...International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-Operation, 1990 (London, 30 November 1990) THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION, CONSCIOUS of the need to preserve the human environment in general and the marine environment in particular, RECOGNIZING the serious threat posed to the marine environment by oil pollution incidents involving ships, offshore units, sea ports and oil handling facilities, MINDFUL of the importance of precautionary measures and prevention in avoiding oil pollution in the first instance, and the need for strict application of existing international instruments dealing with maritime safety and marine pollution prevention, particularly the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974,as amended, and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, as amended, and also the speedy development of enhanced standards for the design, operation and maintenance of ships carrying oil, and of offshore units, MINDFUL ALSO that, in the event of an oil pollution incident, prompt and effective action is essential in order to minimize the damage which may result from such an incident, EMPHASIZING the importance of effective preparation for combating oil pollution incidents and the important role which the oil and shipping industries have in this regard, RECOGNIZING FURTHER the importance of mutual assistance and international...
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...Tarafder Md. Arifur Rahman Senior Research Associate Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad BACKGROUND The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system- commonly believed to be around 2°C above the pre-industrial global average temperature. The UNFCCC was opened for signature on May 9, 1992 after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York. Countries who sign up to the UNFCCC are known as ‘Parties’. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties. Since the UNFCCC entered into force, the parties have been meeting annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in COP to assess progress in dealing with climate change. From 2005 the Conferences have also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (MOP). Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as observers. The first conference was held in 1995 in Berlin...
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...North, written political constitutions, and a shift in political power from the eastern seaboard toward the frontier. The first weak government, the Articles of Confederation, was unable to exercise real authority, although it did successfully deal with the western lands issue. The Confederation’s weakness in handling foreign policy, commerce and the Shays Rebellion spurred the movement to alter the Articles. Instead of revising the Articles, the well-off delegates to the Constitutional Convention created a charter for a whole new government. In a series of compromises, the convention produced a plan that provided for a vigorous central government, a strong executive, the protection for property, while still upholding republican principles and states’ rights. The Federalists met strong opposition from Anti-Federalists, especially in Virginia and New York, but through effective organization and argument, they succeeded in getting the Constitution ratified. By establishing the new national government, the Federalists checked the Revolutionary values of the popular republican government. Terms/names/topics:...
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...Global Jurist Advances Volume 7, Issue 1 2007 Article 3 International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith Giuditta Cordero Moss∗ ∗ University of Oslo, g.c.moss@jus.uio.no Recommended Citation Giuditta Cordero Moss (2007) “International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith,” Global Jurist: Vol. 7: Iss. 1 (Advances), Article 3. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/gj/vol7/iss1/art3 Copyright c 2007 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. International Contracts between Common Law and Civil Law: Is Non-state Law to Be Preferred? The Difficulty of Interpreting Legal Standards Such as Good Faith∗ Giuditta Cordero Moss Abstract Most commercial contracts are nowadays written on the basis of English or American contract models, irrespective of whether the legal relationship that the contracts regulate is governed by a law belonging to a Common Law system or not. These contract models are drafted on the basis of the requirements and structure of the respective Common Law system in which they were originally meant to operate. These models may therefore be in part ineffective or parts thereof may redundant, if the governing law belongs to a Civilian system. To overcome this tension between Common and Civil Law, it is sometimes...
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...nationality. When do these millions become less, or none for that matter? When will crimes against humanity stop? When will one’s race not matter? “The idea of human rights has a long history, but only in the past century has the international community sought to galvanize a regime to promote and guard them” (Council on Foreign Relations, 2013, 1). Particularly, since the United Nations was created in 1945, the world community has cooperated to codify human rights in a universally recognized regime of treaties, institutions, and norms. Although the concept of human rights is theoretical, how it is applied has a direct and enormous impact on daily life worldwide. An elaborate international system has been developed and continues to be developed. National governments are striving to promote human rights within their own borders as well as internationally, not only cooperating on the global scale, but also across bilateral...
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...government seemed unprepared and unaware of how bad the situation really was. 76 Many homes were destroyed which left people stranded or missing. People had no where to go. The Super-dome in New Orleans, a public facility which was made for situations such as the hurricane and flooding only had limited supplies to begin with that had only accepted 15,000 refugees leaving the rest with no where to go.77 There were no other plan for anyone else which left thousands of people to panic, desperate for food , water and most importantly for protection. This caused them to break into the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center complex that later just created more chaos.79 If New Orleans had planned ahead and created more public facilities and prepared them for an event like this, it could have avoided many problems,and most importantly, saved...
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...THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE UNITED NATIONS 1998 KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE The Parties to this Protocol, Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”, In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, Recalling the provisions of the Convention, Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention, Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, Have agreed as follows: Article 1 For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition: 1. “Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. 2. “Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992. 3. “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. 4. “Montreal Protocol” means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. 5. vote. 6. “Parties present and voting” means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative “Party” means, unless the context otherwise...
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...Analytical Note SC/TDP/AN/TF/2 June 2013 Original: English HOW FAR DOES THE TRADE FACILITATION NEGOTIATION TEXT (REV.16) GO BEYOND THE WCO REVISED KYOTO CONVENTION (RKC)? SYNOPSIS This Note assesses the extent to which the Trade Facilitation negotiation text (Rev.16) goes beyond the WCO Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC). The backdrop to this Note is the erroneous view that the TF Agreement only differs slightly from the WCO RKC. This assessment finds that The RKC has a much more limited Membership than the WTO. Seventy-odd WTO Members are not Contracting Party to the RKC. In Africa, only 6 have accepted all the provisions of the Convention. Around half of the articles of the TF negotiation text introduce a new legally binding obligation where no related provisions exist in the RKC. Examples are Interval between Publication and Entry into Force, Opportunity to Comment on New and Amended Rules, Advance Rulings, Disciplines on Fees and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation and Exportation, Post-clearance Audit, Establishment and Publication of Average Release Times, Prohibition of Consular Transaction Requirement and Preshipment Inspections. For another half of the TF provisions there are indeed related provisions in the RKC but the TF Agreement introduces a stronger, broader and/or a more legally binding commitment. June 2013 Geneva, Switzerland This Analytical Note is produced by the Trade for Development Programme (TDP) of the South Centre to contribute...
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...answer which will be adequate for the particular question. It is extremely important that you take care in interpreting what the actual question is asking, and adapt your knowledge of the topic accordingly. The Examiners can spot a „rote-learned‟ preprepared answer and it is rarely adequate for more than a bare pass, if that. A related issue concerns relevance. One of the main purposes of the 15-minute reading time is to enable candidates to read and reflect on what the questions require, and a correct interpretation is crucial for success. Too often Examiners find that candidates offer a reasonable or good answer on a topic which is not on the examination paper, and answers such as this cannot achieve a pass mark. This emphasises the importance of taking care in reading the paper. Another general difficulty lies in the length of answers given. While there can be no fixed required length of answer – some very good answers can...
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...13 Word count (excluding footnotes, headings and bibliography): 3032 words 1. Introduction: Climate change is the most critical international humanitarian crisis today; it is adversely affecting our health, economy, national security and communities in a myriad of ways. Scientists have constantly been warning us that if we do not aggressively restrain climate change and control its effects now, the results will indisputably be devastating. They have also predicted that critical climate change effects such as long-term droughts and significant sea-level rise are inevitable although global efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions are being implemented. Hazardous impacts such melting icecaps in the Polar regions, heavy rainfall and disastrous storms, and growing variability of temperature in almost all regions of the world are being felt. In 1992, many countries collectively came up with an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to consider what should be done to regulate average global temperature increases and the subsequent climate change process, and to tackle whatever impacts were, by then, unavoidable. By 1995, countries recognised that emission reductions provisions in the Convention were insufficient. Two years later Kyoto Protocol was adopted to strengthen the global response to climate change. This protocol legally binds developed countries to emission reduction targets. One paramount principle found in the...
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...centuries has always been the face of British politics. “Traditionally British political scientists tended to believe that the Westminster model provided democratic and effective government” and “was well suited to gradual and evolutionary change, capable of adapting where appropriate but conserving traditions and conventions that had proven themselves to be effective over a long period” (McAulla, 2006, p. 14). However, within recent decades the debate of whether the Westminster model is of use to the British government was created. This can largely be a result to the United Kingdom joining the European Union and aspects of devolution. To answer the question of what use is the Westminster model of British government, the Westminster model must firstly be understood. Thus, I will first explain the core features of the Westminster model and then assess its use of British government. The Westminster model is a unique one and parliamentary sovereignty exemplifies this. Under the Westminster system, power resides exclusively in a single national authority; parliament with no entrenched and autonomous powers being vested in any other body (Norton, 2004, p. 324). As such, no national body can question the legitimacy of its decisions, however, theoretically, the monarch holds the power to dissolve parliament. Other than that, parliament can pass any bill it wishes in theory and can remove any previously made law as parliament cannot bind their successors to existing legislation. Though, it...
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...to be managed effectively and its weaknesses and shortcomings have to be overcome. A major challenge it has to address in this endeavor is the strengthening of ethics and integrity. The government has implemented the Prime Minister's Directive No. I of 1998 which aims to enhance the integrity of the management in government administration. This has been done namely through the setting up of the Integrity Management Committee in all ministries, departments and agencies of the Federal Government as well as the State Governments. However, there is no mechanism thus far to involve other sectors, such as the private sector, political parties, non-government organizations, religious groups, the media, women, youth and students in an integrated and coordinated movement to enhance integrity. It is in this regard that the government has formulated the National Integrity Plan (NIP) which will act as a master plan to guide all of the above sectors. The formulation of the NIP is predicated upon the spirit and principles of the Federal Constitution, the philosophy and principles of the Rukun Negara as well as the aspirations of Vision 2020. The overall objective of the NIP is to fulfill the fourth challenge of Vision 2020, namely, "to establish a fully moral and ethical society whose citizens are strong in religious and spiritual values and imbued with the highest ethical standards." The NIP is an integrity plan that has evolved from the aspirations of our people and our country. It has been...
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...Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2013 GCE Government and Politics 6GP02 Governing the UK Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world’s leading learning company. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk for our BTEC qualifications. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus. If you have any subject specific questions about this specification that require the help of a subject specialist, you can speak directly to the subject team at Pearson. Their contact details can be found on this link: www.edexcel.com/teachingservices. You can also use our online Ask the Expert service at www.edexcel.com/ask. You will need an Edexcel username and password to access this service. Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your...
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...U.S. History and Constitution HIS120 Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) At the end of the course, students will be able to: SLO1. Describe the cultural, geographic and climatic influences on Native American societies. SLO2. Compare and contrast religious, social and cultural differences among the major European settlers. SLO3. Describe the events that helped create American nationalism and lead to the American Revolution. SLO4. Explain the Constitutional Convention, the Articles of Confederation, and the emergence of a democratic nation. SLO5. Explain the U.S. Constitution as it related to the separation of powers, checks and balances, the Bill of Rights, and the major principles of democracy. SLO6. Evaluate the Jeffersonian dream of expansion and its effect on Native Americans SLO7. Describe Jacksonian democracy and the creation of a two party system SLO8. Explain slavery and associated issues that led to the Civil War and its aftermath. Module Titles Module 1—Early American exploration and colonization (SLO1) Module 2—British colonies (SLO2) Module 3—Road to the Revolution and the American Revolution (SLO3) Module 4—Early Republic (SLO4 and SLO5) Module 5—Jacksonian America (SLO 6 and SLO7) Module 6—Road to the Civil War (SLO8) Module 7—Civil War (SLO8) Module 8—Shaping American history: Signature Assignment (all SLOs) Module 1 Early Exploration and Contact with Native Americans Welcome to HIS 120: U.S....
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...INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 5.9 Electronic Arbitration ii Dispute Settlement NOTE The Course on Dispute Settlement in International Trade, Investment and Intellectual Property consists of forty modules. This module has been prepared by Mr. O. Cachard at the request of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The views and opinions expressed in this module are those of the author and not necessarily those of the United Nations, WTO, WIPO, ICSID, UNCITRAL or the Advisory Centre on WTO Law. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply an expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areas or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In quotations from the official documents and the jurisprudence of international organizations and tribunals countries are designated as reported. The United Nations holds copyright to this document. The course is also available in electronic format on the UNCTAD website (www.unctad.org). Copies may be downloaded free of charge on the understanding that they will be used for teaching or study and not for a commercial purpose. Appropriate acknowledgement of the source is requested. UNCTAD/EDM/Misc.232/Add.20 Copyright © United Nations, 2003 All rights reserved 5.9 Electronic Arbitration iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Note What you will learn 1...
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