...Atichai Suwannapeng Pre Lab #6 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Tonicity Group #3 Section A3 Group Members: Laghu Shakya, Alex Maican, Kelvin Chen, Ziye Lin 10/18/2015 Abstract: In this lab we will be gaining an understanding of how transport in membranes work. This is important because in our semi permeable cell membrane the mode of movement relies on transport. Some methods of transportation for molecules are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis and osmosis. The reason molecules tend to move around when dissolved in a solution is because all molecules display random thermal motion and have kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is what allows the molecules to diffuse down a gradient of high concentration to regions of low concentration until the distribution of molecules become equal and achieved dynamic equilibrium. The entire solution only becomes homogeneous when one of the several factors are reached: the size of the dye molecules, temperature of the solution, density of the solvent and concentration of the dye. Heat is what causes random motion of molecules and passively moves molecules in biological systems. However, we can’t see this movement with our naked eye. In order for us to see this movement, we must use a microscope to see the small particles move after collision, this is called the Brownian movement. When talking about the cell membrane we must understand that it is selectively permeable, which means it can choose what can pass through...
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...Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page 4 Maize marketing costs Main points in Chapter 4 Maize marketing costs Types of marketing cost Packaging Transport Handling Weight Losses spillage theft moisture loss cleaning damage in storage Storage warehouse charges value depreciation of store cost of maintaining quality quality losses Capital Other costs weighing market fees local taxes “unofficial” taxes traders' overheads A calculation to help farmers allow for price inflation Examples of marketing cost calculations Small trader selling maize in a local market Large trader selling maize to a large mill Bagged maize from farmers often contains straw, stones and other foreign matter and must then be cleaned by the trader before it can be sold. Sometimes farmers even try to defraud traders by putting in large stones or other objects… in the end it is the farmers who suffer as traders will pay them less in the future. TYPES OF MARKETING COST2 This chapter concentrates on the costs of marketing maize3. The types of costs described are broadly similar to the costs associated with the marketing of other crops and the cost-calculation methodology outlined can also be used for other crops. In moving produce from farmers to the eventual buyer, in most cases a mill, traders have a large number of costs, some of which may not be...
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...M&M’s Write Up 1. Bag Weight Analysis The bag weight analysis focuses on whether the weight of the bag of M&Ms is consistent with the advertised weight around 50oz. We assumed the series of data containing the classes’ weights to be approximately normal. Since n=48, the large-sample test for population mean was used to determine the plausibility that the advertised weight was true. 2. Color Distribution Analysis The color distribution analysis calculated whether or not the color distribution of the bag of M&Ms accurately depicts the advertised proportions. The number of orange M&Ms in our bag suggested that the proportion was consistent with the advertised proportion of 20%. Since all of the expected values for the distributions were over the standard values, the data suggested that the color distribution was not consistent with the advertised distribution. However, another possibility is that the color distributions truly are not accurate and were ball-parked for curious customers. 3. M&M Variability Analysis Through the use of a histogram and confidence interval of the standard deviation, the variance in the weight of individual M&Ms was analyzed. The sample size was taken from around 50oz bag of M&Ms. Judging from the shape of the histogram, the confidence range, and the analysis of the M&M manufacturing process, it was concluded that individual M&Ms have very little variance from the mean weight. 4. Defects Analysis ...
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...permeable to water. In this experiment, the rate of diffusion or osmosis is based on the concentration gradient. The differences in the concentration gradient will either make for an isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic solution. Isotonic means that the concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell. Hypotonic means that there is a higher concentration outside of the cell than inside, so molecules would move from outside of the cell to inside the cell; and hypertonic means that there is a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, so molecules would move from inside the cell to outside the cell. The null hypothesis for this experiment is that nothing will happen to any of the bags. A logical prediction is that the bag with the steepest concentration gradient will gain weight the fastest. Materials and Methods Four selectively permeable dialysis tubing and four beakers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used in this experiment. 300 mL of solution C...
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...the terms hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to a lower concentrated solution as water will move out of the solution (Dehydration). A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes and water will move into the solution (Swelling). In a isotonic solution the solutes are at an equal concentration and there is no movement of the water. In this lab, two experiments were performed. The first one uses a small plastic bag closed up and filled with cornstarch and distilled water sitting inside a beaker filled with water and a potassium iodide solution. The bag is the semipermeable membrane and the cornstarch is our molecule that will diffuse through the membrane and into the potassium iodide solution. The hypothesis of this experiment is the cornstarch will move across the membrane of the plastic bag and into the potassium iodide solution. The starch will turn a...
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...prediction is yes it will be able to diffuse. The next question asked was will starch be able to diffuse. The prediction was actually no the starch will not diffuses through a membrane. Finally the last question asked was will the weight of the bag change. The prediction was yes the weight will increase. Procedure: The first thing you need to do for this experiment is get a 15cm cellophane dialysis tube and soak it in water until it is soft. Then you need to rub the cellophane between some fingers until it is possible to get an opening on either side. After that put a glass rod between the opening in the tube. Next, take the glass rod out and tie one of the ends with a piece of thread as tight as you can. The next step is to fill the tube about half way with the starch solution and 10ml of a glucose solution. After these steps are completed, tie the other end off with another piece of thread. Then take the tube and weight it on a scale. Once completed, record the weight of the tube. Next fill a beaker to 150ml with tap water and add 6 drops of iodine to it. Place the tube in the water/iodine and make sure the whole tube is in the water. Keep the tube in the water for 30 minutes. While waiting, see if predictions can be made. Finally take out your bag. Take 5 pipets full of the solution with the iodine and put it in a test tube. Then add one pipet of benedicts. Place that test tube in boiling water for one minute. Watch it carefully for...
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...the area with lower concentration is called hypotonic. This experiment was conducted to observe the osmosis process. In this experiment dialysis tubbing served as the permeable membrane. The weight of the dialysis bags is taken one time before putting them into the solution and once after soaking the bag into another solution for about the hour. The weight of the bag determined the movement of the molecules from higher to lower concentration. Hypothesis: for this experiment three hypothesis were made: 1. For test one it was expected that the water molecules will enter the dialysis bag 2. For test two it was expected that the water molecules will move out from the dialysis bag 3. For test three it was expected that the water molecules will move into the dialysis bag Material:...
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...The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate how diffusion and osmosis moves across a dialysis membrane. The sub-purpose was to determine if the sucrose solution, that was in dialysis tubing would leak into the distilled water. The hypothesis states that if a sucrose solution, in dialysis tubing, is placed into a beaker filled with distilled water the net movement of sucrose will be into or out of the dialysis bag. The null hypothesis states that if the sucrose solution in a dialysis bags mass may change after taking it out of the water each time to be weighted between each 15-minute increment 5 different times. After 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes it can be concluded that weighing the sucrose solution in the dialysis bag increased in weight after each increment. Keywords: Diffusion, Osmosis, Dialysis bag, Sucrose solution, Distilled water Introduction...
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...processes of osmosis and diffusion. Osmosis is a specialized type of diffusion; “it is the process of water moving across a semi-permeable membrane, in response to a concentration gradient” (Readel, 2000). Fluid passes both in and out of the semi permeable membrane in osmosis, but usually there is a “net flow in one direction or another, depending on which side of the membrane has a higher concentration of solutes” (Smith, 2013). There are different factors that can affect the rate of osmosis such as temperature. In one experiment, my group and I used dialysis tubing to simulate a cell membrane. This tubing was filled with molasses and was immersed in water; cold, warm and hot. The bags were removed at regular intervals and measured for the amount of osmosis that occurred. We observed that the bags in the hot water experienced the highest amount of osmosis. In warmer temperatures the water particles tend to diffuse from high to low concentration, thus trying to dilute the solute concentration from the solution outside. From these observations and conclusion, my group and I hypothesized for our own experiment the level of solute concentration will affect the rate of osmosis. Diffusion is the process of “any substance moving from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration” (Readel, 2000). Therefore we predicted that the higher concentration of solute a solution had would yield a higher rate of osmosis. Methods In order to determine if our prediction...
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...Types of Substrates on the Biodegradability of Robinson Plastic Bags Background of the Study Official figures show that plastics make up around 25% of the garbage that metro manila churns out, while an independent survey conducted by Eco waste Coalition and Greenpeace on the composition of discards on manila bay in 2006 found that 51% were plastic bags,19% sachets and junk food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13% biodegradable wastes Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which the degradation results from the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae. These plastics are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and biomass primarily through enzymatic action on microorganisms. Biodegradable will fully disintegrate in six months or less. It turns into powder and blends with the soil after a few months. Many biodegradable plastics will decompose in industrial plants, backyard compost piles, or open environments. The inherent biodegradability of plastics depend on several environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, surface area, and the manufacturing method of the finished product. Although some brands claim to be biodegradable in open air and saltwater, virtually no decomposition occurs within a closed land fill that has been capped, preventing air circulation. The Robinson mall chain has started shifting biodegradable plastic bags for its supermarkets and department stores. The use of biodegradable...
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...EXTRACTION Concepcion, Ma. Noelle. U., Corpus, Ian Dexter. N., Dayanghirang, Vivien Angela I., De Vera, Yerim K., Del Pilar, Nicole Alexandre L. Group 3 – 2CPH Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT The group extracted caffeine from tea using single extraction, where 10 tea bags(15g) were boiled in 100ml of water containing 4.4g of anhydrous sodium carbonate. The extract was placed in a separatory funnel and the 60 ml of dichloromethane was poured at once to the mixture in a separatory funnel. From two distinctive layers, the clear portion was collected in a beaker containing anhydrous sodium sulfate. The group decanted the solution to pre-weighed evaporating dish and was evaporated to dryness. The weight of the dried product was 0.9 g, which was determined by subtracting the weight of pre-weighed evaporating dish from weight of evaporating dish containing the residue. The percentage yield of the caffeine was 6%. INTRODUCTION: Extraction is the process of solute tra-nsfer from one solvent to another solvent to where the extractive is more soluble (Pavia, 1998). The theory of extraction is the immiscibility in two liquid phases to separate only desired content from the others. It is used in the isolation of natural products, which consist of multi-component mixtures, from its sources. It commonly utilizes organic solvents, such as ether, hexane, and benzene or methylene chloride to extract organic substance. Extraction consists aqueous phase and organic phase,...
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...solution Procedure: Each member of the lab group will complete the procedures independently 1. Obtain a 30 cm piece of 2.5-cm dialysis tubing that has been soaking in water. Tie off one end of the tubing to form a bag. To open the other end of the bag, rub the end between your fingers until the edges separate. 2. Place 15 mL of the 15% glucose/1% starch solution in the bag. Tie off the other end of the bag, leaving sufficient space for the expansion of the contents in the bag. Record the color of the solution and weight of the bag in a data table. 3. Test the 15% glucose/1% starch solution for the presence of glucose using a test strip. Record the results in the data table. 4. Fill a 250 mL beaker or cup two-thirds full with distilled water. Add approximately 4 mL of Lugol's solution to the distilled water and record the color of the solution in data table. Test this solution for glucose and record the results in data table. 5. Immerse the bag in the beaker of solution. 6. Allow your set-up to stand for approximately 30 minutes or until you see a distinct color change in the bag or in the beaker. Record the final color of the solution in the bag, and of the solution in the beaker, in data table. Weigh the bag and record the weight. 7. Test the...
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...birds Mortalities 15% Age: 7 weeks AVG. weight: 4.5 pounds Number of birds 100 – Mortalities (15%) = 85 birds Cost/bird = Average weight x cost per Lb $380 Average cost per bird= 4.5 lbs x $380 = $1710 Cost for Total Birds = average cost of birds x number of birds =$1710 x 85 =$145350 Liver = 11 Lbs x $200 = $2200 Gizzard = 8 Lbs x $160 = $1280 Chicken Foot = 13.5 lbs x $200 = $2700 Total Actual Income = total cost of birds + liver + gizzard + chicken foot = $145350 + $2200 + $1280 + $2700 =$151530 Actual Expenditure for birds Items | Unit | Cost of Unit | Total | Chicks | 150 | $100 | $15000 | Broiler/ Starter feed | 5 bags | $6100 | $30500 | Grower Feed | 5 bags | $6000 | $30000 | Bulbs | 5 Bulbs | $80 | $400 | Vitamins | 1 Bottle | $870 | $870 | Transportation | $0 | $0 | $0 | Knife | $0 | $0 | $0 | Bags | 100 Bags | $380 | $380 | TOTAL EXPENDITURE | | | $77150 | Actual Profit for Birds Actual Income – Actual Expenditure Actual Profit = $ 151750 - $77150 = $74600 ANALYSIS Comparison of Actual Income and projected Income The Actual Income for Birds was $151,750 which was less than the projected income by a difference of $28,910. This was due to the weight of the birds being less than the projected....
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...Chapter 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Business Profile CRAFTSY MNL is a do-it-yourself inspired business which offers different kinds of purses including bags, pouches, and wallets. The business will be considered as merchandiser and distributors of the products offered. The name of the business means interest in arts and crafts. These products are made up of light-weight materials with designs that will define your personality to meet your expectations and satisfactions. The proponents will be in the form of the sole proprietorship so that it will be easier to register the business. One proponent will be the general manager of the business while the two proponents will be considered as investors who will be sharing to the business’s capital. As the business goes, profits and liabilities will be equally divided among the owner and investors. CRAFTSY MNL will be located in Brgy. 118 Zone 9 Tondo, Manila. The reason for choosing this location is that, there are a lot of people living in just one barangay and other barangays are just nearby the area. Schools, church and different establishments are also nearby the business location. That is why, there are a lot of students who are passing by the preferred store location. The main goal of Craftsy Manila is to let customers express their selves in a simple way using the purses that they will be purchasing from the business. 1.2 Management, Marketing & Financial Highlights The proposed business is in the form of sole proprietorship...
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...The data I will collect, is the moles and grams for each unknown compound, calculate the g/mol for the unknown compounds, and calculate the molar mass for the known compounds. To identify the unknown compounds, we first weighed all seven of the unknown bags. To find the weight of the unknown compound in the bag, we first subtracted the weight of the bag by first weighing an empty bag and pressing the zero button to zero out the weight of each for the seven unknown compounds. The mol of each unknown compound was written on each of the bags. To calculate the g/mol for the unknown compounds, we must divide the grams over mol to find the g/mol. To calculate the g/mol for the known compounds, we used the periodic table of elements. We added the atomic numbers for each of the elements of the compound together to find g/mol for the known compounds. Then we wrote all the data in our data table and compared the unknown compounds to the known compounds to find the correct known compounds. Unknown compound #1 is Benzoic Acid. Unknown compound #2 is Sodium Carbonate. Unknown compound #3 is Calcium Oxide. Unknown compound #4 Sodium Sulfate. Unknown compound #5 is Ammonium Sulfate. Unknown compound #6 Potassium Sulfate. Unknown compound #7 Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate....
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