...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose not to use experiments when conducting research. 20 Scientists set out to discover scientific laws of cause and effect. The method favoured by natural scientists for discovering these laws is the laboratory experiments take place in labs are considered more artificial. In this essay I will conclude the reasons why experiments are not used to evaluate research. In addition the field and the comparative method will also be outlined as wells as their strengths and limitations which is used by sociologists in their research. Field experiments takes place in real social world. positivist sociologists use laboratory experiments as they favour a more scientific method. Positivist sociologists however also acknowledge the short comings of laboratory experiments, such as, it is often impossible or unethical to control the variables. Also their small scale means that results may not be representative or generalisable to the wider population. On the other hand interpretivists reject the laboratory experiments because it fails to achieve their main goal of validity. It is an artificial environment producing unnatural behaviour. There are various practical problems with laboratory experiments. Society is VERYhttp://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png complex and in practice it would be impossible to control variables that may influence a situation. Therefore although the ability to control variables in laboratory conditions...
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...The White Powder Mystery The purpose of this experiment is to figure out who sabotaged Luigi’s cake with a mystery substance. The way we did this was by testing the multiple mystery powders to see there reactions to vinegar, iodine, and heat. The vinegar tests for the presence of acid, the iodine tests for the presence of starch, and heat to test for burning point. The items needed to complete this lab are a Bunsen burner, tin foil, plastic film, iodine, vinegar, baby powder, baking powder, baking soda, flour, corn starch, and powder sugar. I believe that toad sabotaged Luigi’s cake because no one suspects the toad. 1) You need to gather all the materials. Including mystery substances 1-6 2) Put mystery powder 1 on the plastic film in two piles, and test its reaction to vinegar then to iodine. Repeat this for mystery powders 2-6. 3) Record results 4) Make 6 small bowls out of the tin foil to hold the mystery powders. 5) Connect the Bunsen burner hose. 6) Turn on the gas and light with a striker. 7) Hold the tin foil bowls with the mystery powders in them with tongs, and then move the bowls over the flame for 20 to 30 seconds. 8) Record results Observations Vinegar Iodine Heat A White powder, Blue tint No Fizz No reaction Burned around edges B White powder, fine, clumps together Fizz Reaction Smokes, burns edges C fine powder, clumps Fizz No reaction No heating reaction D clumps, yellow tint, soft No Fizz Reaction Very quick reaction, Flames E very soft, very fine...
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...doing common day-to-day things. Similarly, addictions developed through operant conditioning can be detrimental to a person’s health and well-being. Although both phobias and addictions can be difficult to expel, through extinction, a process of removing the reinforcer, it can be completed (Cherry, n.d.). This essay will explore classical conditioning phobias and operant conditioning addictions and the remedy through extinction for both. Phobias Through Classical Conditioning According to Merriam-Webster Online (n.d.) phobias are: : an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object. This makes perfect sense considering how a phobia is developed. Classical conditioning is a learning style that associates something (sound, smell, etc.) that historically would have not been corresponded with it. A phobia is likely to be developed through an association to fear. As an example, in the 1920’s John Watson and Rosalie Rayner performed experiments on a 9-month baby, Little Albert, that paired a harmless item, such as a white bunny or white rate with a sound that frightened the baby (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). In this case baby had a response, without any prior learning, to be fearful because of the loud bell being rung directly behind him or what...
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...pretty serious in this society since discrimination is a big issue that people are fighting again these days. Our justice is actually one of the aspects that this problem involves in and we could not imagine a civilization without justice. The main body of the people the author talks about is females who particularly studies engineering, and the points the author made was persuasive and sufficient since the results or outcomes in the article are mainly from realistic surveys and experiments that scientists already have conducted. This article makes me realize that even in this well developed society, discrimination still exists in many other forms other than simply race or gender. Just as the author mentions, the pregnancy is still a main reason why most of the companies do not take female workers seriously and put them in significant positions. People always know that women would eventually be pregnant, deliver a baby, raise the baby and take care of the family. The role of female...
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...who is trained in a science and whose job involves doing scientific research or solving scientific problems “. Further, the definition of “science” is “knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation; a particular area of scientific study (such as biology, physics, or chemistry); a particular branch of science.” Characteristics of scientists can include, curiosity, open-mindedness and free of bias, keen observers, resourceful, purposeful, persistent, great communication skills, creative, critical thinkers and, courageous. I see a chemist differently than a herpetologist, physicist, or marine biologist. Some of the notable people from science that come to my mind are people like Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Bill Nye the Science Guy, Carl Sagan, Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter and, Stephen Hawking. Thinking about Sheldon or Leonard from Big Bang Theory they are, curious, Sheldon is always finding something to invent or coming up with something. Leonard is open-minded and usually free of bias. Albert Einstein was very resourceful, persistent, a critical thinker and very courageous for his...
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...WRI 102 Argumentative Essay 21st March, 2013 Cloning The twenty first century has brought in many extraordinary breakthroughs one of which happens to be cloning. Cloning can be defined as the process of creating a cell, tissue line or even a complete organism from a single cell (Jane Maienshchein, 2001). Cloning was a mere dream that people in the past used to have and wish upon, where cloning has been seen to be an impossible desire that no man can achieve. However, nowadays technology has reached levels that people thought would never reach and spread into so many branches and depths that now it has become safe to say that nothing is really impossible. Breaking the impossibility, many questions are being asked and many arguments are taking place around human cloning. Cloning has been considered to not just human beings but to animals as well. When the sheep dolly was cloned, the issue of cloning became something familiar to read about in the news. Many headlines have helped the public consider about taking part in this serious issue that is human cloning. Questions start to rise regarding the possibility of human cloning, and of course technology, they are questions that never stop. What has started out as thoughts and ideas about human cloning written down on papers, are now ideas that are being turned in to live experiments preformed in the labs. Away from the different views of the religious organizations and people’s thoughts and disagreement, cloning can be considered...
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...Real Essays From Stanford Medical Students Comments Regarding Plagiarism The essays contained within this document were written by current Stanford medical students and have been carefully read and reviewed by file reviewers, interviewers, and admissions staff and officers at Stanford Medical School as well as dozens of other medical schools across the country. We must emphasize that you need to be honest in writing your personal statements. If you borrow material or use quotes from other sources, make sure to credit them appropriately. Not giving credit where it is due is not only disastrous to your essay, but it is also illegal. Admissions officers read hundreds, and even thousands of personal statements each year, and have developed a fine tune sense for detecting plagiarism as well as remembering the essays they’ve read. You owe it to yourself to be hones, open, and sincere in writing your personal essay as it is a reflection of yourself and what is important in your life and your decision to pursue a career in medicine. Stanford Essays The following essays were written by real Stanford medical students in preparing their applications. We suggest that you read through all of the essays to get a diverse view of the types of themes and styles which have been successfully used for personal statements. Each personal statement is exactly that, personal. No one format or style will work for everyone. However, there are structures and themes which are common throughout...
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...Cloning is paradigmatic because it signifies both a specific medical technique and the mode of operation of modern technique. As a specific technique it allows the reproduction of biological organisms, including humans. As a mode of operation it signifies the turning of given phenomena into human-induced processes, and in doing so seeks to control, if not outright eliminate, otherwise given differences. In the latter sense, cloning is equally applicable to biological organisms and cultural artifacts, including law. Seen from this perspective the homogenization of international law in the field of biotechnology is a telling case of the cloning of international law. The essay will begin with a science fiction account of cloning through a brief discussion of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World.17 I will then move to discuss two case studies of genetic regulation, which simultaneously address the problem of cloning and reproduce the problem on a different level. The first concerns human cloning and the 2005 United Nation Declaration on the Human Cloning.18 The second concerns stem-cell research and a more recent decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of Brüstle v. Greenpeace (2011), to impose a blanket prohibition on patenting the outcome of stem-cell research. The two cases represent the growing international governance of biotechnologies. Both regulations set limits on the use of specific biotechnologies either by an outright prohibition of...
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...1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History PRINT ER-FRIENDLY PAGE: T his page contains the com plete tex t of this Sim UT ex t chapter. Y ou can use y our browser's print function to print a copy . Life History This chapter explores life cycles, life histories and life tables, and explores the trade-offs that different species make in their reproductive strategy. file:///C:/Users/Hossein/SimUText/labs/LifeHistory_20700/instructions/print_chapter.html 1/156 1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History Contents Se ction 1 : Life Cycle s a nd Life Historie s Chapter Credits This Sim UText chapter was dev eloped by a team including: Lead Author: Simon Bird Authors: W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir Reviewer: Susan Maruca Graphics: Brad Beesley, Jennifer Wallner Simulations: Susan Maruca Programming: Derek Stal, Steve Allison-Bunnell, Jen Jacaruso Outside Reviewer: James Danoff-Burg (Columbia University) Thanks to all the students and instructors who helped test prototy pes of this chapter. For m ore inform ation, please v isit www.sim bio.com . Suggested citation: Sim on Bird, Susan Maruca, W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir. 2 009 . Life History . In Sim UText Ecology . Sim bio.com . Sim UText is a registered tradem ark of Sim Biotic Software for Teaching and Research, Inc. © 2 009 -2 01 2 Sim Bio. All Rights Reserv ed. This and other Sim bio Interactiv e Chapters® are accessible through the Sim UText Sy stem ®. ...
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...University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Business - Papers Faculty of Business 2014 Actor Network Theory Karin Garrety University of Wollongong, karin@uow.edu.au Publication Details Garrety, K. (2014). Actor Network Theory. In H. Hasan (Eds.), Being Practical with Theory: A Window into Business Research (pp. 15-19). Wollongong, Australia: THEORI. http://eurekaconnection.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/p-15-19-actor-network-theorytheori-ebook_finaljan2014-v3.pdf Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au Actor Network Theory Abstract Actor-Network Theory (ANT) emerged from science and technology studies, though it was inspired by grounded theory and semiotics. In the 1970s, Bruno Latour (a French anthropologist and social scientist) and Steve Woolgar (a British sociologist) undertook ethnographic field work at the Salk Institute in California. This research was inspired by grounded theory and Latour and Woolgar approached their study of work in the endocrinology laboratory as if they were anthropologists observing a hitherto unknown and strange set of practices. In other words, they did not fit their observations into any preconceived notions of scientific method, or how science 'should' be done. The resulting, highly influential book Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts(1979, re-released...
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...DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET!Write your name, period number, and the correct answer for each question on your answer sheet. Take your time and choose your answers carefully! | | | Tone, Style, and Mood | 1. | The footsteps were coming closer. I knew I had to get out of there fast. Looking desperately around, I finally spotted a small window at the end of the room, a beacon of light in the dark, rancid basement. I sprinted and leapt up to grab a ceiling pipe. Thankfully, the pipe was close enough to the window to allow me to swing my body through. My enemy was making his way down the hall, bursting open door after door. I needed to break through this window in two tries to make it out in time. What is the mood of the passage? | | | | A. | timid | | B. | cheerful | | C. | sorrowful | | D. | daring | Write your response here: | I was having a crazy dream. For some reason, my face was covered in sticky honey, and a bear was charging toward me! It pounced on me and started licking my face! Yuck. I quickly jerked awake to escape, but for some reason the licking didn't stop! I also realized that something small was running back and forth across my chest. I opened my eyes, and there staring back at me was a puppy! "Awesome!" I yelled. I've wanted a puppy for so long, and here was this adorable brown creature looking up at me. I suddenly realized that today was my birthday! I looked at the doorway and saw my mother smirking...
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...PART 1 THE STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT R esearching the process of human development across cultures provides us with an opportunity to improve the human condition as well as, hopefully, to acquire the knowledge needed to optimize life satisfaction. We therefore begin with an overview of how diverse social science and life science researchers (collectively known as developmentalists) approach the monumental task of studying humans over the course of the life span. Our discussion includes the goals of the scientific community, the recognized framework for studying the life span, what aspects of development warrant extensive examination, and what scientific methods are used to conduct research with humans. Chapter 2 discusses the main developmental theories over the past 100 years, when social scientists, biologists, and chemists focused on studying discrete aspects of human development. Earlier introspective methods about subconscious experience and contemporary measurable evidence about microscopic genetic codes, neurons, and hormones all contribute to our understanding of the human condition. Contemporary researchers are focusing on how to integrate scientific findings and theory from across cultures into a more meaningful whole about human development. CHAPTER 1 Introduction Critical Thinking Questions 1. Developmental change takes place in three fundamental domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional-social. Which domain has been most important for...
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...The Evolution of the Universe edited by David L. Alles Western Washington University e-mail: alles@biol.wwu.edu Last Updated 2013-7-14 Note: In PDF format most of the images in this web paper can be enlarged for greater detail. 1 “If being educated means having an informed sense of time and place, then it is essential for a person to be familiar with the scientific aspects of the universe and know something of its origin and structure.” Project 2061, American Association for the Advancement of Science ---------------------------"The effort to understand the universe is one of the very few things that lifts human life a little above the level of farce, and gives it some of the grace of tragedy."—Steven Weinberg Steven Weinberg is winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979, and author of the book "The First Three Minutes". 2 Introduction Science at the beginning of the twenty-first century can make some bold, yet simple observations: 1) the universe has evolved; 2) we are a result of that evolution. “We are the first generation of human beings to glimpse the sweep of cosmic history, from the universe's fiery origin in the Big Bang to the silent, stately flight of galaxies through the intergalactic night.” (National Research Council) Order in the Universe Cosmology is the study of the evolution of the universe from its first moments to the present. In cosmology the most fundamental question we can ask is: Does our universe have intelligible regularities that...
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...Truth and Reality: Are our versions mere mind-created, or real ? Can we ever distinguish actual reality from the synthetic models that mind create ? Or, can we ever know any reality other than what our minds create ? If we clinically analyse the total contents of our mind, we will find that it is a mix of many things that we consider as real, and equal number of things that we know as mere manufactured products of we,or that of the human community in general. What we naively consider as real are objects and relations that we have seen, heard, touched,tasted or smelt. We had learned this criterion of assessing reality from our primeval days when mind was not developed to perceive anything beyond what were just in-front the sense-organs. Animals are still in worlds of reality. Now, man's this category of reality also consists the various scientific facts,that we believe, our prestigious men of science must have either directly observed through their special instruments, or inferred over strong evidences they must have collected through their various false-proof methods. For example, the moon-rocks are real because NASA has its samples displayed at their facilities, or it is Sun there at the center of solar system, and earth and other planets are revolving around it. We believe that Science has adequate proof of these real physical facts. Though these scientific facts are quite different from the reality of a horse or a mountain that we actually see, we generally...
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...Complex Systems in Education CSE ESSAYS COURSE Complex Course on Writing English and American Essays for Advanced Students English Language Programs Division Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Writing 2 United States Information Agency, Washington, D. C. 1999 2 3 How to Use this Complex Course Частные уроки Английского Языка 387-1231 MIND Speaks to MIND – Selected American Essays 4 Preface Some years ago, a visitor to our office, a professor of English at a large foreign university, asked if the English Language Programs Division had published a book of American essays for foreign students – especially students at the advanced level. Having to respond in the negative, I was, nonetheless, “intrigued” by the idea of a collection of essays that would form a source of stimulating ideas or thoughts that could be thoroughly examined in the EFL classroom, discussed and debated in free conversation, and perhaps, ultimately, lead to a significant growth in the exchange of information between cultures – via the printed page. From this rationale, then, there issues an explanation for the title, Mind Speaks to Mind, which itself is an “exchange of information” between the editor and Edward Hoagland in his essay, “On Essays”! And, readers are encouraged to study this essay first as a type of guideline concerning the nature/purpose of the essay. It is found on page 26. For ease of reference, the essays are presented in alphabetical order according...
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