...Assess the view that human behaviour is determined by social environment. This essay assesses the view that human behaviour is determined by social environment. Social environment refers to the physical and social setting in which people live in. It includes culture that individual was educated or lives in, the people and institutions with whom they interact with. Each of our social environments is moulded by individual’s upbringing and social factors. This suggests human behaviour is determined by nurture. However, I disagree with the statement human behaviour is determined by social environment. I believe human behaviour is the basic living instincts, predetermined by each individual’s biological factors such as DNA. Sociologists tend to argue that human behaviour is determined by social environment that is nurture. They suggest that on the whole our behaviour is not fixed biologically. Sociologists believe the society of an individual shapes their behaviour and personality. According to this perspective of social determinist genes have less effect on an individual. They suggest family as an agent for individual’s primary socialisation. Secondary socialisation agents are friends, environment, religion, and mass media and so on. These factors create personality for an individual that they claim to have. Furthermore, without proper socialization humans cannot learn to behave appropriately to fit into social environment. Feral children are the results of those deprived from...
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...Approaches to Psychology Behaviourism The behaviourist approach: the basics What assumptions do behaviourists make? Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in, which provides stimuli to which we respond, and the environments we have been in in the past, which caused us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular ways. Behaviourists are unique amongst psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes when explaining behaviour: it is enough to know which stimuli elicit which responses. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes (stimulus-response units that do not need to be learned) and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. How do behaviourists explain human behaviour? Behaviourists explain behaviour in terms of (1) the stimuli that elicit it and (2) the events that caused the person to learn to respond to the stimulus that way. Behaviourists use two processes to explain how people learn: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together, such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to...
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...of previously well documented organisational conditions has become somewhat less transparent. Particularly, the research documenting organisational culture and organisational climate seem to contradict earlier methods and findings regarding these concepts, thereby creating an apparent similarity between two previously distinct notions (Denison, 1996). This paper aims to assess the concepts of culture and climate while addressing the similarities and differences between the two. Secondly, it will be determined whether these two concepts are fundamentally different or inherently the same, and the implications of this determination will be discussed. Throughout the documentation of early cultural perspectives, the distinction between organisational climate and culture was seemingly quite distinct (Denison, 1996). This was confirmed by Schwartz and Davis (1981, p. 32) when they explained that, “whatever culture is, it is not climate.” A clear distinction was found in the methodology used to assess each domain. In order to study culture, researchers employed qualitative research methods, while maintaining the view that cultures were subjective and distinctive within each organisational setting (Denison, 1996). Comparatively, the dominant method of studying organisational climate was quantitatively based with the primary purpose of generalising findings to organisational settings of a similar nature. Thus, climate was viewed as an objective, generalizable notion (Appendix A) (Denison...
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...Assess the usefulness of interactionist approaches to the study of society. (33marks) Interactionism is an action approach, which focuses on the individual, and tries to understand and interpret human behaviour. They focus on the study of individuals, and how society is constructed by members’ interactions and meanings. They also focus on how human action is meaningful and can be interpreted by an observer. Therefore they take an opposite approach to structural theories and believe individuals have the ability to create society through choice, meaning and action. Symbolic interactionism is concerned with explaining social actions in terms of the meanings that people give to them. Interactions are based on meanings we give to situations. We express these meanings through symbols, especially language. Meanings and symbols allow people to carry out human action and interactions. Language and communication deepens our capacity to become self-aware and aware of others. In addition to ‘talking to others’ we engage in talking to ourselves’, that is, engaging in internal conversations when we are making decisions. Mead (1863-1931) states that humans use symbols as a mean of interacting. Without these symbols there would be no human interaction and human society. Symbolic interaction is necessary since humans have no instincts to direct their behaviour. Mead recognized that people had the capacity to reflect on their own actions. This is because everyone has a self which...
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...Critically assess the claim that free will and determinism are compatible (35marks) Free will is when you make an independent choice or voluntary decision, put in philosophical terms it is the art for a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Free will is also known as libertarianism or non-compatibilism, this theory also states that you are responsible for your actions, as does soft determinism. Hard determinism and predestination state that you are not responsible for your actions because your life is predetermined and out of your control. This essay will explore the ways in which freewill and determinism work together and the ways in which they oppose one another, including the views of philosophers. According to Baruch Spinoza; “In the mind there is no absolute or free will; but the mind is determined to wish this or that by a cause, which has also been determined by another cause and this last by another cause, and so on to infinity”. This tells us why Spinoza and other hard determinists are called ‘hard’; their position is very strict. Hard determinists believe that all of our actions have prior causes and we are therefore neither free nor responsible, making hard determinism incompatible with free will and moral responsibility. John Locke provides an example which perfectly demonstrates how free will is simply an illusion. He states; ‘say a man wakes up in a room that, unknown to him, is locked from...
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...INTRODUCTION: In the health care delivery system, as in the society, nurses interact with people of similar as well as diverse backgrounds having different frames of references and varied preferences regarding their health and health needs. In the provision of care, nurses must acknowledge, respect and adapt the cultural needs of those patients and their significant others through identifying the differences between cultural groups that require health care providers to identify culture specific health and illness practices and caring behaviours that transcend cultural groups and appear to be universal care practices to enable the provision of care that is holistic, effective and culturally competent. The field of transcultural nursing which was pioneered by Madelein Leininger in 1975 represent a shift from the biophysiological and psychological models that dominated nursing in the 1950s as it advocates the recognition of each individual as a social being and must be handled as unique entity having cultural beliefs, norms, values and customs that influence his or her life in all ramifications including health, illness and treatment. Leininger, who was considered the leader and initiator in the field of transcultural nursing, postulated the theory of “diversity and universality of cultural care” and refined the specialty through the use of the “sunrise” model from 1955 to 1975 which marks a breakthrough in the field. The concept was further expanded in 1983 and that is where the...
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...early 1960s. It began as a major theoretical approach in 1965 with the publication of Glasser’s book Reality Therapy (1965). This approach emphasizes choices that people can make to change their lives and focuses on two general concepts: the environment necessary for conducting counselling and the procedures leading to change (Wubbolding, 1998, as cited in Gladding, 2005, p.91) it is usually essential to establish a safe environment before change can occur. Reality therapy is a flexible, friendly, and firm approach to working with clients, it is also action oriented. It emphasizes the fulfilment of psychological needs, the resolution of personal difficulties, and the prevention of future problems (Gladding, 2005). Reality Therapy View Of Human Nature/Personality Gladding said that Glasser maintained that people act on a conscious level and that they are not driven by instincts and the unconscious. Glasser believes that there is a health/ growth forces in every person that seeks both physical and psychological health/ growth. Physically, there is the need to obtain and use life-sustaining necessities such as food, water, and shelter. According to Glasser, human behaviour was once controlled by physical need for survival. He associates behaviours such as breathing, digesting, and sweating with physical or old-brain, needs because they are automatically controlled by the body. The four primaries psychological or new-brain needs include belonging, power, freedom and fun. (p.92) Associated...
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...purpose of organization structure is to influence the behaviour of individuals and groups to achieve effective performance.” Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly and Konopaske (2009:418). Organisational structure and job design are key determinants of employee job performance and satisfaction. The degree to which the employee fits into the designed job and structure will determine the quality of performance and job satisfaction of that employee. The small life insurance company has a functional organisation structure that is associated with high human cost, boring, insignificant and monotonous jobs. This type of structure has resulted in job dissatisfaction, high turnover and absenteeism. The researchers start the analysis of the case by studying the critical relationship between job performance, job design and organisational design, and contrast the views of Gibson et al. (2009), Colquitt et al. (2008), van Dyk (2005) and Autry (1996) amongst other authors. The analysis reveals that congruency between job design and organisational design ensures desirable job performance by matching the right employees with the right jobs. Quality of work life and job enrichment play a major role in employees’ job satisfaction and this makes them perform at their optimum best. The researchers go on to identify problems that the insurance company and employees face and observe the following: high turnover, absenteeism, repetitive job functions, high human costs and structural limitations that make it difficult...
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...allocate resources effectively pg.7, 8 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities pg.8, 9 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation pg.10 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses pg.11 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples pg.12 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation pg.13 4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations pg.14 4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations pg.15 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations pg.15, 16 INTRODUCTION IN THIS ASSIGNEMENT I WILL INDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE TYPES OF ORGANISATION, I WILL EXPLAIN THE RESPONSABILITIES OF ORGANISATION THE ECONOMIC SYSTE. I WILL SHOW THE KEY OBJECTIVES COMPETITION POLICY AND HOW THE MARKET STRUCTURES DETERMINE THE PRICING OF THE DECISIONS OF BUSINESS. I WILL ANALYSE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL FACTORS ON UK BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS AND I WILL EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF THE POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON UK ORGANISATION. IN THE END I WILL MAKE CONCLUSION ABOUT THE STRATEGIES, METHODS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITES. MAIN BODY BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT DEFINITION The combination of internal and...
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...BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT UNIT:1 Introduction Business may be understood as the organized efforts of enterprises to supply consumers with goods and services for a profit. The following essay contains some details about the business environment such as types of organisations, EU rules and regulations policies of the market control. 1.1 Identify the purposes of different types of organisation. 1. Sole traders The sole trader is a common form of business ownership and is found in a wide range of activities such as painter, plumber, cleaner. Business has only one owner who responsible for all the expenses and legal requirements. Difficult to raise finance, also owner has unlimited liability. 2. Partnership Partnership is a business with at least two or more owners up to twenty. Partnerships are particularly common in professional services such as solicitors accountant. Owners enjoy limited liability, share their skills, and work allowing them to raise capital more quickly than individuals. 3.Private Limited Company (LTD) The Company is an artificial person made by law, offers limited liability. The major private limited company’s restrictions are about the shares and shareholders. Shares cannot be sold or transferred to the public. Shareholders enjoy priority against others in buying shares within the company. Example J. Whitaker & Sons Ltd 4 Co-operative The co-operative is a group of people working together, making decisions together to reach common...
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...HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC SPACES By VENETIN AGHOSTIN-SANGAR THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Planning within the Faculty of the Built Environment at the University of New South Wales, 2007 Sydney, NSW FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BACHELOR OF PLANNING Declaration Relating to Disposition of Undergraduate Thesis This is to certify that I, Venetin Aghostin-Sangar, being a student for the degree of Bachelor of Planning, am aware that the University reserves the right to retain at its own discretion the copy of my thesis submitted for examination. I consent to the thesis being placed in the Faculty Library, to be consulted there and to part(s) of this thesis being quoted in manuscripts or typescripts for the purpose of scholarship or research, provided my authorship is acknowledged. In the light of the Copyright Act (1968) I declare that I wish to grant the University further permission for the following actions provided my authorship is acknowledged: • Copy or allow others to copy in any medium the whole of the thesis for the purpose of scholarship or research; or • Publish or allow others to publish, the whole of the thesis. Signature: ……………………………………………………………………… Witness: ……………………………………………………………………… Date: 23rd February 2007 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to all those who dedicated their valuable time to assist in furthering the ideas that form this thesis. A sincere...
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...ENGAGING THE CHALLENGES OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS IN NIGERIA By Prof. Fab Obeta Onah Professor of Public Administration and Local Government University of Nigeria Introduction The increasing importance of people as the primary sustainable source of competitive advantage makes it even more important that dedicated resources and thinking time are applied to the strategies through which people are developed and managed. - CIPD, 2001 I remain honoured, and humbled by this opportunity given to me to share my experiences with distinguished personalities here present. I thank God for making this lecture possible and even thank Him more for making it possible for all of us to be present here today. Issues in human resource management concern all of us if we remember that at one time or the other we are challenged to take a second look at the responses, attitudes, interests, competencies, etc of people associated with us. Sometimes, we are also required to be in control of other people whose behaviour is always intangible, unpredictable and subjective. The world in which human resource managers exist and in which they interact, is continually changing, generating new issues and conundrums to consider. While in most cases, managers have a fair degree of choice about how to deal with new ideas and new sets of circumstances, the choices themselves are often difficult. Attempt is made in this lecture to clearly define and contextualize Human Resource (HR) Management...
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...9 | Stress | 12 | Bibliography | 15 | Introduction Organisational design is the alignment of structure, process, rewards, metrics and talent with the strategy of the business. Companies must assess the competencies needed and the established collaborative structures linking the organization together, and must devise a system for stimulating the demand for solutions, with informed expectations. Organizational dynamics refers to the interaction of different factors that define the organization and how it reacts to changes at a broad level . Employee attitude is dependent on the changes that keep taking place in an organization. The perception of the employees about an organization is ever changing and thus an amiable atmosphere needs to be created for people to work and contribute in the best possible way . This study is focussed on the impact of organizational behaviour in context of the Indian IT industry. We as a group have chosen this topic because all of us have prior work experience in the IT sector and we could easily relate it to the concepts that we studied. Organisational Design and change in employee attitude Organisational design is the alignment of structure, process, rewards, metrics and talent with the strategy of the business. Companies must assess the competencies needed and the established collaborative structures linking the organization together, and must devise a system for stimulating the demand for solutions, with informed expectations. ...
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...focus has changed over time in response to the environment but its fundamentals remain the same. Casework is that part of community service practice, which is concerned with assisting individuals. Within the case management model it is the component of practice which offers a direct service to individuals. In the case management model this is called counselling. However unlike therapeutic counselling, the service of casework includes everything from practical assistance, resolving a resource issue, through to interpersonal interventions to assist with an emotional or personal problem. While casework is an old form of practice and while the fundamentals remain the same, it continues to emerge and develop. In 1937, Gordon Hamilton wrote: "When we think of fundamental concepts we are inclined to imagine a static practice. The truth is that casework concepts are dynamic. They change, grow and develop as they are shaped by new experience and knowledge" (Roberts and Nee 1970: 35) This statement while written some seventy years ago remains true today. How is Casework different from Case Management? This is not a simple question to answer. The lines between case management and casework are very blurred. Perhaps a better analogy is that of overlapping circles. However for our purposes here, we have defined them in the following way: • Both Case Management and Casework are similar in that they are both viewed as approaches from the human services/community services areas to working...
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...the fact that the audience closely associate with the general mood, temperament and “message” that is being communicated. It will be shown that the success of particular genres of film changes through time in tune with the prevailing human social mood. Human social mood is determined by the human herding instinct which is generated by the limbic system of the human brain and is an involuntary, unconscious, “hard-wired” human condition. In order to establish the correlation between highly successful movies and human social mood we require a quantitative measure of human social mood, this is provided by the “Wave Principle” which measures the wave behaviour of the major stockmarket indices. These indexes are a qualitative measure and ‘barometer” of social mood. We will discuss principally, highly successful movies, as these are believed to be most representative of the public mood since they reach the largest audience. Successful movies don’t just happen, but rather they result from having perfect empathy with the prevailing mood of the public en-masse. Highly successful movies, include groundbreaking movies which define a genre and we will look at the historical correlation of these with public mood. We will discuss numerous examples of how social mood has influenced the production of blockbuster movies over the past 70 years and how these movies have captured the public mood and imagination of the times. We will then discuss, in more detail, the manifestation of the ongoing severe...
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