...The institution of slavery is, in modern times, almost universally condemned and abhorred. Much of the ancient world, however, regarded slavery as an indisputable fact of life. While it had its critics, the institution of slavery was never seriously challenged in the ancient world. Even cynical and stoic philosophers, who ostensibly believed in the brotherhood of mankind, were more or less mute in their opinion. Aristotle, in Politics, qualifies and defends certain forms of the institution of slavery, identifying two distinct forms of slavery, one illegitimate, one legitimate. According to Aristotle, superiority and inferiority are inherent in all systems and relationships, and human slavery is a case parallel to many in nature. The soul rules the body like a master rules a slave, and reason governs the appetites like a king governing a city. It is natural and advantageous for the soul to rule the body, just as it is better for animals to be ruled by man, and the relationship of male to female is a relationship of superior to inferior. The relation of master and slave is simply a manifestation of the law of subordination. A so-called "natural" slave is, according to Aristotle, one who does not possess the full use of reason. The natural slave participates in reason to the extent that he perceives of it, but he does not himself have use of it. He therefore lacks in his capacity to perform civic duty and lead an ordered life. He compensates, however, by being possessed of a body...
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...Athens Handout Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, (trans. by R. Crawley) 2.15 The Synoecism of Theseus: From very early times this had been more the case with the Athenians than with others. Under Cecrops and the first kings, down to the reign of Theseus, Attica had always consisted of a number of independent townships, each with its own town hall and magistrates. Except in times of danger the king at Athens was not consulted; in ordinary seasons they carried on their government and settled their affairs without his interference; sometimes even they waged war against him, as in the case of the Eleusinians with Eumolpus against Erechtheus. In Theseus, however, they had a king of equal intelligence and power; and one of the chief features in his organization of the country was to abolish the council-chambers and magistrates of the petty cities, and to merge them in the single council-chamber and town hall of the present capital. Individuals might still enjoy their private property just as before, but they were henceforth compelled to have only one political centre, viz., Athens; which thus counted all the inhabitants of Attica among her citizens, so that when Theseus died he left a great state behind him. Plutarch, Life of Solon (trans. by B. Perrin) Solon and Draco’s Laws: 17 1 In the first place, then, he repealed the laws of Draco, all except those concerning homicide, because they were too severe and their penalties too heavy. For one penalty was assigned to...
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...“Ancient Greece had the perfect democracy” Ancient Greece did not have a perfect democracy. They established the roots of democracy and most of their ideas were accurate, but it was still quite far from perfect. Their system showed signs of racism, sexism, imperialism and corruption. In ancient Greece, women, the poor, slaves, and tax defaulters were not allowed to vote as they were not considered citizens. Neither were those who didn’t have citizen parentage on both sides. Only Athenian males above the age of 18 had the right to vote. Even though the status of women was lower in Athens than it was in many Greek cities, women were still not able to vote anywhere. This is extremely sexist, as gender should not change someone’s rights and the way they are perceived. These days slavery is considered illegal in most countries, however in ancient Greece, it was acceptable to have slaves working for you. A key part in modern day democracy is the right to vote for everyone, including women, tax defaulters and the poor. It can easily be said that their politics were more like an exclusive gentleman’s club then a democracy. Ancient Greek democracy can be described as being minoritarian, where a minority of the population (e.g. the male population) is eligible to a certain degree of dominance in society and has the right to make decisions that affect the entire society. Equality and freedom are both valued concepts of democracy, and if these concepts were not in place in ancient Greece...
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...In this paper I intend to explore how two forms of conflicts can draw cities into a crisis. The two forms of conflicts are: 1.ths conflict between aristocrats and peasants over landownership and slavery, 2. the second form of conflict was between Aristocrats fighting each other for the political powers. I will then explore how Solon worked on the economy, the family and politics, whether he solved or didn’t solved the conflicts that brought Athens on the brink of revolution. Solon imposed many new laws to rectify the problems that were arising between aristocrats and peasants, and he also changed Athenian society to a much more citizen-oriented way of living. I have divided my paper into three parts. In the first part, I will explain the conflict that arose between the peasant and aristocrat on the basis of land and slavery, and whether Solon resolved this conflict. I will also describe how Solon’s laws impacted this conflict, as well as the situations that occurred before, and the situations that occurred after Solon. In the second part, I will deal with conflict between aristocrat families over political powers and why both parties had for their views. I will also describe how Solon’s new law changed the forming of loyalty in aristocrats’ families. His new laws make an Athens better place such as laws on Feuds, Dowry, Inheritance, and Wills. In the third part, I will deal with the political constitution, its setup and its consequence. And show changes that Solon had...
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...family. Young girls didn't go to school, and instead learnt things at home. Young boys would then be obligated to spent 2 years in military school. We all know that Athens is the birthplace of democracy. They elected strategos every year, which were the equivalent to todays prime ministers. With Athenian democracy, voting wasn't open to just anyone - only male citizens were able to vote and to be considered a citizen, you had to be born in Athens and over the age of 18 years old. Participation in voting was also compensated, meaning that they would get paid to go and vote. In the previous points, it's easy to notice a pattern that the role of women wasn't a very big one in ancient Athens. Women were very limited to what they could do and say because they weren't considered as important as men. So it goes without saying that the social structures didn't include women at all either because they weren't even considered citizens! There were the aristocrats, small farmers, thetes, metics and slaves - in that order. Today on the other hand, Athens is very different. Schooling is free to everyone - boys and girls. Young boys aren't obligated to go to miliraty school. Slavery doesn't play such a big role...
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...Ancient Athens In this paper, I will be discussing the two forms of conflict that rose within Ancient Athens. The paper will be divided into three parts. The first part will show the dispute between aristocrats and peasants between land ownership and slavery. It will begin by explaining the different types of land and the categorization of citizens in Athens. The second part will exhibit the conflict between aristocratic families over political power to keep tradition of loyalty within family. I will elaborate on the conflict and show how Solon tried to change that. The third part of the paper will analyze the political constitution that was created to make a balance of power. For my sources I will use the life of Solon in The Rise and Fall of Athens: Nine Greek Lives by Plutarch, and a class document analyzing the Athenian political constitution. I Athens’s had 3 main landowners, which were consist of the Hill Peasants, the Plains, and the Shore. The shore was not used much for farming. However, the others were. The Hill peasants had land filled with many small poor farms that didn’t produce much crops and had poor quality. The reason they were considered poor quality was because the hills were dry, which was not good for farming. Another reason was the slope of the hill allowed for rundown of water to bypass the top of the hill and immediately go down to the plains where the other farms were. The plains received the rundown from the hills and all proper nutrients. Therefore...
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...Patrick G. Johnson Foundations of Western Civilizations Professor McCahill September 10th, 2013 In the document "Pericles' Funeral Oration" Pericles discusses many things regarding the past and current Athenian lifestyle. He covers many topics involving their citizens' welfare, military strength, as well as their excellent wealth of knowledge but Pericles' speech is intended to act as a eulogy. He accomplishes that as well as he speaks to the audience conveying many things they should be grateful for besides the duty of their deceased soldiers. The many things that Pericles' talks on often include the wonderful lifestyle the Athenians enjoy and that the many freedoms they are offered did not come without sacrifice. Pericles' purpose in this eulogy is to convey to the audience that the many perks that are offered while being an Athenian are maintained by the duty of its soldiers. Pericles goes throughout his eulogy stating the many priveleges that Athens provides for its citizens. Ranging from its entertainment, strong military, freedom of business, fair law system, and abundance of knowledge. He exclaims, "Nor are these the only points in which our city is worthy of admiration. We cultivate refinement without extravagance and knowledge without effeminacy; wealth we employ more for use than for show" (Pericles, p.2) . Pericles' explains that the wealth that the citizens are privy to is not just an extravagant show. It was earned by the people and to be used by the people...
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...as we know it. With Philosophy comes questions, with questions come many great answers that impact societies and even the earth. I want to study how Greece’s political economy impacted philosophic thinkers and people alike. In order to help readers understand whether or not outside forces like society’s political economy impacts deeper thinking like philosophy I will dive deep into Athenian Democracy, documents certain philosophers wrote in the day and time in which they lived, and even look into some other people of the time who had strong opinions on what exactly was going on them. Philosophy impacted more than most people think and I am sure in my research I will be able to back that up with primary sources to prove my argument. In writing this research paper I will be exploring the political economy of Classical Greece between 510 – 323 BCE. In addition, the geographic region I will be diving into will be Athens, Greece. I chose this mainly to enlighten myself (and hopefully the readers) on Athenian Democracy. In doing this I plan to ride the historical roller coaster in the time that Athenian Democracy first set its teeth into the minds of the people who lived in that era. Once establishing a good sense of the...
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...judgments on fairness based on the amount they give (input) compared to the amount they get back (output). Ensuring organizational justice should be a priority for organization – it can reduce the incidence of workplace deviance, absence, disengagement and counterproductive workplace behaviors (CWB) and also encourage positive attributes like trust and progressive communication. Organizational justice is sometimes discussed alongside corporate social responsibility (CSR), a form of societal justice. Philosophers and social commentators were writing about justice long before management scientists were. Among the ancient Greeks, for example, Herodotus’ History and Plutarch’s Lives described the achievements of the lawgiver Solon, who reformed Athenian government. The importance of people to organizational performance has long been recognized (Prahalad and Hamel,1990), yet according to Fletcher (1993) more than 80 percent of UK organizations surveyed in the UK express dissatisfaction with...
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...this paper, I intend to explore the conflicts that arose between those of the aristocratic society, and those who composed the vast number of peasants before, as well as after the life and times of Solon, and the effect and solutions that Solon’s rule had concerning these conflicts. Such major conflicts between peasants and aristocrats include, [but are not limited to] land and slavery (Trumbach). Though, these laws will be explored further later on in this essay. The ruler, Solon imposed a number of laws in order to rectify the problems that were arising between aristocrats and peasants, as well as to mold Athenian society in a much more citizen-oriented way of living (Trumbach). Such laws included relieving the prior debts that peasants owed to the aristocrats, as well as outlawing the creation of debts slaves (Plutarch: Solon, 57). Again, such laws will be explained further along in this essay. This essay will consist of three sections. In the first section, this essay will attempt to explain the conflicts that arose between the aristocrats and the peasants on the basis of land and slavery. It will also attempt to describe how Solon’s laws impacted this conflict, as well as the situations that occurred before, and the situations that occurred after Solon. The second section of this essay will explore the conflicts that arose between aristocrats and peasants on the basis of political power, the views of both parties, as well as the reasoning both parties had for...
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...later Byzantine Empire and was relatively prosperous during the period of the Crusades (12th and 13th centuries), benefiting from Italian trade. Following a period of sharp decline under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Athens re-emerged in the 19th century as the capital of the independent Greek state. Contents 1 Name 1.1 Geographical setting 2 Antiquity 2.1 Origins and early history 2.2 Reform and democracy 2.3 Classical Athens 2.3.1 Early Athenian military history 2.3.2 Artists and philosophers 2.3.3 Peloponnesian War 3 Athenian coup of 411 BC 3.1 Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League 3.2 Athens under Macedon 3.3 Hellenistic Athens 3.4 Roman Athens 4 Middle Ages 4.1 Byzantine Athens 4.2 Latin Athens 4.2.1 Burgundian period 4.2.2 Aragonese period 4.2.3 Florentine period 5 Modern history 5.1 Ottoman Athens 5.2 Independence from the Ottomans 5.3 Modern Athens 5.3.1 Population influx 5.3.2 Athens under the Nazis 5.3.3 Postwar Athens 5.3.4 Athens today 5.3.5 Recent historical population 5.4 Notable Athenians 5.5 Ancient sites in Athens 6 Notes 7 Further reading The contest of Athena and Poseidon. West Pediment of the Parthenon. The name of Athens, connected to the name of its patron goddess Athena, originates from an earlier, Pre-Greek language.[1][verification needed] The etiological myth explaining how Athens acquired this name through the legendary contest between Poseidon and Athena was described by...
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...According to 5/4th century norms and values, Euphiletus presents himself as a both to a good husband and good citizen up to a point where it was considered he made mistakes which lead to Eratosthenes seducing his young wife. Firstly, Euphiletus presented himself as a good husband from the very start of their marriage, where he didn’t want to ‘annoy her’ so he had left her to herself however he ‘kept an eye on her,’ so she was unable to ‘have her own way’. This showed the Euphiletus was caring, treating her to standard expected behaviour in 5/4th century Athens by allowing her to settle down but also keeping her in her place. Secondly, Euphiletus explains how he had trusted his after the birth of their first child by showing affection by putting her in charge of his property and later Euphiletus describes as her as the best of women. This presents him as good husband as he judges her to be good at running the female counterpart of the Oikos, which in turn presents Euphiletus as a good husband as he’s making sure his Oikos is running correctly . This also presents him as a good citizen as running a good Oikos shows that Athens is also good. However, Euphiletus does present himself as a flawed husband by having no suspicions about her chastity, tolerating her locking him in a room, and wearing makeup after the death of her brother. All these imply he was too trusting which lead her to being succumbed to Eratosthenes's wishes. Also, Euphiletus also presents himself as good...
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...Themistocles used the excuse of an ongoing conflict with Aegina to push his troops forward to the silver mines of Laurion.(Cartwright 4) Also, the state-owned silver mines near Sunium were the site of a rich strike, and Themistocles persuaded the assembly, instead of “declaring and dividend” to devote the whole surplus to increasing the navy.Themistocles urged that the Athenian fleet should be doubled or tripled. Thus, he used the silver to build new war ships, expanding the Athenian fleet from seventy ships to one-hundred ships. (Burn 3,4)In addition, when the Greek navy gathered at Salamis, Themistocles persuaded the Spartans to send their navy to Cape Artemisium, to protect the narrow passage of Thermopylae. If the Spartans could hold the passage, it would force the Persians to come in to attack the Greek fleet in order to open up a way for the army.(Star 120) This larger navy helped the Greeks out maneuver the Persians and win the...
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...In his plague speech, Pericles implies that a citizen supports his polis by surrendering “domestic affiliations” and contributing his services. To begin with, Thucydides writes, “Since then a state can support the misfortunes of private citizens, while they cannot support hers, it is surely the duty of every one to be forward in her defence, and not like you to be so confounded with your domestic affiliations as to give up all thoughts of the common safety.” Because a democracy reflects the views of the people, it is imperative that the common person be able to formulate wise and rational opinions. A citizen might harm his polis by ignoring the welfare of his polis and acting out of personal gain. Furthermore, Pericles tells the assembly that...
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...Do I think Athens is a true democracy or a form of democracy? To me a true democracy would be when everyone, man and woman all have equal rights. These rights would be the right to decide the constitution and vote people to office. In Pericles speech, "The Funeral Oration", he says that the constitution favors everyone no matter what your social class is. He makes it sound like the constitution lets everyone be a part of government. According to Professor Hansen, a Professor at the University of Copenhagen, and considered a leading expert on Athenian democracy, only the citizen men were allowed to vote. To become a citizen man you had to be born to both a citizen mother and father and be 18 years old. If you could not prove you were...
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