...Critically evaluate the claim that the Council of Nicaea was successful in it’s defeat of Arianism. (20) The Arian Controversy should have ended at the Council of Nicaea as it had for the moment had driven underground. However the controversy had only served to reveal the deep seated theological division within the church. The new situation in the church’s relationship to the state meant that the success or failure of a doctrine may depend on the support of the reigning emperor, Constantine. The six decades between the Council of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople in 381, Arianism experienced many victories. There were periods where Arian bishops constituted the majority of the visible ecclesiastical hierarchy. Primarily through the force of political power, Arian sympathisers soon took to undoing the condemnation of Arius and his theology. Eusebius of Nicomedia and others attempted to overturn Nicaea, and for a number of decades it looked as if they might succeed. Constantine adopted a compromising position under the influence of various sources, including Eusebius of Caesarea and a politically worded “confession” from Arius. Constantine put little stock in the definition of Nicaea itself. During the reign of Constantine the creed of Nicaea was sacrosanct, although the Arian leaders who had been exiled returned and Eusebius of Nicomedia became the leader of the anti-Nicene coalition. Due to Constantine’s view of the creed Eusebuis of Nicomedia policy was to not attack...
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...Mina Morkous Morkous 1 Mr. Donald Delo AP English Language and Composition February 21, 2013 The Coptic Orthodox Church’s Interpretation of the Signs in The Book of Revelations * The biggest question man asks is: “Where am I going in the after life?” From a Christian perspective, they wish to be saved in the Second Coming in order to reach the Kingdom of Heaven. This can be traced back to the Book of Revelation written by John the Beloved, a disciple of Jesus Christ. According to many Christian dogmas, The Book of Revelation is regarded as an interesting, complex, and a controversial book. Through this book, the reader sees a joyous picture; an open gate in heaven. Revelation means revealing the divine mysteries to mankind. It is a very difficult, symbolic book to understand. It is the only prophetic book of the New Testament, which holds facts beyond human understanding. The book’s use of numbers, symbols, colors, and similes resulted in a unique interpretation from the Coptic Orthodox Church. 0 In the beginning of the book, John explains that his days are near. He visions a shining Jesus, surrounded by seven stars and seven golden lamp-stands. In 2:1–3:22, John is given orders to deliver a message to each of the churches, addressing specific strengths and failings of each church, providing encouragement to some and driving others to repent before Judgment Day. God holds a scroll sealed with seven seals, and nobody...
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...Now in these senates one of two things happened, all that was determined by who was overseeing the council. If they where Orthodox Bishops then they would be affirming and enforcing the Creed of Nicea. Now, if they where Arian Bishops, o yeah they are still around, then they would be working to throw out Nicea altogether. In 327 A.D two Senates where held, one in Antioch and the other in Nicomida. In both of these Senates Arian Bishops offered their support for Arius, and after converting Constantine, who lets be honest was leaning that way anyways. Constantine sent orders to Alexander, to readmit Arius back into the Church, Alexander would refuse. Soon after Alexander died, and Athanasius would become Bishop of...
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...The First Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical (worldwide) council held by the church, is best known for its creation of the Nicene Creed, the earliest assertive statement of Christian orthodoxy. The council was convened in 325 by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in an attempt to settle the controversy which was raised by Arianism over the nature of the Trinity. It is important to note that Constantine had converted to Christianity and had “called the council together because he clearly had hoped for Christian support in holding his fragile empire together.”1 Held in Nicaea (which is now modern day Turkey), over 300 bishops and non-episcopal Christian thinkers were brought together for the event.2 The council’s major controversy was about determining whether Christ was both human and divine. “The crucial debate centered on the statement that the Son was “of the same substance” (homoousios) with the Father.”3 The predominant idea of Arianism is the unique and superior nature of the singular divine being. At the center of the controversy was a presbyter in Alexandria named Arius. His belief (centered around Proverbs 8:22 which states The Lord brought me forth as the first of his works, before his deeds of old.) was that the Son was not of the same essence as the Father, that the Son was created by the Father. From this line of thought, he argued that there would be more than one God. Therefore, the Son must be deemed a creature that has been given life from nothing and has had...
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...including: The Apologist that defended the true meaning of the doctrines, Athanasius, who refuted the false teachings of Arius, the Council of Nicea that drafted a creed affirming Jesus Christ, and St. Basil who clarified the ambiguous terminology put forth by the Council of Nicaea. Christianity started out as small and illegal movement. The First Apology states that classical philosophers believed Christianity was an atheistic and lower class religion(Placher, 33). However, Tertullian, a highly educated Roman citizen was convinced...
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...The Biblical Canon: The Movement, Methodologies, and People Who Influenced It Thomas Gainey CHHI 301: History of the Christian Church I February 7, 2016 Introduction In Christianity one of the key factors of its faith is the belief that the Bible is inerrant. Many great Christian leaders have expressed the importance of the Bible. Norman Geisler once stated “The inerrancy of Scripture is the foundational doctrine in which all other doctrines rest, and the Psalmist rightly said, ‘If the foundation be destroyed, then what can the righteous do?’” In his statement he expresses the truth behind the fact that the Christian faith resides on the fact that the Bible is inerrant. Interesting enough the Bible of today with its 66 books, 39 Old Testament, and 27 New Testament are very similar to the bible of the early church. In the words of Herman Ridderbos, "the history of the Canon is the process of the growing consciousness of the Church concerning its ecumenical foundation.” People have often wonder why certain books made into the Bible, but others did not. In this paper will look how we got the Bible we have today and what movements, people, and doctrines effected. Old Testament Canon The Old Testament known to Christians in the Bible is what is known to Jews as the Tanakh. This is made of the writings of the Laws, the Prophets, and the Psalms. Jesus Christ stated in Luke 24:44 “Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY ONLINE THE FORMULATION AND RECOGNITION OF THE CANONICAL BOOKS A PAPER SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR C. PAUL KING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR HISTORY OF THE CHURCH I 301 DEPARTMENT OF CHURCH HISTORY BY GLENN ROGERS LYNCHBURG. VIRGINIA 10 NOVEMBER 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Reason or Need for Adoption of a Canon of Scripture 4 Key Events that were Influential in Recognition of the Canon 5 Individuals and Councils that Helped Shape the Canon 6 Conclusion 8 Works Cited 10 Introduction The Bible is one of the most intriguing books ever written. There is no other book in history that covers the same amount of time or the comprehensive aggregation of people and cultures as found in the pages of the Bible. The mysteries and wisdom of the Bible have held the attention of Biblical and non-biblical scholars for centuries. We know from the study of history that not all Jews agreed on which books belonged in the Bible. As a matter of fact Christians also debated what to include and exclude in the New Testament Scriptures. This was a major problem in the first two centuries of Christianity. Biblical historian Paul Johnson wrote in his book entitled History of Christianity, “After more than two centuries...
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...Term paper out 143 results (0.67 seconds) Search Results My Ojt in Vessel - Essays - Ajdizon12 www.termpaperwarehouse.com › Business and Management Oct 20, 2013 - Read this essay on My Ojt in Vessel . ... of different because that was the last day of our On-the-Job training at St. Leo the Great of 2GO Travel. 2GO Travel - M/V SuperFerry 21 Departing Manila (again ... ► 1:44► 1:44 www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKlveczNI3A May 3, 2012 - Uploaded by RoverShipspotting 21 APRIL 2012 - 2GO Travel ferry M/V SUPERFERRY 21 departing Manila South ... Report. Published on May ... Missing: narrative facilities Narrative Report Of Ojt Office Free Essays 81 - 100 www.studymode.com/subjects/narrative-report-of-ojt-office-page5.html Free Essays on Narrative Report Of Ojt Office for students. ... part of the Philippines, also my first time to rode on the big ship like 2Go Travel. ... Biblical Narrative: Leo Staley Art of Biblical Narrative by Robert Alter A Critical ... International Travel & Tour Agency Aurora Plaza bldg, Arquiza st. corner J. ... More great study tools:. Cebu Daily News | Latest News and Photos from Cebu ... cebudailynews.inquirer.net/ Great Knots conquer the sky of the Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary. ... A 10-story futuristic-looking healthcare facility with pockets of greenery similar to ... Missing: narrative leo 2go Full text of "Pope Leo XIII [microform] : his life and letters ... https://archive.org/stream/cihm_37738/cihm_37738_djvu.txt The Pope's...
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...THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN WRITINGS LESSON 1 Question 1: (1 Points) | What is the most widespread method of Biblical interpretation used by scholars today?<!--[if !supportLists]--> a. Mystical b. Allegorical c. Historical critical d. Literal | | | | | Question 2: (1 Points) | What was the message of early Christianity?<!--[if !supportLists]--> a. Salvation comes through fast b. Salvation comes through circumcision c. Salvation is by faith d. Salvation is by self punishment | | | | | Question 3: (1 Points) | The New Testament consists of: <!--[if !supportLists]--> a. 4 Gospels, 21 letters, 1 Apocalypse b. 3 Gospels, 1 Acts, 22 Letters, 1 Apocalypse c. 4 Gospels, 1 Acts, 21 Letters, 1 Apocalypse d. 3 Gospels, 2 Acts, 21 Letters | | | | | Question 4: (1 Points) | Which one of these are seen in the Bible as signs of the presence of the Kingdom of God?<!--[if !supportLists]--> a. Gospels b. Parables c. Miracles d. Teachings | | | | | Question 5: (1 Points) | Matthew, Mark and Luke are based on what writing?<!--[if !supportLists]--> a. Pseudepigrapha b. Quelle c. Apocrypha d. John | | | | | | CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE LESSON 2 Question 1: (1 Points) | Christianity was born in what Empire?<!--[if !supportLists]--> a. Babylonian b. Assyrian c. Hellenistic d. Roman | | | | | Question 2: (1 Points)...
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...The Canonization of Scripture Stephen Landrum The word canon has evolved over time to come to mean the official inventory of books, like that of Athanasius, that a religious community regards as its authoritative source of doctrinal and ethical beliefs. The word comes from the Greek kanwn and most likely from the Hebrew qaneh and Akkadian, qanu. Literally, it means a straight rod or bar; a measuring rule as a ruler used by masons and carpenters; then a rule or standard for testing straightness (Harris 24). In the past, canon referred the doctrines of the church that were accepted as rule of faith. The canonization of the New Testament was a long and complex process. Canonization served two purposes. It clarified the beliefs church leaders considered true and acceptable; and it provided a unifying force for the churches throughout the Roman Empire. Canonization provided a firm written authority for universal belief and practice. A major factor in the permanent establishment of a New Testament canon was the Vulgate, a translation done by Jerome. This translated the scripture into common Latin of western Roman civilization. For nearly one thousand years no new translations of the Bible appeared even as new European languages developed through the dark ages of the medieval period. The Vulgate remains the official Bible of The Roman Catholic Church (Harris 31-32). The protestant canon differs from the Roman Catholic canon. The protestant Bible is seven books shorter...
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...GETTING TO KNOW THE CHURCH FATHERS An Evangelical Introduction JoHanna Gilyard-Woodward History of Christianity 1 CHHI 520 July 20, 2012 Getting to Know the Church Fathers: An Evangelical Introduction By Bryan M. Litfin: BrazosPress, 2007, pp301 softback. Bryan M. Litfin at the writing of this book states that he earns his living as “a professor whose academic expertise is the early church fathers” (p.7). He is a husband and an associate professor of theology at Moody Bible Institute. He summarizes himself by saying that he is one who has been “taught to think like a Christian; taught to think like a scholar; and taught to think like a catholic” (p. 7). Litfin begins and ends this book with an overall theme and challenge to see how the church fathers impacted the Christian church and the life of an individual Christian on the whole. Secondary to the overall theme he lays out three misconceptions with regards to the church fathers, (1) the church fathers were not biblical; (2) the ancient church fathers were Roman Catholics; and (3) the church fathers represent the “fall” of Christianity (pp. 20-25 & pp. 255-257), and through the ten church fathers discussed in his book he seeks to prove how those misconceptions have misled some individuals. As he introduces the church fathers and deals with the misconceptions, he deals with his third theme, the historical events and places of the life of the church father. Each chapter begins by giving a modern day application...
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...Sources[edit] The main source is Origen in his Against Celsus where he criticises Celsus' selective use of the text.[1] he has chosen one that is worthless, which although it could be of some help to the simple-minded multitude in respect of their faith, certainly could not impress the more intelligent, saying: "I know a work of this sort a Controversy between one Papiscus and Jason..." ... Nevertheless, I could wish that everyone who hears Celsus' clever rhetoric asserting that the book entitled 'A Controversy between Jason and Papiscus about Christ' deserves not laughter but hatred, were to take the little book into his hands and have the patience and endurance to give attention to its contents. .... In it a Christian is described as disputing with a Jew from the Jewish scriptures and as showing that the prophecies about the Messiah fit Jesus; and the reply with which the other man opposes the argument is at least neither vulgar nor unsuitable to the character of a Jew. (Contra Celsum 4:52)[2] Origen's lukewarm defence of the text, his mention of the vigorous reply of Papiscus, and the Dialogue's use by Celsus, may explain the subsequent non-survival of the text. The loss of the document removes a potentially significant record of a 2nd-century Jewish Christian's arguments before later theological developments in the Christian church. Jerome mentions the Dialogue twice. In Commentary on Galatians, in connection with he who is hanged on a tree is accursed of God (Commentary...
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...Running head: Christology Christology Christology The claim that Jesus was a man and as such could not also is God is one that has been highly debated. The fact that Jesus was a man can be confirmed by another religion, Islam claims that he was a great prophet. For Christians it is maintained that Jesus was fully God and fully man. The hypostatic union of Jesus is the cornerstone of the faith, his humanity sets the example for us to live by and his deity makes the only sacrifice sufficient for our sins. The Bible gives plenty of examples of how Jesus was fully human. The book of Luke chapter 2 gives two examples of Jesus’ humanity first by talking about his birth. The second example is when the chapter talks about how he became strong in the spirit as he grew when he was at the temple. The Bible gives another example of Jesus’ humanity “Jesus wept at the death of Lazarus (John 11:35). The Bible gives examples of his humanity in John 4:6 at the well he was tired from his journey and needed a drink from the well. Mathew 4:2 After 40 days of fasting he was hungry. All of the examples in scripture point to a very human nature of Jesus. If he were not fully human he would not have been tired and thirsty after a journey nor would he be hungry after not eating and he definitely would not have cried at the death of a friend. Those are all very human needs and emotions but through that he also displays the deity side of him. Jesus was also fully God and there are plenty examples...
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...Foundation: The Orthodoxy and the Canon 4/25/2016 Submitted To- Professor C Paul King CHHI-301 2 Foundation: The Orthodoxy and the Canon Many in today’s culture follow this sad, but dangerous view: there is no truth that can be deemed as absolute truth. A few years back, I can recall sitting in a classroom at a Union County High school here in Tennessee, as the teacher begins to introduce himself and his stance on philosophy. The teacher, in his introduction states an ignorant statement in a very arrogant manner: “There is no such thing as absolute truth, just personal opinion.” He continued by stating, “Because there is no absolute truth, there is no absolute truth in the matter of what is right and wrong.” A few students were shocked by this statement and raised their hands to ask about whether certain issues were right or wrong–– such as stealing, murder, drug use, abortion, and similar issues. He attempted to shoot all their examples down, with a sense of arrogance on his face. I slowly slipped my hand up and asked him the following statement: “What about incest, where relatives molest and rape their children?” I will never forget the look on his face, his smirk swiftly dropped to the floor. As he stumbled through his incoherent response, I thought about the importance of absolute truth. Christians need to realize the importance of what our Canon represents: a book of absolute truth given to us by our God. We are living in a generation where...
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...The first half of the fourth century in Christendom was a turning point in the History of the Church; a time that brought freedom, acceptance, and even favoritism by the state to the previously persecuted and outwardly oppressed community of believers; this was heralded the age of the Emperor Constantine the Great, (312 to 337 A.D), who was both the inward life and outward strength of the Church. The Roman Catholics present him as laying the foundation for the Papacy, Protestants see him as the one responsible for leading the early Church away from the simplicity of the pure gospel and turning it into an institutional Church. Thus this short paper seeks to explore the life of Constantine and his contribution to the Christian church. Family and Birth of Constantine: Flavius Valerius Constantinus, known as Constantine the Great, was born on February 27, c. 280, in Naissus, in the province of Moesia Superior (Serbia). Constantine's mother was named Helena, described as a barmaid, and his father was a military officer named Constantius. Constantius would become the Emperor Constantius I (Constantius Chlorus) and Constantine's mother would become famous as the canonized St. Helena. Helena is thought to have found a portion of the cross of Jesus.Constantine had for siblings, three half-sister and three half-brothers, the products of his father's marriage to a second woman of less shady background than Helena's. On October 28, 312, Emperor Constantine met Emperor Maxentius, his major...
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