...Blood Doping Biology Research Paper Samantha Reid University Seven time consecutive Tour De France champion and yellow rubber band seller of the decade openly admitted to blood doping. His name was Lance Armstrong and not only did he live through cancer, but he was one of the greatest athletes the world has ever known. His list of achievement goes on until his banishment for professional racing and the stripping of his titles. He admitted to using banned substances including steroids and blood doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey on January 17, 2013. Why would a man with so many accomplishments cheat the system with prohibited procedures and the use of illegal performance drugs? The three topics that rise in answering why Lance Armstrong blood doped is explaining what blood doping is, the advantage and disadvantages of it and drug use in profession sports. To describe what blood doping is one must first understand some key terms. Hemoglobin is a red protein responsible for carrying oxygen in your blood. Another key term is the cardiovascular system and this is an organ system that distributes the blood throughout the body to deliver nutrients and remove waste. And the respiratory system is the organ system that carries out gas exchange in your body. These three things all work together hand in hand like a smooth operating clock. The respiratory system gets the oxygen from the air and transports it to the blood carried in the hemoglobin. The oxygen enriched hemoglobin...
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...MATERIALS AND METHODS SOURCE OF DATA Blood Samples at K.L.E’s Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum. STUDY DESIGN- Cross-sectional study SAMPLE CALCULATION- Considering the mean and standard deviation values from previous studies done, At 95% confidence limit and 5% Tolerance level, the sample size will be 83. Considering contamination and loosing results, 100 samples were analysed. INCLUSION CRITERION - Blood samples for lipid profile EXCLUSION CRITERIA • Hemolysed samples • Samples of Jaundice patients with high bilirubin APPROVAL FROM THE AUTHORITIES: Permission to conduct the study was obtained from all the concerned authorities viz. 1. Institutional ethics committee on human subjects research of Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, Belgaum. 2. Permission from Principal and Medical superintendent of KLE’S Dr.Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum. METHODOLOGY Blood Samples available at the laboratory were taken and serum was separated. Hemolysed samples were excluded. Analysis was done according to the details mentioned by Lakshmy Ramkrishnan et al. 48 An aliquot of fresh serum sample was analyzed immediately for Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels with the commercially available kits in a semiautoanalyser . From the remaining serum, exact...
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...networks.’ Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 17, 210-215. Question 3b (352 words – w/o in-text citations) Stressful conditions (e.g. high temperatures) alter the normal cellular environment. To regain homeostasis, cells generate ‘heat shock proteins’ (Hsp’s) to act as molecular chaperones (Porter et al., 2010). One particular Hsp is the highly conserved ATP-dependent Hsp90 (90kDa molecular weight) (Buchner and Li, 2013). Hsp90 functions in various cellular pathways in cell proliferation and cellular stress-survival response. Hsp90 molecular chaperone guides diverse client proteins to keep the correct folding conformation, function and stability (Porter et al., 2010). Most of its client proteins are protein kinases and transcription factors which participate in signal transduction pathways. Two major Hsp90 isoforms exist: Hsp90-alpha and Hsp90-beta (Hartl et al., 2011). Both isoforms have very similar structures and can be overexpressed in malignant cells. Hsp90 has three functional regions: N-terminal ATP-binding; middle protein-binding (M); and C-terminal dimerisation domains. Hsp90 forms an ‘open’ or a ‘closed’ conformation. ATP-binding activates an array of conformational changes until Hsp90 achieves a more compact (closed)...
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...An Analysis of Small Business Patents by Industry and Firm Size by Anthony Breitzman, Ph.D. and Diana Hicks, Ph.D. Haddonfield, NJ 08033 for Under contract no. SBAHQ-07-Q-0010 Release Date: November 2008 This report was developed under a contract with the Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, and contains information and analysis that was reviewed and edited by officials of the Office of Advocacy. However, the final conclusions of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Advocacy. Office of Advocacy ww w.sba.gov/advo Small Business Research Summary Advocacy: the voice of small business in government No. 335 November 2008 An Analysis of Small Business Patents by Industry and Firm Size Anthony Breitzman and Diana Hicks., Haddonfield, NJ 08033 2008 [60] pages. Under contract no. SBAHQ-07-Q-0010 Background This study is the third in a series that examines small business patent activity. The authors created a database of 1,293 technology firms with 15 or more patents issued between 2002 and 2006. These firms are designated as innovative firms because of their high level of patent activity. Using this database, the authors analyze the relative strengths of small and large technology businesses, including information such as the industry and technology within which the firm patents and the importance of the patent. The results demonstrate that small businesses that innovate are indeed special and that the technology...
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...Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise & Respiration, Muscular Growth and Supplement Intake Ajay Sabhaney, Carlen Ng, Di Wu, Kelei Xu Bodybuilding Page 1 of 59 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Body & Muscle Groups a. Muscle Growth b. Physical & Psychological Benefits of Exercising 3. Weight Training: Anaerobic Exercise Mechanics & Impact on Muscle Growth a. Energy Transformations During an Exercise b. Investigating Torque in Weight Training c. Muscles Acting as Levers d. Impulse in Weight Training e. Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society...
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...What is Life? Tara Megan Dean BIO/101 October 29th, 2012 Dr. Jeba Inbarasu Font should be Times New Roman University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. * * “The Scientific Method Video,” is a unique way to present the scientific method by using rap to emphasize the important points. This includes that the scientific method begins with a question based on an observation, and then a hypothesis and prediction are made, experiments are conducted (which need to be reliable, include a variable and a control), and lastly findings are reported. It has been a long time since I have gone over the basics of the scientific method. This video helped me review what I find so fundamental and second nature. Also, I think it is helpful to note that as the textbook states, “These steps guide scientific investigation, but working scientist typically do not follow them rigidly.” This video is an interesting tool to review the scientific method and how it is viewed by the student rappers. (Brooks & Friebel, 2008) “The...
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...defined as the disease caused by abnormal cell proliferation in parts of the body or a malignant growth of a tumor resulting from these cells. However, it is not just one disease instead a large group of diseases since the action can happen in any part of the body. There is this ability the cells have to migrate from the site of origin abnormal growth and spread to distant sites. One out of every four deaths in the United States is from this disease which drives scientists to study Cancer Biology and its pathways. In studying the different pathways, there is the hope that we can either make a cure or prevent these pathways from occurring to cause these cells to override the apoptosis. In order to understand the author specific point of research we must first understand SV40-small T antigen, Rb, and p27. To begin, SV40 is a proto-oncogene which is capable of transforming several of cell types. It seems to disturbed pRb function regulating cell cycle progression, and equivalent to a light switch turning transcription in cells. Compared to pRb functions in cell cycle suppression, it prevents the cell from replicating damaged DNA by preventing its progression of the cell cycle through G1 to S phase. In general, when it binds to E2F it act as a growth suppressor and prevents the cell from going through the cell cycle. Similarly, p27 controls cell proliferation by binding and regulation the activity of Cdks (cyclin dependent kinases, which are responsible for regulation of the cell...
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...Co-translational localization to the rough ER Research Question • IL-1, a secreted lymphokine that indudes fever upon infection, lacks a signal sequence from its primary amino acid sequence. Devise an approach that can be used to ascertain the mechanism of IL-1 secretion. Overview • Eukaryotic cells are structurally and functionally compartmentalized. • This provides a favorable chemical environment for specialized reactions to take place in a large cell. • Specialization is provided by proteins that are sorted (localized) to these compartments. Signal sequences for secretion Organelles are specific for eukaryotes Organelles have specific fxns provided by the proteins moved specifically to those organelles Translocation: moving a protein across a membrane into an organelle Protein sorting mechanisms [pic] Another word that people use for this subject is protein sorting: this means that all the proteins are made in free rib or rough er Cell has to sort and send out to right location Transport for protein Cytosol to nucleus: gated transported: nuclear pore made of a bunch of proteins and regulated by GTP hydrolysis; the whole proteins was already synthesized by free ribosomes and moved through nuclear membrane through the gate Proteins always first in cytosol. Proteins from cytosol to ER then into mitochondria or chloroplast or peroxisomes etc depending on where they are going Through a transmembrane transport using and signal sequence...
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...livestock health and production are two major applications for this discipline of study. There are different forms of energy metabolism throughout organisms on this planet, however many share the same basic cycles and functions at a metabolic rate. For example, a practically universal central pathway for the metabolism of glucose is glycolysis; the break down of glucose to attain metabolic energy to do biological work (Cox and Nelson 2013). Energy is obtained by harvesting the energy trapped in chemical bonds of food molecules (nutrients). Depending on the nutrient type an organism consumes, the energy metabolism pathways alter slightly. The major constituents of food are carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (Da Poian et al. 2010). This discussion paper will look at the energy metabolism of the Canis familiaris’ (dog) energy metabolism and regulation. 2. Diet, digestion and absorption The dog is a carnivore and consumes a diet consisting mainly of fat and protein with a small amount of carbohydrates (Edwards et al. 2011). The digestive tract of the dog is relatively simple compared to herbivores, the stomach and small intestine are the main digestion area’s for the dog, the stomach expands to temporarily store a large amount of food to accommodate for it’s large meal sizes (Edwards et al. 2011). Nutrients (e.g. meat) is consumed via the mouth making use of the canine teeth to rip apart the flesh, this is mixed with saliva that is used as a lubricant, the food is then passed...
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...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...rP os t 9-699-022 REV: MAY 6, 2002 ROBERT D. AUSTIN RICHARD L. NOLAN MARK J. COTTELEER Cisco Systems, Inc.: Implementing ERP History of Cisco op yo Pete Solvik, Cisco Systems chief information officer (CIO), considered the last remaining line item of his ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementation budget. Cisco had a history of rewarding performance with cash bonuses, but the amount allocated for rewarding the ERP team, over $200,000, was unprecedented. To be sure, they had delivered a lot in a time frame that no one had believed possible. It had not been easy either. The team members, Solvik included, had taken a risk in joining the project. Rewards should, and would, be generous. The size of the bonus pool, though, made Solvik think: they had done well, but how well? What had gone right? What had gone wrong? Given another project of this magnitude and risk, would they be able to do it again? No tC Cisco Systems, Inc. was founded by two Stanford computer scientists in 1984 and became publicly traded in 1990. The company’s primary product is the “router,” the combination of hardware and software that acts as a traffic cop on the complex TCP/IP1 networks that make up the Internet (as well as corporate “Intranets”). With the rise of Internet technologies, demand for Cisco’s products boomed and the company soon began to dominate its markets. By 1997, its first year on the Fortune 500, Cisco ranked among the top five companies in...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination CAPE ® BIOLOGY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC A10/U2/07 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2007, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC A10/U2/07 ii Contents RATIONALE.....................................................................................................................................................1 AIMS ..................................................................................................................................................................1 SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ...............................................................................................2 PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................5 STRUCTURE...
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...THE COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SOLAR CELLS 1 The Comparison of Photosynthesis and Solar Cells THE COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SOLAR CELLS 2 Abstract This paper will compare and contrast photosynthesis and the semiconductor based solar cell. This will be accomplished by detailing three similarities, and three differences between the two. The first of the similarities being the absorption of solar energy, the second being the transformation of solar energy into a different more useable form of energy, and finally the third being that they both use organic colorants to attract the sun’s rays. The three differences being that one produces chemical energy and the other electrical energy. The second difference is that one occurs naturally and the other is manmade, and the third difference is that one is cost effective and the other are expensive to produce. This paper will also describe how the laws of thermodynamics apply to each of the systems, giving the reader even further insight on the topic at hand. THE COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SOLAR CELLS 3 The Comparison of Photosynthesis and Solar Cells Photosynthesis is the process in green plants and other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source. Semi-conductor based...
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...(Lieberman 2014). The findings in this paper allow for a fast approach to identify specific pressures that act on a pathogen found in individuals by only using a single sample (Lieberman 2014). About 45% patients with CF have the F508del mutation (Bell 2014). However, for many of the patients that have the same mutation, the severity of their symptoms differs. Most cases involve a malfunctioning pancreas, but the severity of the effect on the airways has very little correlation (Vankeergerghen 2002). Because CF has a high rate of premature death, the survival rate with this mutation is 37 years (Bell 2014). There are multiple classes of CFTR mutations and these include Class I, Class II, Class III, Class IV, Class V, and Class VI mutations (Vankeergerghen 2002). Class I mutations include the typical mutations such as nonsense mutations, frame shift mutations, and splice site mutations (Vankeergerghen 2002). Class II mutations include most of the CF mutations. This class of mutations houses the most common CF mutation, F508del, as well as the association with improper maturation of corresponding CFTR proteins (Vankeergerghen 2002). Because the Phe508del mutation lowers protein levels as well as disrupts channel openings, this results in minimal CFTR chloride transport activity (Wainwright 2015). Class III mutations are mutations that are found in the nucleotide binding domains (Vankeergerghen 2002). They also interfere with the binding of ATP to the binding domains, as well...
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