...Ineffective internal controls increase the risk of management manipulation of significant accounts such as revenue. Specifically, a useful tool to understanding internal control is inquiry. For example, the audit team would inquire to understand polices for revenue recognition. The team would perform walkthroughs. The fraud triangle is also helpful here in identifying how management or employees feel about fraud or the risk they see for fraud. Inquiring with operating personnel can provide a different point of view. You can ascertain whether these supposed polices and procedure are used. (Hall,...
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...2010 Audit Ends: March 31, 2010 (Tentative) AUDIT SCOPE: Sales/revenue and collection cycle Payroll and personnel cycle Acquisition and payment cycle All Transactions, orders, and payments processed January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007 AUDIT OBJECTIVES: • To determine internal control compliance to sub objectives for payroll and personnel cycle, sales/revenue and collection cycle, and the acquisition and payment cycle. • To obtain control evidence and documentation about the existence, accuracy, classification, timing and completeness of recorded acquisition transactions. CRITERIA: Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 – Fraud Auditing Standards AUDITOR ASSIGNMENTS: John Butler – Sales and Collection David Sargent – Payroll and Personnel Perry Boydstun – Acquisition and Payment Cycle METHODOLOGY: Each auditor will perform their assigned area of tests of controls and substantive test using sampling techniques as appropriate. Strengths and weaknesses’ should be denoted by using a “S” or “W” on each area applicable area of the flowchart and checklist of each assigned area. The summary status (“Ss” and “Ws”) will be listed in the bridge worksheet for SOX 404 Audit analysis. Bridge Worksheet for Sales and Collection Cycle – SOX 404 Audit Public companies typically rely heavily on proper internal controls to maintain an effective sales and collection cycle. As such, AOW will need to expand the substantive tests of transactions...
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...culturally. As the world has evolved, so has business, and as business has evolved so has auditing. The concept of auditing is as old as civilization. The need for a knowledgeable, external, third person to verify transactions or accounts and detect fraud has been present since the advent of trade and accounting. Thus the goal of auditing, in this sense, has not changed since. Teck-Heang Lee observed that “auditing serves as a mechanism to monitor conduct and performance, and to secure and enforce accountability (Lee 2008). All in all, an audit function plays a crucial role in maintain welfare and stability in society.” However, what has changed is how the roles and responsibilities of auditors have changed to reflect the needs of the business environment of the time. As such, auditors and the auditing profession have always played a very important role in business and, more recently, in society in general. As business in today’s world becomes more dynamic, accounting (and therefore by extension auditing) must also evolve to become more dynamic. The evolution of auditing is a complicated history that has always been changing through historical events. This can be seen in the shift in the role of external auditors from a cyclical audit approach to now more of a top-down risk-based continuous audit. The factors that have played a major role in this shift of role and responsibilities are the cycle of fraud, regulation, and compliance; and also the rise and importance of technology in...
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...CHAPTER 10 Auditing Revenue and Related Accounts 1 Explain the concept of accounting cycles and their impact on audit approaches, and identify the accounts in the revenue cycle. 2 Discuss the importance of proper revenue recognition and the characteristics of revenuerelated fraud. 3 Describe the major types of fraud and misstatements that have occurred in the revenue accounts. 4 Describe how to use analytical procedures to identify possible misstatements in the revenue cycle. 5 Assess inherent and control risk regarding revenue cycle accounts. 6 Use audit procedures to test the effectiveness of controls in the revenue cycle. 7 Link the auditor’s control risk assessment to the development of substantive tests of accounts in the revenue cycle. 8 Describe the factors that influence the effectiveness and efficiency of audits of account balances. 9 Apply auditing concepts to test revenue. 10 Apply auditing concepts to test accounts receivable. 11 Describe fraud indicators in the revenue cycle and related audit procedures. 12 Evaluate the adequacy of a client’s allowance for doubtful accounts. Th om so n LEARNING OBJECTIVES Le ar ni ng ™ The overriding objective of this textbook is to build a foundation to analyze current professional issues and adapt audit approaches to business and economic complexities. Through studying this chapter, you will be able to: CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter illustrates the audit concepts developed in Chapters...
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...Following are multiple choice questions recently released by the AICPA. These questions were released by the AICPA with letter answers only. Our editorial board has provided the accompanying explanations. Please note that the AICPA generally releases questions that it does NOT intend to use again. These questions and content may or may not be representative of questions you may see on any upcoming exams. 2006 AICPA Newly-Released Auditing Questions An auditor observes the mailing of monthly statements to a client's customers and reviews evidence of follow-up on errors reported by the customers. This test of controls most likely is performed to support management's financial statement assertions of: Presentation and disclosure Yes Yes No No Existence or occurrence Yes No Yes No a. b. c. d. ANSWER: Choice "c" is correct. In testing the existence or occurrence assertion, the auditor is concerned that fictitious or overstated receivables may have been recorded. Observing the mailing of monthly statements and reviewing evidence of follow-up on errors reported by customers provides evidence that procedures are in place to identify and correct such errors. Choice "a" is incorrect. Observing the mailing of monthly statements and reviewing evidence of follow-up on errors reported by customers does not provide any assurance regarding how receivables are presented and disclosed in the financial statements. Choice "b" is incorrect. Observing the mailing of monthly statements...
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...are recorded, the bearing of the audit analysis ought to be from the general ledger balances, adjusted trial balances, original source materials, and the general journal entries. The technique of sampling may be applied in an audit especially if the risk of a material misstatement is fairly low, (Weygandt, at el 2002). The auditing has to report on the financial statements that sampling was used. The main advantage applying statistical sampling is that it minimizes the level of risk faced in performing a test. The various types of transaction and financial account affected include cash sale overview of the Revenue Process, credit sale purchases, cash collection purchases, cash sales account receivable, and inventory credit sales. The most important used financial records are: the Purchasing process order entry which shows the acceptance of client orders for goods and services, (Weygandt, at el 2002). This ensures proper support of client orders for credit endorsement and creditworthiness; Issuance of sales invoices to clients for products billing and shipment; also, dispensation of billing adjustments involving allowances, discounts, and income. Cash revenue processing of the receipt for clients, it helps in recording sales invoices, collections, and credit financial statement for personal client accounts. Therefore correct entry,...
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...Proposal for Controls Joseph Cruz, Karina Landeros, Martha Moreno, & Bryan H. Wintermantel ACC / 544 May 11, 2015 Todd LaPore Proposal for Controls Businesses suffer from all types of losses that are associated with risks, some intentional and others are unintentional. Businesses have the opportunity to minimize the amount of risk exposure through the implementation of effective internal controls. “Internal Controls establish a process for how your business handles receiving and reporting money and administrative and management tasks” (Chron, 2015). In this paper, Learning Team B will discuss the development of a proposal for appropriate controls to cover cash, sales, accounts receivable, inventory and production. Appropriate controls for cash Cash is the easiest asset to steal, misappropriate and overstate. Because this is one of the most important liquidity assets of the company it is important that internal controls are in place. There are two areas in cash that need to have appropriate internal controls, receipts and disbursement of cash. The internal controls for cash are management ethics and integrity, separation of duties, two-person rule, limited account signers and account review (Dave, Copyright 2012 - 2015). Managers are the ones that lead all employees in accomplishing the company goals therefore management ethics and integrity is very important. Corrupted managers are normally higher than inexperienced people or people who can get easily manipulated...
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...BRA (business risk audit) methodologies and the growing importance of IS audit. Keywords: Financial Audit Methodologies, Business Risk Audit, Information Systems Audit, Internal Controls Framework 1 Introduction The objective of this article is to provide a better understanding of the relation between financial audit and information systems audit and to assess the influence the change in financial audit methodologies had on IS audit. In order to achieve our objective, we reviewed existing research from both academics and professionals regarding financial and information systems audit methodologies. We also obtained and reviewed materials from leading professional organizations in financial and information systems auditing, such as the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) and the IT Governance Institute (ITGI). According to [1], the purpose of a financial audit is to...
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...in marketing uncertainties, selling promises, and making more money by cycling their revenues back into the nation’s building process. Insurance companies are global by design massive in numbers. The insurance industry, like many other industries, have changed dramatically over the years and is constantly being reshaped by factors such as changing interest rates, tightening legislation, growing competition, and even medical advancements. However, the major difference between the insurance industry and all other industries is that the insurance industry accumulates cash first and pay claims costs in the future. In fact, the insurance company does not even know if a claim will occur, when a claim will occur, and how much the claim will cost. II. Insurance Industry Structure Basic Classifications There are three main types of insurance companies: life, property and liability, and title insurance companies. Companies are further divided into primary policy writing and reinsurance. Primary writing is when insurance companies issue new insurance policies and maintain those policies throughout the policy term. Reinsurance is when a primary insurance company transfers all or a portion of its risk from an insurance policy to another insurance company. Companies reinsure policies as a means of managing risk, limiting potential loses, stabilizing underwriting results, and protecting surplus revenue. For example, property and liability companies use reinsurance to avoid a heavy concentration...
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...Additional information will be required to complete Parts A and B and those files are available on BB. Hooplah, Inc. 9.6 Applying Audit Sampling Concepts to Tests of Controls and Substantive Testing in the Revenue Cycle Mark S. Beasley · Frank A. Buckless · Steven M. Glover · Douglas F. Prawitt l ea r n ing ob je C t ive s After completing and discussing this case you should be able to [1] Understand the differences between statistical and non-statistical sampling [2] Appreciate the professional judgment involved in determining the extent of sampling to be performed [3] Appreciate the role of sampling risk in determining sample size and in evaluating results Understand how to perform attribute sampling for tests of controls [5] Know how and why it is important to consider size- and risk-based substantive testing prior to obtaining evidence using audit sampling [6] Understand the implications of the results of tests of controls on substantive testing [4] INTRODUCTION Your audit firm, Garrett and Schulzke LLP, is engaged to perform the annual audit of Hooplah, Inc., for the year ending December 31, 2012. Auditing standards also allow The case was prepared by Mark S. Beasley, Ph.D. and Frank A. Buckless, Ph.D. of North Carolina State University and Steven M. Glover, Ph.D. and Douglas F. Prawitt, Ph.D. of Brigham Young University, as a basis for class discussion. It is not intended to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Hooplah, Inc...
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...has over 500 million active users who visit the site to connect with others, express themselves, and play games. Last year, substantially all of SKI’s revenue came from advertisers who market their products and services to SKI’s active users through advertisements placed on the Web site or its various mobile platforms. The Company’s remaining immaterial revenue was received from fees associated with the sale of virtual goods and services by third-party application developers using SKI’s various platforms. In Q1 of the current fiscal year, SKI acquired Corporate Collaborations (CC), an entity that manages private and public social media networks for corporations. CC’s customers are primarily national and global companies whose employees connect over its platform. In addition to hosting private social media networks for corporations, CC provides services to develop the networks it manages. CC’s revenues are earned through the performance of multi-year revenue contracts with its customers. In the current year, CC is expected to produce approximately 20% of SKI’s consolidated revenue in the current year. SKI’s investors are focused on the growth prospects of the Company’s legacy open social media platform operations and its new corporate revenue unit. The Company’s MD&A disclosures include (1) various user and revenue metrics to help financial statement users assess its traditional operations and (2) backlog information to help users assess CC’s operations. Audit ...
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...A report of environmental cost on high-speed railway Introduction Environment is important to the survival of human; people’s living activities can not be separated from the environment. The purpose of Environmental Engineering is to reduce human damage to the environment, and improve the quality of the environment. Governance environment requires not only technology and management, but also the analysis of the environmental costs. We should also take environmental costs into account appropriately when conducting environmental governance. We should seek the balance of the environmental benefits and economic benefits. Nowadays, the environment of the railway project has drawn increasing attention of many countries. The high-speed rail construction in recent years, make the topic of environmental costs gradually be put on the agenda. The origin of the world's high-speed railway is in 1964, Japan has built the world's first high-speed railway, operating speed at that time is about 210 km / h, and now its speed is 270 km/h. Japan has researched the environmental impact of the high-speed railway, and has got great achievements. United States, Japan, Canada have done many research on environmental impact, and founded a mature system to evaluate the environmental effects of high-speed railway. Evaluating environmental impact is inevitable in the feasibility study stage. High-speed rail construction has produced a series of effects on human living environment. We need to reduce these...
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...The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0268-6902.htm The changing role of the auditors R. Jayalakshmy, A. Seetharaman and Tan Wei Khong Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyber Jaya, Malaysia Abstract Purpose – To highlight the pressures that the auditors would face in the era of globalisation and the challenges they should be willing to accept in order to maintain trust and integrity. Design/methodology/approach – A wide range of articles and journals published in international journals as well as local journals has been reviewed. The areas covered include audit fraud, true and fair view interpretation, auditor independence and role of internal auditors. Further, ideas have also been obtained from critical write-ups in the business magazines on the fall of multinationals. Findings – A wide range of interpretation has been given by various groups of people on their understanding of the phrase “true and fair”. This has created great confusion as to the interpretation of the audit reports. This has been proven by the fall of many multinationals and the audit pioneers, Andersens. This is one of the causes of audit fraud and it is also seen that as the auditors face an enormous challenge as they enter the twenty-first century, they should be willing to change their attitudes towards their clients. Professionalism...
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...Acknowledgements I am thankful to our ‘Honorable Instructor’ Mr. A. H. Lutful Hassan, Deputy Director, P&D Adjunct Faculty, school of business of Independent University, Bangladesh. He provided me valuable assistance in preparing this assignment. I am deeply grateful to him, that he constructs this course to render exposure of Auditing as well as the basic functioning of such. The course builds on the capacity developed in the principle of accounting practice basic concepts and apply them in real case situations. This will help me a lot, in accounting and auditing discipline and auditors decision making process in the real world. I am sincerely thanked to him, that he gives us this case as an assignment, which will help us in future. Because of, this case is based on the practical experience from ‘real world’ situation that is applicable to all business organization. It is making us familiar with real experience. We now know what kind of fraud is taking place in organization, how we can prevent them, how we improve breakdowns, what kind of process should an auditor follows to discover fraud, all of this will help us further carrier as an auditor Dhaka April 2011. Neaz Executive Summary An audit is an examination of a company’s financial statements prepared by the directors...
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...makers are creditors, investors, suppliers and customers. Internal decision makers could be managers to make day to day operations. Balance Sheet reports financial position (assets, capital, and liabilities) of a company at a point of time. Assets: Assets are the economic resources controlled by the organization so that future benefits can be obtained. Assessment of assets is important to its creditors and to its owners because assets provide a basis for judging whether the company has sufficient resources available to operate the business. Typically, the assets of a company include the following: 1. Current assets (short-term): short term assets that transform into cash and within the next year or the operating business cycle of the company. a. Cash and cash equivalents: Highly liquid assets, that can be easily convertible to cash such as bonds, marketable securities. b. Short-term investments: represents the reported values of shares of other companies as investment of access cash c. Trade receivables: When a company sells it products on credit, and receives promises to get back. d. Inventories: refers to the goods which used to produced products and services on credit. e. Prepayments: Prepayments are the advanced payment of any insurance premiums that reflect future economic benefits. f. Other current assets 2. Non-current assets (long-term) : are considered to be long term because they will be used or turned...
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