...Cognitive Theory: An Annotated Bibliography History of Education in America Pamela Allen November 12, 2007 INTRODUCTION The study of child development has inspired many theories. Psychologists have tried to understand why there is a difference between a child’s level of intelligence, motivation, social skills, and mannerisms. The cognitive theory helps explain each step of a child’s development with different aspects of each. The study of development of children is important to help parents, teachers and caregivers’ insight in the different ways children grow and learn. Cognitive theory helps explain how senses, environment, and an individual’s brain effect how and what kind of personality develops and possibly predicting a future. If parents believe that intelligence can be strongly influenced by experience, they make special efforts to help them learn, if believed inborn and unchangeable, they are less likely to make any effort. Children have their own internal drives and needs as well as heredity endowments that influence development. The cognitive theory is only a stepladder and there may be different equations added in either direction but we are given a building block foundation. Cognitive theories emphasize the mental aspect of development like logic and memory and focus on Jean Piaget’s theory children are born with an inborn ability to adapt to their environment. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE TO BE INVESTIGATED ...
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...In this report, i am going to explain why the reality of buying a specific product may be quite different from the consumer's perceptions of the product. Using a detailed format, i will clearly explain the major reasons why products and services do not actually reach the expectations of consumers based on their perception of the product before purchasing it. Firstly, let me tell you a short story which i stumbled upon during my research; "In early 1898, during the America's era of agriculture which preceded the industrial revolution, “the family” was both a producing and consuming unit. Domestic arts furnished the major share of consumption goods, and the limited manufacturing was largely accomplished by local craftsmen. You see, consumer expectations in the marketplace were not a serious problem when the family itself produced most of the essentials for everyday life. With home produced goods, the consumer of the goods had firsthand knowledge of their quality and workmanship. As for the few items that were purchased, the buyer had a much better understanding of the techniques of production and the tests of quality than do most consumers today. Businesses today are generally considered to be doing a better job for consumers than ever before. In the words of Otto Kleppner, "...Today's average refrigerator has a far better refrigerant, a better motor, better insulation, and larger storage space than the costliest model of twenty years ago. Canned soups today have better...
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...MGSC-590, Section 001 Information Systems Development (Topics in E-commerce) Spring 2014 Abbreviated Research Paper 1 Emerging Technologies in the Evolution of E-commerce by Jesse Matthews Submitted February 4, 2015 Management Science Department Darla Moore School of Business University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Table of Contents Section 1……………………………….. Introduction Page 3 Section 2……………………………….. Analysis Pages 4-7 Section 3……………………………….. Results Pages 4-7 Section 4……………………………….. Conclusions Page 8 Section 5……………………………….. References Page 9 E-commerce is becoming increasingly more popular with each passing day as the technology around us continues to advance. Technology has advanced so rapidly just over the past ten years that basically every business has had to adopt some form of e-commerce just to stay in business. The use of different forms of technology by basically everyone on a day to day basis has greatly increased the importance and benefits of e-commerce as a whole. Companies can use technologies like our smart phones and the internet to reach customers with multiple forms of advertisement, customized to meet each individual customer’s preferences. “Internet technology has changed the supply chain by improving collaboration and efficiency, and adding value to products and firms” (Astuti, 2014). Internet technology has improved the supply chain because it has helped...
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...Bulacan State University College of Architecture and Fine Arts Malolos, Bulacan. THESIS PROPOSAL Kamayan sa Villiares (food and restaurant) In Particular Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts Major in Visual Communication Submitted by: By: Regienald S.D Bairan CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Advertising is how a company encourages people to buy their products, services or ideas. An advertisement or Ad is anything that draws good attention towards these things. It is usually designed by an identified sponsor, and performed through a variety of media. The critical part of making an advertising campaign is determining a campaign theme as it sets the tone for the individual advertisements and other forms of marketing communications that will be used. The campaign theme is the central message that will be communicated in the promotional activities. The campaign themes are usually developed with the intention of being used for a substantial period but many of them are short lived due to factors such as being ineffective or market conditions and/or competition in the marketplace and marketing mix. RESTAURANT Is a business which prepares and serves food and drink to customers in return for money, either paid before the meal, after the meal, or with a running tab. Meals are generally served and eaten on premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a...
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...1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY General Mills is planning to launch a new ready-to-eat whole grain children’s cereal called Pirate Oats. Pirate Oats will be the first cereal of its kind offering the health benefits of whole grains while still being preferred by the target market of American children under the age of five. Children will favor Pirate Oats because of the cartoon mascot Captain Grain pictured on the front of the box. Parents will love Pirate Oats because it will keep their children healthy and at lower risk to develop childhood obesity and type two diabetes. This is because Pirate Oats will be lower in excess sugar, and higher in whole grains, than the competition. Pirate Oats will be marketed through an advertising campaign on popular children’s after-school television shows on networks such as Nickelodeon and FOX. First year marketing efforts will result in revenues equalling 10% of the target market as well as a 2% total market share gain for General Mills within the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal market. Achieving these goals will allow General Mills to reliably turn a profit within the first year of sales. 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS General Mills has long been a standard in the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal marketplace. It has many cereals marketed to, and designed for children, and has enjoyed a healthy market share to date. With the recent health food craze, the rise in childhood obesity, and poor diet being blamed for heart disease, type two diabetes, as well as cancer;...
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...CULTURAL EFFECTS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Andrew J. Marsiglia, PhD, CCP Cultural value systems have a direct effect on consumer behavior and vary by the major cultural dimensions between countries but become increasingly complex when people immigrate to foreign countries that have different cultural dimensions. In these situations, people are subjected to a wide variety of cultural reference groups that ultimately affect their consumer behavior. Consequently, marketers must develop marketing communication that addresses cultural and reference group factors from both a domestic and global perspective; that means marketers must adhere to the Levi-Strauss maxim to think globally but act locally. To this end, marketers use market segmentation and micromarketing to develop customer-centric marketing messages with the goal of providing precisely defined marketing messages that satisfy consumer’s need for personal information regarding products and services so that consumers should be adequately stimulated to purchase the product or service being advertised. www.lead-inspire.com December 26, 2010 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Effects of Cultural Values on Consumer Behavior......................................................................... 3 Characteristics of Cultural Values .................................................................
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...SHOCK APPEAL IN ADVERTISING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CONSUMERS PERCEPTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Due to globalization and competitiveness in business, organizations roll out different commercials in other to break through the advertising clutter so as to be noticed by the consumers thereby subjecting them to thousands of adverts on daily basis. As a result, they exceed what is considered ethical and the commercial is considered to be very provocative. This has lead to the aim of this research which is to unravel how consumers perceive provocative advertising when shock appeal is used as a conductor. According to Pickton and Broderick (2005), they opined that advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services, support ideas and pass relevant information or caution across to the targeted audience. In delivering those messages highlighted above, ad agency adopts different appeals that can help them reach large number of the targeted audience without encountering high cost. Such appeals adopted are rational appeals, emotional appeals, sex appeal, fear or anger appeal etc. However, for the course of this research, emphasis will be laid on shock appeals . 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To identify shock commercials strategies and the extent organization use them. To define shock advertising and why organization use them. To identify the relationship between consumer perception of shock commercial. Using gender and age of target audience...
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...maintaining is just as costly if there is a 50% chance of the employee leaving the company, just to start the process over again. One reason for this is because of the lack of consistence in how the managers in the different locations recruit their employees. The recruiting policies appear to be designed by the store managers with no solid structure. There must be a policy designed to recruit those individuals that will best fit the position as well as ensuring that the investment in training and maintaining pays off. Tanglewood use several different methods to recruit prospective employees. These methods are effective, but only if used properly to gain the wanted effect; which is ensuring the best candidates for the positions. The most used method used by Tanglewood is media advertisement. The use print, advertising sources, radio as well as television. Tanglewood also uses traditional applications which can be accessed through the internet. This is effective in getting individuals because it allows prospective employees to apply without having to come into the store and getting initial contact by phone. Another method used is kiosks. Many retail store use this...
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...Chapter 7 – Attitudes The Power of Attitudes Attitude: A lasting, general evaluation of people, (including oneself), objects, or issues. • Is lasting because it tends to endure over time • It is general because it applies to more than a momentary event • Can be very product-specific behaviours (Crest toothpaste rather than Colgate) • Can be toward more general consumption-related behaviours (how often they should brush their teeth) Attitude Object (A0): Anything toward which a person has an attitude, whether it is tangible or intangible. The Functions of Attitudes Functional Theory of Attitudes: Attitudes exist because they serve some function for the person; that is, they are determined by a person’s motives. • Developed by psychologist Danial Katz Attitude Functions 1. Utilitarian Function a. Related to the basic principles of reward and punishment b. Develop attitudes based on whether these products provide pleasure or pain c. Ads that stress straightforward product benefits appeal to the utilitarian function 2. Value-expressive Function a. Express the consumer’s central values or self-concept b. Product attitude not because of its objective benefits c. Of what the product says about him/her as a person d. Highly relevant to lifestyle analyses, where consumers cultivate a cluster of activities, interest and opinions to express a particular social identity 3. Ego-defensive Function a. Formed to protect the person, either from external threats...
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...evaluated through PEST analysis. PEST analysis of Burberry to evaluate strategic capabilities: The PEST analysis looks into the Burberry’s exposure to Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors, which may affect its strategy formulation capabilities. The following factors may be considered in this regard (Wetfeet, 2008): Political: (Kluyver, 2010) The Group operates in many countries including the emerging markets. These countries subject to changes in laws and regulations, including accounting standards, taxation, (tax rates, new and tax laws) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions particularly in times when public sector debt is high and tax revenues are falling. Burberry faces intense competition from developing countries due to cheap copies of his brand where no copyright law exist. Political conditions like civil unrest, unstable governments historically and have been subject to political instability and restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders.Ability to penetrate developing and emerging countries, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local fashion trends and make necessary changes which also affects the luxury brand of Burberry The Burberry has strong luxury brand, which is only feasible in some geographic environments and demographics. Economical: (Griffin, 2006) The global economic downturn affected the...
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...ethnicities and all ages are affected by this topic. Business is at the heart of many of the studies, unfortunately, so finding unbiased scientific information can be challenging. Even with the vast improvements in technology, processed foods and the effects of it on human health remains a strongly debated topic. For the reader who wants to make the most informed decision, it becomes imperative to consider a broad dietary historical perspective of human diet-related health, as well as the most reliable sources of research conducted in recent centuries. The pathway to our current life-less dietary habits and our societies flawed impression of life-giving foods plays a great part in understanding why the messages we are fed on a daily basis, give a false sense of comfort related to food sources. Then once the reader has the why we have this problem the task becomes to search out the how to make necessary changes. Can you imagine only having access to food sources that were within walking distance of your home and only grew naturally in the countryside? Most of us would not last long if we couldn’t make a short trip to the grocery store when we are hungry, but early mankind did not have this luxury. Some who study the effects of diet on human health might consider it an obstacle to be overcome, as opposed to a luxury that aids Carden2 man’s general well-being. They might argue the human race was healthier when we were forced to survive on a diet free of processed...
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...THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Effects of Technology There is no escape from technology. In most cases this is not a problem though. Many people respect and admire technology because it is there to benefit them. Without the technological advances we have had over the years, the world would not be what it is today. What people don’t understand is that technology can actually be a bad thing. In society today, people are looking for more and more ways to be entertained, and all it is doing is causing problems. People are doing less and less thinking and more and more watching, listening, and playing, all because of technology. Forms of entertainment like the Internet, television and even video games seem harmless to people, but they are really not. When the Internet was first introduced, people never thought it would be as big as it is today. The Internet is an easy to use technology that can do just about anything. But what people understand is that the Internet is not all good. Much of the information posted on sites on the Internet is merely opinions, not factual information. When people look at this information, it looks and seems like trustful information, but most of the time, it is not. Although the Internet is a relatively new technology television has been around for about fifty years. There are many problems with television though, mainly with the content of the shows. Many of the shows on television portray...
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...Capital One 1 Running head: CAPITAL ONE Capital One: The American Credit Card Company’s Growth Strategies Alicia Holden BUS499 Capital One 2 1. Identify and describe the key environmental forces that have immediate strategic implications for Capital One. There are many key environmental forces that have an immediate strategic implication for Capital One. First, the credit card industry has reached a high level of competition. This is a period of mergers and consolidations. Some institutes are selling off their credit card portfolio, others merging operations you might say that the industry is undergoing a period of flux. Secondly, the rise of personal bankruptcies has a direct barring on the credit card portfolio of Capital One. Thirdly, the economy; when the economy is in recession many things have a direct bearing on Capital One. Employees lose their jobs and fall behind on their credit card payments, this directly affects cash flow. Credit card holders may file for bankruptcy thus resulting in a bad loan discharge or times are just hard and are late paying their credit card payments. Capital One also faces a potential risk from its practice of funding from securitization. Capital One had to shift away from sub prime loans to a larger portion of prime loans as a result of federal regulations and many...
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...Dou et al./Brand Positioning Strategy RESEARCH ARTICLE BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGY USING SEARCH ENGINE MARKETING1 By: Wenyu Dou Department of Marketing City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon HONG KONG SAR mkwydou@cityu.edu.hk Kai H. Lim Department of Information Systems City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon HONG KONG SAR iskl@cityu.edu.hk Chenting Su Department of Marketing City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon HONG KONG SAR mkctsu@cityu.edu.hk Nan Zhou Department of Marketing City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon HONG KONG SAR mkzhou@cityu.edu.hk Nan Cui Department of Marketing Wuhan University Wuhan CHINA nancui@whu.edu.cn Abstract Whether and how firms can employ relative rankings in search engine results pages (SERPs) to differentiate their brands from competitors in cyberspace remains a critical, puzzling issue in e-commerce research. By synthesizing relevant literature from cognitive psychology, marketing, and e-commerce, this study identifies key contextual factors that are conducive for creating brand positioning online via SERPs. In two experiments, the authors establish that when Internet users’ implicit beliefs (i.e., schema) about the meaning of the display order of search engine results are activated or heightened through feature priming, they will have better recall of an unknown brand that is displayed before the well-known brands in SERPs. Further, those with low Internet search skills tend to...
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...Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral stage: Age Range: Birth to 1 Year Erogenous Zone: Mouth * During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for feeding the child), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation. * The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting. The anal stage: Age Range: 1 to 3 years Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control * During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. * According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate...
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