Bill had to begin to assert himself in all areas of his life. One thing that portrayed Bill Rago’s lack of assertiveness, was the fact that he minimal self-control at best....
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...How Valid is the Assertion that literature is a voice for the oppressed? Marjane Satrapi proves the assertion that literature is a voice for the oppressed by raising the awareness of the oppression on different Iranian social groups in Persepolis. These Iranian groups such as; children, democratic liberals, Persian nationalists and the lower class, are marginalized and silenced by the oppressive regime. Through the form of memoir, the author who belonged to an oppressed group (youth, woman, Iranian), conveys her personal experiences through a subversive and transgressive manner. One of the themes in Persepolis is ‘childhood’ as Satrapi explores the misfortune of growing up under oppression. Since the first page and panel of the book the reader is introduced to the protagonist, Marjane, and to the Islamic revolution through the symbol of the veil; “this is me when I was 10 years old”. On the next panel there’s a class photo on which we can see the oppressed youth in Iran and their innocence, as they are all aligned in the same posture wearing a veil which only lets their sadly expressive faces uncovered. Their depressed faces manifests that they are victims to the Islamic revolution. Through sequential art Satrapi, by combining pictures and words, allows a greater identification with the characters and their experiences and readers to go deeper into the meaning of the story. Pictures allow images to be subtler so readers infer on the meaning, mood and tone of the panels...
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...March 5th, 2012 Institute Le Rosey TOK “The Arts have little to do with knowledge”. Discuss this assertion with detailed reference to two works of arts in different genres. Knowledge is something at our circumference at all times. We pursue and obtain it in the various stages of our lives. As children we acquire knowledge from our parents, in school, by reading books, going on the Internet etc. As a matter of fact, Knowledge is thrown at us everyday, everywhere and from every angle, without us even knowing about it. Most people know that Math and Science give us knowledge known as Accepted truth and experimental knowledge. But can we acquire unforeseen knowledge from pieces of art such as Paintings, Music and Poems? Does art truly give us knowledge or is it the artist’s intention to play with us and influence us by making us think that we have learnt something? When thinking of it, we as viewers of the pieces of art are confused because we cannot record anything we have ever learnt from them. To most people Art is just there to impress us and for us to admire it. Never would we think that the Art’s actually give us some sort of knowledge. Nevertheless, the reason for this might be because we have the wrong definition of knowledge and are therefore not looking for the correct kind. Essentially, there are two types of knowledge that can be found in pieces of Art: Explicit and Tacit (Implicit) knowledge. Explicit knowledge is the average Joe’s definition of knowledge. It...
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...Mehdi Mirzaaghaei University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Ali Mesbah {aminmf, mehdi, amesbah}@ece.ubc.ca ABSTRACT To test web applications, developers currently write test cases in frameworks such as Selenium. On the other hand, most web test generation techniques rely on a crawler to explore the dynamic states of the application. The first approach requires much manual effort, but benefits from the domain knowledge of the developer writing the test cases. The second one is automated and systematic, but lacks the domain knowledge required to be as effective. We believe combining the two can be advantageous. In this paper, we propose to (1) mine the human knowledge present in the form of input values, event sequences, and assertions, in the human-written test suites, (2) combine that inferred knowledge with the power of automated crawling, and (3) extend the test suite for uncovered/unchecked portions of the web application under test. Our approach is implemented in a tool called Testilizer. An evaluation of our approach indicates that Testilizer (1) outperforms a random test generator, and (2) on average, can generate test suites with improvements of up to 150% in fault detection rate and up to 30% in code coverage, compared to the original test suite. these interactions at runtime is manifested through the Document Object Model (DOM) and presented to the end-user in the browser. To avoid dealing with all these complex interactions separately, many developers treat...
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...5- Evidence and Documentation The relationship of Audit Evidence to the Audit Report Management Assertions * Management is responsible for the fair presentation of the financial statements. Assertions are representations by management, explicit or otherwise, that are embodied in the financial statements, as used by the auditor to consider the different types of potential misstatements that may occur Under current auditing standards, management assertions fall into the following categories: * Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period of audit * Assertions about account balances at the period end * Assertions about presentation and disclosure Assertions about classes of transactions and events during the period Transaction-related assertions help the auditor conceptualize, plan and perform audit procedures Occurrence Completeness Authorization Accuracy Cut-off Classification Assertions about account balances at the period end Assertions about account balances relate directly to the ending balances of the accounts included in the financial statements. Balance-related assertions help the auditor conceptualize, plan and perform audit procedures Existence Rights and Obligations Completeness Valuation and Allocation Assertions about Presentation and Disclosure This category of assertions relates to presentation of information in the financial statements and disclosures in the notes that are directly...
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...current situation 2. Explanation of terms (if needed) 3. Why this topic is important (What’s at stake?) C. Thesis Statement (complete sentence) II. Body Paragraph #1 A. Assertion #1 (without using “I think.” Complete sentence) B. Introduce specific example to support assertion #1 (write in own words) 1a. Include a specific piece of evidence (1-2 sentences; should directly support your example; include a proper MLA citation, as well as who said/provided evidence and what their credentials are). 1b. Follow quote/statistic with an explanation as to how that evidence SUPPORTS the assertion you made in the topic sentence. 2a. Include a specific piece of evidence (1-2 sentences; should directly support your example; include a proper MLA citation, as well as who said/provided evidence and what their credentials are). 2b. Follow quote/statistic with an explanation as to how that evidence SUPPORTS the assertion you made in the topic sentence. C. Concluding sentence that restates, in different words, the assertion made in the topic sentence: III. Body Paragraph #2 A. Assertion #2 (without using “I think”) B. Introduce specific example to support assertion #2 (write in own words) 1a. Include a specific piece of evidence (1-2 sentences; should directly support your example; include a proper MLA citation, as well as who said/provided evidence and what...
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...BACKGROUND Shortly after the Civil War Abraham Anderson and Joseph Campbell began manufacturing canned vegetables and fruit preserves. However, in 1876, Campbell bought out Anderson’s interest and renamed the firm the Joseph Campbell Preserving Company. Later, Arthur Dorrance became Campbell’s new partner. By the early 1920s, John Dorrance, Arthur Dorrance’s nephew, was the sole owner of the Campbell Soup Company, which was the largest producer of canned soup products. Unfortunately, with the twentieth century vastly approaching the nation’s appetite for condensed soup products deteriorated. This weakening demand caused the company’s executives to use an assortment of questionable business practices and accounting schemes to enhance the company’s reported earnings. The alleged scams included trade loading, improper accounting for loading discounts, shipping to the yard, and guaranteed sales. In this case, these four main scams represent how Campbell Soup used improper business practices to manipulate its periodic income statements. Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PWC) was the auditor’s for Campbell soup. Campbell offered sizable trade discounts near the end of accounting period to entice customers to make product purchases that they would otherwise defer. By doing so, Campbell Soup not only used price concessions to prop up its reported revenues and profits but they also manipulated the reports on their periodic income statement. During the audit PwC also learned that Campbell recorded...
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...Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 22, No. 4, Spring 2006: 109-142. An Information Systems Security Risk Assessment Model under Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions Lili Sun Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Rajendra P. Srivastava The University of Kansas and Theodore J. Mock University of Southern California and University of Maastricht Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the audit firm for making their audit work papers available for the study. We sincerely appreciate the help provided by the audit manager and for suggestions provided by Mike Ettredge, Greg Freix, Prakash Shenoy, and participants in AIS workshops at the University of Kansas and the 6th Annual INFORMS Conference on Information Systems and Technology. In addition, the authors would like to thank Drs. Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr., and Robert Briggs, Editor, Special Issue of JMIS, and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and valuable suggestions for revising the paper. 1 An Information Systems Security Risk Assessment Model under Dempster-Shafer Theory of Belief Functions ABSTRACT: This study develops an alternative methodology for the risk analysis of information systems security (ISS), an evidential reasoning approach under the Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions. The approach has the following important dimensions. First, the evidential reasoning approach provides a rigorous, structured manner to incorporate relevant ISS risk...
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