...Theoretical Position Team PSY 310 March 14, 2012 Theoretical Position What is a basic theoretical position? A basic theoretical position is basically theory discipline on a certain matter which a position is chosen. In this paper team “B” will be taking a look into the basic theoretical positions of four important individuals related to psychology; who are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James. As well as the basic theoretical positions of the individuals we also will be comparing and contrasting the four individual’s positions. Concerning the causes and nature of human psychological functioning Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James share their differences, which team “B” will discuss. Sigmund Freud considered being the father of psychoanalysis. The main theory that Freud focused the majority of his research was the psychoanalytic theory of learning. Freud is most known for his research and contribution in this field of therapy. Freud is of the first Westerners to recognize and work with the unconscious processes. Psychoanalysis is educational process in which unconscious conflicts are consciously confronted. Freud’s theory is based on the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Freud was not the one who invented it, but he was responsible for making it highly popular in the psychoanalytic field of research. Freud applied the deterministic principles systematically to the sphere of the mental, and to hold...
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...Every individual has a personality that is uniquely made up eight key aspects that are the unconscious, ego forces, biological, conditioning, cognitive, traits, spiritual dimension, and interaction. Although there might be similarities between personalities, it is impossible to have the same eight key aspects on more than one individual. Personality psychology truly is fascinating and is defined as the scientific study of psychological forces that make individuals unique. This paper will compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. These three theorists devoted much of their time and energy developing unique approaches, methods, and techniques of psychoanalytic theory used to treat patients today. Sigmund Freud was the true founder of the psychoanalytic theory. Later, his student’s Alfred Adler and Carl Jung questioned Freud’s interpretation of dreams resulting in the Adler and Jungian theories. The psychoanalytic theory developed by Freud encouraged patients to discuss memories of early childhood, interactions, and fantasies. Freud believed that the use of free association and dream analysis revealed the unconscious forces driving one’s inner conflicts. Freud believed that human behavior is subjective to irrational drives that are not displayed on one’s surface. On the other hand, these irrational drives can be found repressed deep inside the...
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...Alfred Adler in the LGBT Community Michael A. Taylor University of the Cumberlands Alfred Adler in the LGBT Community Alfred Adler spent much of his life writing and speaking about how humans view the world – and frequently misconceive it – and how humankind is a social being that depends upon interdependence and collectivism in order to correct its misconceptions. However, Adler viewed each person as a unique individual and believed that a person could only be known through the examination of one’s perceptions of the world (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014). His individual psychology theory has provided an excellent theoretical framework and intervention techniques for individuals, couples, and families since its inception. Sherman and Dinkmeyer proposed empirical evidence that suggested that components of Adlerian therapy were an integrative approach spanning 66 psychotherapeutic models (Dinkmeyer & Sperry, 2000). While Adler was ahead of his time in many regards with his theories and practices, his view of homosexuality as pathology is quite outdated. Nevertheless, Adlerian theory and techniques have a valid role in counseling the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community. This literature review will examine the core tendencies of Adler’s individual psychology as well as early Adlerian attitudes and misconceptions about homosexuality. It will then assess the modern applicability of Adlerian theory in the LGBT community as a whole. Adler’s Individual...
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...Psychodynamic Personality Theories “An individual's self-concept is the core of his personality. It affects every aspect of human behavior: the ability to learn, the capacity to grow and change. A strong, positive self-image is the best possible preparation for success in life” (Brothers, 2011, p. 1). Several psychologists have studied personality over the years, and with this research theories are applied. Theories have strengths and weaknesses and assist those who pursue further research regarding personality. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories provide for a better understanding of the human personality and human nature. Sigmund Freud began the revolution of research and developed the first modern theory of personality. Freud’s research became a test if the future and led many others to develop their own theories some of which were empirical and some philosophical speculation. * Freud is well known for the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, which are sex and aggression. Freud revised his concept of personality several times because he believed that a theory should be followed up with observation. Freud based his theory on his own dreams as well as encounters with patients. The psychoanalytic theory and dynamics of personality supported the idea that “motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives” (Feist, J., & Feist, G., 2009, p. 2). Freud used the concept of motivation to explain the driving forces that...
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...are comparing the overlooked similarities between Alfred Adler’s theories to the more current theories of the solution-focused brief therapy (SFTB) who give no credit to Adler. Though there are many similarities, the article focused on the concept of using encouragement by a therapist to their client to promote personal growth and development rather than on the limitations of a person. These same theories are very similar to the SFBT teachings of today. The article goes into detail sighting three areas of similarities between Adler’s theories and the therapeutic process of the SFTB. Those three areas are the perspective of maladjustment, counselor-client relationship and facilitating change. For the perspective on maladjustment each believe their clients are discouraged and without encouragement but not psychologically sick. In the case of the counselor –client relationship both describe the counselor-client relationship as the counselor instilling hope through encouragement. In the case of facilitating a change both parties encourage new patterns of behavior by accessing persons strength and resources. I agree with the authors finding based on the fact that the authors were able to document with actual statements from Adler and the SFTB literature. In 1956 Adler stated, “All together in every step of the treatment we must not deviate from the path of encouragement”. The authors state that these very same words that Adler used are also used in the SFTB literature describing...
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...Psychoanalytic PSY/250 October 25, 201 Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud is a well-known psychologist, and is known to be one of the greatest of all time. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the earliest well-defined theory of personality. He had many followers in the beginning of researching the psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalytic theory divides the human personality into three systems: the id, ego, and the superego. His theory also referenced most psychological things to sexuality. Carl Jung a psychiatrist and Alfred Adler a physician both became interested in Freud’s psychoanalysis in the 1900’s and visited Freud in Vienna to learn more about his theory. While in Vienna for several years, the relationship between these men came to a halt because of theoretical disagreements. Jung and Carl did not believe sexuality had much to do with psychology. Jung developed the analytical psychology, which interprets feelings and behavior in terms of both an individual and racial unconscious. On the other hand, Adler developed individual psychology, which interprets behavior in terms of a desire for pouter in the social order. Although these men had differences, they studied Psychology and did what they believed in. Jung and Freud both depended on the ideas of unconscious determinants of behavior, but to Jung the unconscious was broader than Freud could see. Freud unconscious only discusses a personal unconscious, which many of these contents were unacceptable or unpleasant...
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...Esther Faith B. Montilla BS PSYCHOLOGY-II Freud : Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud is considered to be the father of psychology by his supporters and his adversaries. Many may choose to disagree with his theories but none would deny that it raised interest, controversy, discussions, research and more theories. Many of Freud’s theories are perceived to be appalling in today’s society but especially so for his generation. His theories were enormously influential, but subject to considerable criticism both now and during his own life. Sample of these major theories are The Conscious and Unconscious Mind in which Freud believed that behavior and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness which are the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious. The Id, Ego and Superego which states that personality is composed of three elements which are known to be the id, ego and superego. Psychosexual Development which describes how personality develops during childhood. Defense Mechanisms or ways that we protect ourselves from things that we don't want to think about or deal with. Freudian Slips which is a verbal or memory mistake that is believed to be linked to the unconscious mind. And the Interpretation of Dreams in which Freud explained that our dreams have manifest content which refers to the surface meaning or the conscious description and the latent content which refers...
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...Team B Tabatha Coots Kimberly Post Diana Turner Gary Elliott University of Phoenix PSY/310 November 26, 2012 Sara Molloy Theoretical Position Paper Outline I. Introduction II. Sigmund Freud a. A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory 1. Thinking which we chose as the central topic would be both experimental and conceptual. 2. The conscious mind includes everything we are aware of, and the unconscious mind feelings thoughts that we are unaware of these underlying influences. b. The Theory of Psychoanalysis 1. The study on mental disorders 2. Dream c. Metapsychology 1. Freud thought of it as something distinct from a clinical theorizing about psychopathology and treatment 2. He felt it was difficult but not impossible concept from physics, economics, and philosophy d. Theory of sexuality 1. 1. He is also known for his theory that all human energy is motivated by sexual desire. 2. He simultaneously developed a theory of how the human mind is organized and operates internally, and how human behavior both conditions and results from this particular theoretical understanding III. Alfred Adler a. Founder of Individual Psychology 1. Adler’s individual psychology presents an optimistic view of people of social interest, feeling equal with human kind 2. Adler’s notion present that behavior is shaped by people’s view of future b. The Adlerian Theory ...
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...Running head: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY CASE STUDY 1 Individual Psychology Case Study of Tyler Marks A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Lori Masters Liberty University INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY CASE STUDY 2 Abstract Key components of Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology Theory are presented and applied to a case study and treatment plan for an adolescent boy. Individual Psychology therapy techniques are utilized to help the adolescent develop insight into his struggles and assist him in developing strategies for change to increase his interest in being a part of his family and society. Credibility of Adler’s theory, from a Christian perspective, is discussed. Conclusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of this theory in assisting the adolescent boy in coming to terms with, and changing his negative behaviors, so that he can live more harmoniously with his family following the divorce of his parents. Keywords: strive for perfection, ‘lifestyle’, significance, sense of community, communal life, social interest, love, private logic, birth order, masculine protest, ‘basic tasks’, tasks of life’, movement, faulty logic, faulty goals, faulty ‘lifestyle’, goals, social contribution, ‘acting out’. Individual Psychology Client’s Presenting Concerns Tyler Marks is an 11year old Caucasian boy. He came to counseling at the request of his parents to address problem behaviors that are affecting his relationships at home and in school. Since...
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...GLOSSARY: actualizing tendency (Rogers) Tendency within all people to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials. adolescence (Erikson) An important psychosocial stage when ego identity should be formed. Adolescence is characterized by puberty and the crisis of identity versus identity confusion. adulthood (Erikson) The stage from about ages 31 to 60 that is characterized by the psychosexual mode of procreativity and the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. aesthetic needs (Maslow) Needs for art, music, beauty, and the like. Although they may be related to the basic conative needs, aesthetic needs are a separate dimension aggression (Adler) Safeguarding tendencies that may include depreciation or accusation of others as well as self-accusation, all designed to protect exaggerated feelings of personal superiority by striking out against other people. anxiety A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by the physical sensation of uneasiness anxiety (Rogers) Feelings of uneasiness or tension with an unknown cause. basic anxiety (Maslow) Anxiety arising from inability to satisfy physiological and safety needs. care (Erikson) A commitment to take care of the people and things that one has learned to care for. client-centered therapy Approach to psychotherapy originated by Rogers, which is based on respect for the person’s capacity to grow within a nurturing climate. cognitive needs (Maslow) Needs for knowledge and understanding; related...
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...Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION The increasing number of women and children being trafficked and commercially exploited is one of the many problems the Philippines have when it comes to children’s welfare is. Economic globalization, internationalization, and free trade have brought with them many benefits and as well unanticipated set of social problems. Among them is the dramatic rise worldwide in the incidence of child exploitation. Among the most virulent forms of this exploitation is child sexual exploitation (CSE) - including their commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Child pornography, juvenile prostitution and trafficking in children for sexual purposes have emerged as significant problems in the national, regional, and international stages. So, too, has child sex tourism. CSE and the CSEC appear to be related in complex ways with other forms of child exploitation, such as the use of children in labour, drug and warfare settings. According to End Child Prostitution (ECPAT), child pornography and trafficking of children for sexual purposes, the commercial sexual exploitation of children consists of criminal practices; that demean, degrade and threaten the physical and psychosocial integrity of children. There are three primary and interrelated forms of commercial sexual exploitations of children: prostitution, pornography and trafficking for sexual purposes. Other forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children include...
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...effects on an individual's family, eating habits, sleeping, school life, or work. B. According to DSM-5, a manual used in examining mental health conditions, this condition is marked by moods that are depressed, and it may occur every day for about two weeks to a person. The symptoms may frequently be in the morning. II. It is believed that social, psychological, and biological factors play an active role in the cause of the severe disorder. This is according to biopsychological model. A. According to the diathesis-stress model, depression is as a result of diathesis or preexisting vulnerabilities that are activated by an event that is stressful (Adler,1956). This is according to Adler. Preexisting vulnerabilities, in this case, may refer to the genetic meaning interaction between nurture and nature, or schematic. B. Severe depression may be triggered by grief after losing a loved one through, divorce, death, or separation. Major challenges in life, feeling of being deprived or social isolation may be the cause of depression (Klein, Herron & Belcher, 2013). III. The problem being experienced by Joe can be analyzed and explained using psychodynamic theory. The psychodynamic theory focuses on the relationship emotional, mind (psyche) and mental, motivational forces in the mind, which interact to shape the personality of a person. A. Gabbard tried to explain the psychodynamic theory better by saying that during a depression, unconscious...
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...as private behaviors to be analyzed according to the same principle as publicly observed behaviors. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the conditioning idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. Jean Piaget- Jean Piaget's work had a profound influence on psychology, especially our understanding children's intellectual development. His research contributed to the growth of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, genetic epistemology, and education reform. Albert Einstein once described Piaget's observations on children's intellectual growth and thought processes as a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it." Sigmund Freud- When people think of psychology, many tend to think of Freud. His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development, and abnormal psychology. Albert Bandura- Bandura's work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His social learning theory stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling. "Learning would be exceedingly...
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...meanings. In addition, they separate theory based on what is most important to the psychiatrist. The development of personality is how an individual becomes that individual (Gerson, 1994). It includes the “stable and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving” (Gerson, 1994, 2). Character forms by resolving conflicts of drives and tensions, and the pressures to conform and socialize. Psychoanalytic models of personality integrate innate predispositions with the environment and its impact. In these theories, parents act as models for ego, ego-ideal and superego. Introjection and identification are basic processes. The child develops partially based on the parents’ characteristics, and the ways in which conflicts with the parents are resolved. The stages in the child’s life when the interactions with parents take place area also part of the process. Sigmund Freud attached a sexual perspective to the entire human psyche (Gerson, 1994). He defined three components of a person: the id, the ego, and the superego. The conflicts between the three parts often conflicts, creating personality. When the conflicts are not treated, neuroses occur. Each person also has two drives or instincts that are in conflict, life and death. The life instinct is eros, and the death instinct is thanatos (Rana, 1997). Both are parts of the id. Libido is the energy or force for the formation of the id, ego, and superego. Carl Jung developed a personality theory based on what he saw as the undeniable...
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...experimental relationship, others will use dialogue and speech to establish a rapport, or focus specifically on improving overall mental health of the patient. (Bouchard et al., 2001) While effectiveness normally requires the treatment to be fitted to the specific psychological problem for the patient, some debate remains on which is the best possible course of action for each. There are three primary psychoanalytical theories commonly applied to psychotherapy, which are respectively attributed to Freud, Jung, and Adler. (McCrae, 2011) This paper attempts to compare and contract the three different theories and provide the stages of Freud’s theory along with three uses of Freudian defense mechanisms. Psychoanalytic Theory, Three Schools of Thought Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is based on the collected works and studies of Sigmund Freud, for whom the theories are named. Most of the base theories developed by Dr. Freud were expanded and split into different schools of thought by his students, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung. In his work, Freud pioneered the psychoanalytic theory, which as a treatment for patients encourages them to speak openly about their experiences and memories, the associated thoughts and feelings surrounding those memories, and the fantasies they have regarding those associations. (McCrae, 2011) These were all interpreted based...
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