...The Surrogate Motherhood Controversy POSC 450.001 Senior Seminar October 24, 2009 The Surrogate Motherhood Controversy Introduction “A surrogate mother feels like a flesh covered test tube during the entire experience. As the fetus grows the women is depersonalized and she become fragmented from the whole person –merely a vehicle for breeding babies.” There is a huge controversy of whether surrogate motherhood should be legal. This controversy has started huge debates worldwide. It has brought attention to doctors, sociologists, feminists, historians, and people of different cultures, races, classes and religions. The major overwhelming arguments is that the act of surrogacy should be illegal. The issues and objections surrounding the surrogate motherhood is that it is considered baby selling, finding the legality of its contracts, and the class of people, whether they are rich or poor. The other concerns are the traditional rights of the birth mothers, the psychological impact of these children who are born under these contracts. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the controversy of a surrogate mother. The paper will find the reasons of why women want to become surrogate mothers. This paper will examine the different viewpoints that have been in conflict for many years. The paper will reveal how some women chose to become surrogate mothers just for the money and that some do it because they want to help couples who...
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...The Surrogate Motherhood Controversy The Surrogate Motherhood Controversy Introduction “A surrogate mother feels like a flesh covered test tube during the entire experience. As the fetus grows the women is depersonalized and she become fragmented from the whole person –merely a vehicle for breeding babies.” There is a huge controversy of whether surrogate motherhood should be legal. This controversy has started huge debates worldwide. It has brought attention to doctors, sociologists, feminists, historians, and people of different cultures, races, classes and religions. The major overwhelming arguments is that the act of surrogacy should be illegal. The issues and objections surrounding the surrogate motherhood is that it is considered baby selling, finding the legality of its contracts, and the class of people, whether they are rich or poor. The other concerns are the traditional rights of the birth mothers, the psychological impact of these children who are born under these contracts. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the controversy of a surrogate mother. The paper will find the reasons of why women want to become surrogate mothers. This paper will examine the different viewpoints that have been in conflict for many years. The paper will reveal how some women chose to become surrogate mothers just for the money and that some do it because they want to help couples who cannot produce children. This paper will also show...
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...goes outside of natural reproduction. For some, it is the only method of having children, extending family. Surrogacy has been stirring up many controversies over the years. Ethics, morals, laws, religious views, etc. have played a major role in the issues that follow the topic of surrogacy. Laws and regulations pertaining to surrogacy vary from state to state. Some states have no enforceable laws towards surrogacy, while others only permit surrogacy contracts that are uncompensated arrangements and gestational agreements (Trimarchi, 2011). Some states prohibit same sex couples from entering into any form of surrogacy contracts. In this paper, I will be address the legal and ethical issues involved and other aspects of surrogacy. History of Surrogacy and Case Study Surrogacy was assumed to have been around since the Babylonian times. Alternatively, the most credible records to date allocate managing legal passivity and the public responses during the middle of the 20th century. Surrogacy did not become public in 1976, when Attorney Noel Keane negotiated the first ever surrogacy agreement ("History of surrogacy," 2011). Attorney Noel Keane and Dr. Ringold created the first ever fertility clinic (surrogacy clinic) in the United States. Many laws and regulations were not implemented until the case of Elizabeth Kane and the case of Baby M. Elizabeth Kane was the first woman to enter into a compensated surrogacy agreement in 1980. She was to be compensated with $10,000. She,...
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...goes outside of natural reproduction. For some, it is the only method of having children, extending family. Surrogacy has been stirring up many controversies over the years. Ethics, morals, laws, religious views, etc. have played a major role in the issues that follow the topic of surrogacy. Laws and regulations pertaining to surrogacy vary from state to state. Some states have no enforceable laws towards surrogacy, while others only permit surrogacy contracts that are uncompensated arrangements and gestational agreements (Trimarchi, 2011). Some states prohibit same sex couples from entering into any form of surrogacy contracts. In this paper, I will be address the legal and ethical issues involved and other aspects of surrogacy. History of Surrogacy and Case Study Surrogacy was assumed to have been around since the Babylonian times. Alternatively, the most credible records to date allocate managing legal passivity and the public responses during the middle of the 20th century. Surrogacy did not become public in 1976, when Attorney Noel Keane negotiated the first ever surrogacy agreement ("History of surrogacy," 2011). Attorney Noel Keane and Dr. Ringold created the first ever fertility clinic (surrogacy clinic) in the United States. Many laws and regulations were not implemented until the case of Elizabeth Kane and the case of Baby M. Elizabeth Kane was the first woman to enter into a compensated surrogacy agreement in 1980. She was to be compensated with $10,000. She,...
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...Introduction Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé, is the world’s largest food company, producing products such as chocolates, soups, coffee, cereals, baby formula, and a host of other items (Nestlé, 2006). In the late 1960’s and 1970’s, Nestlé found itself in the centre of a scandal (Krasny, 2012). It was accused of encouraging mothers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to use baby formula instead of breast milk, a healthier and less expensive alternative (Krasny, 2012). The allegations of non-ethical marketing practices led to boycotts of Nestlé products, beginning in 1977, in the United States and Europe: some boycotts continue to this day (Facebook, 2012). The criticisms, public outcry, and attention from social activists resulted in Senate Hearings in the United States and meetings by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1981). The result was a new set of marketing rules, introduced in 1981,that restricted the promotion of baby formula (WHO, 1981). These restrictions are outlined in the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO, 1981). The aim of the code is to “ensure the proper use of breast milk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information and through appropriate marketing and distribution” (International Lactation Consultant Association, 2001). When you consider the corporate marketing practices uncovered in the Nestlé scandal, one can see that a corporation’s vision must go beyond profits, and consider...
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...Introduction The new reproductive technology (NRT) is no exception any more, since Louise Brown, the first "test tube" baby, was born on 25 July, 1978 (Simmons, 2009). Before her parents Lesley Brown and John Brown met Drs Edwards and Steptoe, they had been trying to conceive a baby for nine years, but never succeeded. Because Lesley Brown was diagnosed with fallopian tubes obstruction, at that time, it indeed meant hopelessness of being pregnant without a miracle. Then the ungovernable longings for having a baby impelled Lesley Brown to participated in Drs Edwards and Steptoe's experiments. Lesley Brown was not the only volunteer during the procedure, but she fortunately became the first successful case (Deech & Smajdor，2007). At present, 4 million "test tube" babies have been born around the world（website), thanks to Drs Edwards and Steptoe's great contribution from 1977. But what if geneticists announce that genetics and traits can be predetermined for unborn babies today? Then what will parents order for their new babies? Blond hair or ruddy eyes? Bird’s wings or fish's gills? How about the mermaid’s beauty and Einstein's intelligence? Those questions need to be reflected by young generations, because that may be no longer an imagination of the future. Jeffrey Steinberg, a pioneer of in vitro fertilization (IVF), and the founder of the LA Fertility Institute as well, has already maintained in 2009 that his clinic would carry out trait-selected serves soon (Mara,...
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...A current issue of controversy is abortion, which has polarized the national community and is a current hot topic in the Presidential debates. Two groups of abortion include the people who are pro-life who believe that there is a right to life before conception. This is based on moral and ethical issues as well as religious implications. The opposing group believes that life does not begin until after the baby is born and that the family has the right to choose. A feminist would describe the roots of this problem as based in the woman’s reproductive right to choose. A woman should have the right to their body and their health and that they should the freedom to choose their own life (Schoen, 2000). This is also evident in rape and incest cases where many feel that abortion needs to be an option after an involuntary event where a woman did not have the right to her own body. Political and ethical theories that are evident in this controversy include deontological and consequentialism (Canario, 2011). Those who are pro-abortion may follow consequentialism because they are concerned about the consequences of the abortion (or not having an abortion) which may mean health issues for the mother, sustaining a family that a parent can clearly not take care or long term issues of care for the child. Those who are anti-abortion can be seen as being deontological because they believe that the mother has a moral duty to society and to their religion or other beliefs that the child’s...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Nestlé: The Infant Formula Controversy Nestlé: The Infant Formula Controversy CASE 4 April VanRivers Adv. International Marketing March 24, 2013 1. What are the responsibilities of companies in this or similar situations? Domestic companies and multinational companies have responsibilities that portray their corporate and social stance as an organization. Many of these responsibilities are indicated in the vision or mission statement. Ethical and socially responsible conduct should be the cornerstone of any organization’s core values and strategic management process (Godiwalla & Damanpour, 2006). For an MNC, ethical and social responsibility charge becomes an imperative because it is globally conspicuous, and, its activities have global impact and ramifications (Godiwalla & Damanpour, 2006). An MNC’s activities whether they are the pursuit of rapid growth, increased market share and profits, and competitive performance, should emanate its core ethical values and socially responsible vision. A MNC’s responsibility should stem beyond financial targets and in addition focus on the well being of people, communities and the environment. A company that has a strong social responsibility statement is Diageo. Diageo is one of the top ten MNCs and is the world's largest producer of spirits and a major producer of beer and wine (SiliconIndia, 2012). Diageo's brands include Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Baileys and Guinness (SiliconIndia, 2012). It is...
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...Infant Formula: 3 Overcharged Prices 4 Unfair Labour Practices 4 Steps Taken by Nestle 5 Conclusion 5 References 7 Introduction Marketing ethics can be considered as a subset of business ethics which deals with the study of how ethical and moral standards can be applied to various marketing decisions. Various topics can come under the umbrella of marketing ethics and these are product safety, pricing fairness, advertising honesty, product liability, etc. Corporations have increasingly become very competitive and in the last few years, news of breach of ethical codes of conduct have been highlighted in the media (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). This essay will elaborate upon the marketing dilemmas through the lens of ethics using case example of Nestle. Ethical Behaviour and Theories One of the ways through which moral philosophy and ethics can be viewed is through utilitarianism as proposed by John Stuart Mill who argued that the world exists in an imperfect state and individuals should strive to maximize happiness and stated that any increase in the degree of happiness justified any kind of sacrifice (Fritzsche & Oz, 2007). On the other hand, Kant states that the connection between happiness and virtue arose because of the belief that the rational pursuit of virtue and happiness are same in that they are identical wherein virtue can produce happiness. This is done by having relationship which is distinct from satisfaction as well as pride which comes from...
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...Patricia Saralegui-Carr PHI 105 June 21, 2014 Corey Hunt Abortion Controversy: Women’s Right or Legalized Murder? Abortion is one of the most controversial debates of the century. Everyone knows someone who has been pregnant or debating having an abortion. There are plenty of reasons why women feel they need to terminate their pregnancy. The following information is for those who believe that abortion is the solution to their problem. Yes abortion is a legal solution to an unwanted pregnancy. Many pro-choice activists will argue the claim that it is a safe and relatively painless procedure. Abortions are morally and ethically wrong because they kill innocent unborn fetuses who have the right to life. During pregnancy, women give the unborn fetus the right to use their bodies. Abortion should be illegal because they defy the sanctity of human life, deny the mother the alternatives to having an abortion, and cause psychological side effects. Millions of people have died trying to defend their country, their freedom, and their families. Victims have been remembered through speeches and memorials, but why are those who seek justice for victims the same ones who defy the sanctity of human life and approve abortions. Let’s look in the Bible to see what is said about abortion. People can argue that it is unfair to quote the Bible on God’s view on abortion. Well, it is unfair because God is the creator of life. It is seen as a blessing to have children and a curse if...
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...react to TOMS shoes: the baby boomers, Generation X, and the Millennials Considering the present economic instability, the sense of environmental responsibility and the inner maturity carried by the 78 million plus baby boomers, I believe TOMS shoes would have a very proactive response from this generational group (Baby Boomers) as far as consumption is concerned. I believe it could work both ways, they might purchase them as gifts to a younger family member or they might like a model and purchase it for themselves, either way is the “One for One” marketing strategy that motivates their sense of giving (shoes) that ultimately nurtures the enjoyment of helping others while they help themselves saving some extra money. According to the textbook, Principles of Marketing 14th Edition, one study showed that boomers, on average, see themselves 12 years younger than they actually are. And rather than viewing themselves as phasing out, they see themselves as entering new life phases. “Today’s boomer’s think young no matter how old they are.” This supports the idea that boomers could adapt with easiness to TOMS shoes since they see themselves in a juvenile way and TOMS shoes are primarily targeted to young individuals, and bought and valued primarily by the younger generations. In the other hand Generation X it’s a less materialistic, higher quality group of individuals, who are looking for the next experience but faces the greater economic pressures of baby boomers. Generation X, 40...
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...Topic 2: Who are the most likely candidates for the burials in Tomb II at Vergina? Theresa Nguyen Student Number: 270275616 Ever since the excavations of ‘The Great Tumulus’ mound by Manolis Andronicus in 1977, the remains found in the second (Tomb II) of the three tombs revealed, have been a source for controversy in the archaeological community. Upon inspection, tomb II uncharacteristically had managed to evade looters and remained untouched, much to the delight of the excavators. According to reports, tomb II held the remains of two individuals: a man and a woman. The debate in this issue lies in the identities of the remains found. Most theories and reports derived from extensive anthropological and archaeological analysis, suggest that the male remains are that of King Phillip II of Macedon, the predecessor and father of Alexander the great and his seventh wife Kleopatra, adversely numerous articles contend this, stating that the remains actually belong to his other son King Phillip III Arrihadeus and his spouse Eurydice. The most commonly employed technique used in the quest to determine the identity of the bones found in Tomb II, was the anthropological study of the bones. As mentioned above, there were two remains identified in Tomb II, the first being found in the main chamber (Chamber II) wrapped in a gold and purple cloth and entombed in a gold larnax, decorated by a gold wreath depicting myrtle leaves and acorns, the skeleton found was almost complete and...
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...position of abortion because of rape or incest. In this paper, we will touch on several different topics of abortion to have a better understanding why there is such a strong debate on this subject. History on Abortion When we think of abortion, many people do not think about it or even talk about it. When those who are sitting around contemplating abortion, they do not stop to think how long abortion has been around. Abortion laws started during the 1820’s when it was a law that abortions could not be performed after the fourth month of pregnancy. By 1965, all of the fifty states had put a ban on abortion except for some exceptions that dealt with saving the mother’s life. (Johnson lewis, 2009) As the years went on, in 1973 the court case of Roe v....
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...Speaking to or teaching teenagers about sex is a continuing controversy. Statistics from the Guttmacher Institute show that nearly half of U.S. teenagers between the ages of 15-19 have had sex. There has always been a debate on the curriculum of sex education. Some people believe that abstinence only education is the only kind of education that should be taught in U.S. public schools, while others believe in the need to teach comprehensive sex education. Statistics show that teenagers do have sex, are contracting STDs, and are getting pregnant. Although many U.S. states disagree with teaching abstinence only sex education, the government has funded over a billion dollars to schools over the past ten years that have taught an abstinence only curriculum. The Grand Rapids Press affirmed, in 2008 the Bush administration gave $ 200 million to schools in the U.S. for abstinence only curriculums. In the United States, we are divided on our opinion of sex education. Sharyl Attkisson from CBS News reported in 14 states both abstinence and contraception are taught, in 19 states only teaching abstinence is required and in 17 states the state does not specify on which sex education curriculum to teach. “The National Abstinence Education Association argues that comprehensive sex education in schools doesn’t reduce the number of teens having sex”, reported in the Grand Rapids Press. But contrary to the National Abstinence Education Association a study by The Mathematica Policy Research study...
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...procured abortion and this is largely due to the fact that with opposition still coming from some sections of our societies, these women are denied their rightful societal place due to discrimination. Most of them balk away from the society as they suspect, and accurately so, that they will be discriminated against by the very people who are supposed to provide moral and psychological help. In fact, the propensity of these women to retreat into these psychological complications is a mark of the collective failure of our society to acknowledge the factors that necessitate abortion. In fact, if such women are readily provided with psychological support not just in terms of counseling but up to the family and community level, there would be no cases of these women relapsing into depression episodes. In essence, women should be granted full...
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