...an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition...
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...lifesaving transplant (UNOS, 2015). UNOS has a computerized system which stores vital information about each patient who is in need of a transplant, and matches all donor organs with someone on the waitlist. The system works every day for 24 hours a day. It does not take a day off for any reason. When a deceased donor organ becomes available then the UNOS computerized system will go through every single person that needs that particular organ and rank them to see who is suitable to receive it. There is no number ranking with UNOS. The system will screen patients by using the following criteria to match the donor organ, survival benefit, blood type, height, weight and other medical factor as well as wait time on the transplant list, this system is used for all organs. The other factor that is taken into consideration is the size of the organ and if it will fit nicely in the patient. The patients who rank highest on this list are usually the ones that need it urgently. Pediatrics candidates usually do better with other children’s organs and they have a unique scoring system that it goes through to match the donor organ with the patient. Organs are always offered other children’s organs first, if they don’t find a child to match then they will look at adults. Each donated organ has their own special methods to keep them viable between the times the organ is taken to the actual transplantation time. Kidney has 24-36 hours, Pancreas has 12-18 hours, and Liver 8-12 hours, and Heart &...
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...website Organdonor.gov, since August 2017, there are over 116,000 men, women, and children on the national transplant waiting list. Every single day, 20 people die waiting for a transplant. Not everyone in need of lungs, a kidney, or heart is always so lucky that they get one as soon as they need it. If you take into consideration the number of tragedies in a day and the number of people waiting for a transplant, you can only imagine how high the demand of organs is. What if we did not limit transplant givers or recipients to humans? The medical field should be doing more research and practice procedures using Xenotransplantation for the sake of others lives that are in danger and cannot wait. Xenotransplantation is the transplantation...
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...Organ Transplant This thesis paper is about organ transplant. This paper is going to provide information on the history organ transplants and what’s going on right now. The simple definition is this: the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or absent organ. Successful human transplants have a relatively long history of operative skills were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. Rejection and the side effects, such as infection were and still is the key problem. Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man. Roman Catholic accounts report the 3rd-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian. The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a gazelle model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm at Olomouc Eye Clinic, now Czech Republic, in 1905. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the...
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...common, over the recent years the average amount of lung transplants per year was about two-thousand, two hundred lung transplants. A lung transplant is “Surgery to replace one or both diseased lungs with healthy lungs from a human donor” (http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/lung-transplant). Many people don’t know about the details of this surgery though, and its history is almost not known at all. Dr. James Hardy was the first surgeon to successfully perform a lung transplant to a human patient. This procedure was performed in 1963 at the University of Mississippi in Jackson, Mississippi on June 11, 1963.Even though the patient only survived for eighteen days after that, this successful transplant opened the doors for further development in the field of Lung Transplantation. Before Hardy could operate on a human, of course, he had to experiment on different animals similar to humans. Hardy had completed about four hundred lung transplants on dogs....
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...death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit kidney inserted into a child suffering from kidney failure. The child died after two weeks (8). The first human to human kidney transplantation was in 1936 and failed. The first successful kidney transplant wasn't until 1954 and was between two identical twins. Soon after, heart transplants began,...
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...(Oxford, 2018) Solid organs like a heart or liver, as well as tissue, such as skin, and or their components or groups of specialised cells can be transplanted under this umbrella term. An example of this could be transplanting a heart valve from pig to replace a heart valve in a human patient. A significantly large number of people die each year waiting for a vital organ transplant from a human donor, therefore, making the xenotransplantation...
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...medical practice that involves biology or technology. Some people do not believe in biomedical technology because they say it had not been proven safe or effective, but it has already saved lives. This is why biomedical technology should be used in medical practices My first reason is that biomedical technology could help save many lives. This technology has the potential to cure many diseases, one example is that scientists have found that stem cells can become a wide variety of specialized cells, this could help cure Alzheimer’s. They also have the potential to help people that are paralyzed. Biomedical technology has already found ways to detect and cure many life threatening diseases. With mammograms and MRIs doctors can detect breast cancer along with other diseases much faster than they have been able to in the past. This could potentially help cure those who are diagnosed. My second reason is that biomedical technology can increase treatment options. Since mammograms and MRIs help detect diseases sooner there are many different ways to treat these diseases some of which may not be as severe. For example instead of doing radiation for cancer right away you could undergo surgery to try to remove the cancer first. My third reason is that new medical practices can be discovered by using biomedical technology. Stem cells, mammograms, MRIs, and genetic engineering are all biomedical technologies. The discovery of stem cells have made an advancement in the medical world because...
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...Organ Transplant in the United States Stephanie Daniels UCA Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report is fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format all sources of data, data analysis, ideas, words, phrases, or sentences. I also hereby certify that I have not submitted this paper to any other professor, at Webster University or elsewhere, during the course of my educational career. I have properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need...
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...retail store, but instead this was a gift you were on a waiting list for and it was life threatening. Shutong Hao (Tong Tong) received the heart of donor Matthew Mingin, a four-year-old described by his mother as “a polite and generous boy with a heart of gold.” With her new heart, Tong Tong was transformed into an energetic, happy child. Matthew’s gift helped save other lives as well. “One woman made the decision to become a donor when she heard our story,” says Shutong’smother. “We are so grateful.” B. Tie to Audience- Someone on the 10,000 donor list maybe someone you know either a relative or family member C. Thesis and Preview- Today I would like to talk to you about the need of organs in our country, how you may become an organ donor, finally how you’re family and the organ recipient’s benefit from your donation. [Transition: Organ donors] II. Body- It may be your next door neighbor or even a close relative that may need a donation. 1. In 1902, the first kidney transplant experiments on animal at the Vienna Medical School. 2. Dr. James W. West made medical history when he helped perform the world’s first human organ transplant in 1950 at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park on a woman in desperate need of a kidney 3. On December 23 the first successful living-related kidney transplant directed by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at...
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...Department of Public Safety website. You can also become a donor when you apply or renew your driver’s license by checking the box. . A new name is added to the national waiting list every 13 minutes. As of March 16, 2014 there are 121,663 people waiting for an organ. Approximately 80 people receive organ transplants each day. Unfortunately, 18 people die every day waiting for an organ. One donor can save up to 8 lives and enhance many others with tissue and blood donations. Patients can wait for months, even years on the waiting list, before they either get a transplant or they die waiting. One donor can save up to 8 lives and enhance many others with tissue and blood donations. Patients can wait for months, even years on the waiting list, before they either get a transplant or they die waiting The definition of organ donation is the donation of biological tissue or an organ of the human body, from a living or deceased person to a living recipient in need of a transplant. The organs of the body that can be transplanted currently are kidneys, heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, and the intestines. Kidney/pancreas transplants, heart/lung transplants and other combined organ transplants are also performed. Once an organ is taken out of the donor body it has to be used within hours. Most donated organs come from people who have passed away, but living individuals can donate a kidney, part of a pancreas, part of a lung, part of the liver, or part of the intestines. Tissue donations...
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...donation, some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. According to the National Network of Organ Donors, “nineteen people die every day in this country waiting for an organ transplant” (NNOD). Organ and tissue donation offer the gift of life however, many factors such as family, religion, and public attitudes influence the decision of organ donation. The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver (“Understanding Donation”). By 1954, Dr. Joseph E. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant in Boston (“History of Organ Transplantation”). Since then, medical science has concentrated on organ donation as a way of replacing a recipient's dysfunctional organ with that of a healthy donor organ. It was not until 1967 that the first successful heart transplant took place. With this new development, the donor card was established as a legal document the next year (“History of Organ Transplantation”). In 1984, National Organ Transplant Act was passed; this established the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. This fundamentally guaranteed fairness in distribution of donated organs (“Donation and Transplantation”). Three years later a new drug to suppress the immune system was developed, but was not approved until 1994. The donation process differs for the...
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...Improving Transplant Outcomes Through Shared Imaging Old Dominion University Health Informatics CHP 485 Dr. Ann Marie Kopitzke IMPROVING TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES THROUGH SHARED IMAGING “Organ donation and transplantation have saved countless lives.”(New York Organ Donor Network, 2012, p. 1) When organ transplant first started, organ allocation started simply with calling local or regional transplant centers to offer an available organ. Today, the organ allocation system is much more complex and utilizes multiple platforms to ensure the best possible placement of a transplantable organ. Currently, the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) is the federally designated entity that maintains the organ waiting list and allocation system. The UNOS system is similar to a clinical data warehouse (CDW), which “is a shared database that collects, integrates and stores clinical data from a variety of sources including electronic health records, radiology and other information systems.” (Hoyt, Yoshihashi, & Bailey, 2007, p. 45) The system not only stores information about organ donors and potential transplant recipients, it also maintains the waiting list and “generates a ranked list of candidates for each available organ in ranked order according to OPTN organ allocation policies.” (UNOS, n.d., p. 1) The UNOS data warehouse is a great system, but lacks one key piece of technology that would allow transplant centers to more quickly and efficiently evaluate an organ. For example...
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...last decade, the progress of post-transplant outcome and the increased organ failure has led to an increased need for organ transplant around the globe. Several factors such as the availability of guidelines for determining the eligibility influence this issue into more organ crisis. On the other hand, the need to meet the increased need for organ transplant has resulted in a rise in the number of people on the waiting list. According to Wendy (2005), in the year 2006 alone, the number of patients or Organ receivers on the waiting list was roughly around 95,000. Each year over 6,300 death cases reported due to unavailability of the organ in the United States (Gary, 2007). Due to the high shortage of organ, dozens of people life leading into a search for other alternative or pathway such as dialysis. Consequently, this kind of alternative methods has been able to provide practical solutions to this and other organ donation-related problems around the world (Wendy, 2005). The shortage of organs has deprived many patients of quality and better way of life. This paper provides a brief history of the organ donation, pros, and cons, statistics of organ donation, myths surrounding organ donation, organ donation-related issues and as well as the solutions and recommendations. Organ Donation Proposal History of Organ Donation Organ donations started back on 1954 Professor Joseph Murray surgeon who performed the first successful kidney transplant. That year Dr. Joseph Murray won...
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...The science of growing replacement organs and tissues in a lab is called Tissue Engineering. These are created to replace diseased or damaged tissue in the human body. This process begins with a scaffold, a three-dimensional structure, that it utilized to support the cells as they develop and grow. Scientists take the cells to develop an organ specifically from the person in need of the transplant. Once the organ is produced it can be transplanted without the need for immune suppressants since it was developed from the patient's own cells. The organ will not be rejected by the body. From the research I have done, there has been successful human transplants of the bladder, esophagus, trachea, cornea, retina, heart valves, blood vessels, vaginal organs, skin, and ears. Scientists have been working on building functional hearts, livers, kidneys, anal sphincters, pancreas, and bones as well as noses. At Wake Forest University, Dr Anthony Atala figured out that amniotic fluid contains stem cells which help to regenerate tissues from the more stubborn cells such as the ones from the pancreas, liver, and nerves. Amniotic stem cells are also used to grow bone, muscles, blood vessels, and fat cells. Embryonic stem cells can be used as well because they are more versatile. They can turn into every type of tissue in the body. The process of building an organ from a patient's stem cells begins with a biopsy of the tissue from the damaged or diseased organ. Then they grow more undamaged...
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