...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Measurement of Efficiency of Banks in India Varadi, Vijay Kumar, Mavaluri, Pradeep Kumar and Boppana, Nagarjuna University of Hyderabad, India August 2006 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17350/ MPRA Paper No. 17350, posted 17. September 2009 / 09:11 Measurement of Efficiency of Banks in India 1 - Varadi Vijay Kumar , - Mavaluri Pradeep2 - Boppana Nagarjuna 3 Introduction: The opening up of the financial sector in 1990 followed by RBI’s reform program4 which intended to create an viable, competitive and efficient banking system in India had resulted in entry of many private banks both Indian as well as foreign banks and increase competition among the commercial banks in India. Between the years 1991-97 there ware a greater inflow of 21 foreign banks and 9 private banks in the Indian banking. In 1998 the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) was raised to 9% (effective as March 2000) with government securities given a 2.5% risk weight to begin reflecting interest rate risk. On-site supervision of banks was introduced in 1995, and CAMELS system of annual supervision was introduced in 1997, and in 1998, RBI judged that this system can fully met 14 of the 25 Basel Core Principles of Supervision and was implementing compliance with the other 11 core principles. In this process, by 1997-98, most of the financial market was liberalized. In 1999, Vasudevan committee made an initiative to the beginnings of a strategy...
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...FINANCE & ECONOMICS Efficiency and Risk-taking in Pre-crisis Investment Banks Nemanja Radić, Franco Fiordelisi, Claudia Girardone Working Paper Series No 08/11 Efficiency and risk-taking in pre-crisis investment banks Nemanja Radić1, Franco Fiordelisi2, Claudia Girardone3 Abstract Investment banks’ core functions expose them to a wide array of risks. This paper analyses cost and profit efficiency for a sample of investment banks for the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and US) and Switzerland prior to the recent financial crisis. We follow Coelli et al. (1999)’s methodology to adjust the estimated cost and profit efficiency scores for environmental influences including key banks’ risks, bank- and industry specific factors and macroeconomic conditions. Our evidence suggests that failing to account for environmental factors can considerably bias the efficiency scores for investment banks. Specifically, bank-risk taking factors (including liquidity and capital risk exposures) are found particularly important to accurately assess profit efficiency: i.e. profit efficiency estimates are consistently underestimated without accounting for bank risktaking. Interestingly, our evidence suggests that size matters for both cost and profit efficiency, however this does not imply that more concentrated markets are more efficient. JEL classification: D2, G24, G32, L25 Key words: Investment Banking;Stochastic Frontier Analysis; Efficiency; Environmental Conditions;...
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...An Internship Report On Banking Efficiency of EXIM BANK Limited 1.1 ORIGIN OF THE REPORT Reporting means the written presentation of the evidence and findings of a research. After completion of the internship program report submission is essential. The report is based on a topic that can satisfy both organization and my academic institution. Internship is the last part of my MBA course. Being a MBA student internship and report submission is essential for me. Without completion of internship and submission of report I cannot be able to complete my MBA course. This report is submitted to my internship supervisor, Jamshed Uz Zaman Northern University of Bangladesh, after completion of the three months internship program in the EXIM Bank Limited (Narayanganj Branch). I have assigned a topic “Banking Efficiency of EXIM Bank Ltd and the EXIM Bank Authority gave me the opportunity to work at the Narayanganj Branch for three months on the topic. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE REPORT In the later 19th century, Finance was a part of the Economics. But due to the globalization and more expansion of international trade, Finance plays the major role for the economic development. The development of a modern economy would not have been possible without the use of money. Bank is an important and essential financial institution for the necessity of the use of money and the protection of the money. Due to the globalization and technological innovation, banking business has become competitive. To...
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...Measuring the efficiency and productivity of banking firms has been playing a predominant role in helping managers or regulators to achieve a better understanding of the success or failure of policy strategies and make better decisions. Furthermore, the evaluation results of efficiency are also of major importance to stock owners, depositors and investors. The researches in the articles, which focus on the question of whether banks’ ownership structure influences their efficiency, conclude that ownership matters. Banks could be normally divided into three categories according to their ownership, namely domestic private ownership, government-owned banks and foreign-owned banks. (Bonin et al., 2005) Altunbas et al. (2001) carried out a series of methodologies, such as stochastic-frontier, standard cost function and profit function approaches, to evaluate cost and profit frontiers of German banks separately and concluded that private owned banks were not more efficient than their public sector counterparts. Although both ownerships have benefited from the economies of scale and technical progress, private owned banks appeared to be less cost and profit efficient than public banks according to the inefficiency measures. The situation is similar in transition countries. Bonin et al. (2005) investigated 11 transition countries and claimed that private ownership was not sufficient to increase bank efficiency as they did not find enough evidence to prove that private owned banks are more...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Payroll consists of the process by which a business pays its employees for work performed during a specific period. A payroll system allows businesses to follow a set series of processes in order to make timely, correct payments in compliance with government regulations. A payroll system may be manual or computerized and handled in-house or outsourced to another provider. 2.1 OBJECTIVES A payroll system should be geared toward paying employees what they earn within a reasonable time frame and accurately tracking paycheck amounts as well as tax and benefit withholdings. Payroll systems should be thorough without being overly complex and cumbersome, and they should be designed thoughtfully enough to work well with a minimum of oversight. Having a well-designed payroll system is in the best interest of employees, business owners and human resources staff. 2.2 Scope And Limitation Accuracy Accuracy is an important objective of a payroll system, because employees are entitled to be fairly compensated for the work they have done, and a company's financial well-being depends on not overpaying employees for the time they have worked. In addition, businesses are liable for payroll taxes on employee earnings as well as remitting payroll taxes that have been withheld from employee paychecks. Consistency A payroll system has many components, and the information in each section should be internally consistent. An employee's weekly wages over the...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION Payroll consists of the process by which a business pays its employees for work performed during a specific period. A payroll system allows businesses to follow a set series of processes in order to make timely, correct payments in compliance with government regulations. A payroll system may be manual or computerized and handled in-house or outsourced to another provider. 2.1 OBJECTIVES A payroll system should be geared toward paying employees what they earn within a reasonable time frame and accurately tracking paycheck amounts as well as tax and benefit withholdings. Payroll systems should be thorough without being overly complex and cumbersome, and they should be designed thoughtfully enough to work well with a minimum of oversight. Having a well-designed payroll system is in the best interest of employees, business owners and human resources staff. 2.2 Scope And Limitation Accuracy Accuracy is an important objective of a payroll system, because employees are entitled to be fairly compensated for the work they have done, and a company's financial well-being depends on not overpaying employees for the time they have worked. In addition, businesses are liable for payroll taxes on employee earnings as well as remitting payroll taxes that have been withheld from employee paychecks. Consistency A payroll system has many components, and the information in each section should be internally consistent. An employee's weekly wages over the...
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...Assessing the risk, return and efficiency of banks’ loans portfolios ∗ Javier Menc´ ıa Bank of Spain June 2008 Preliminary and Incomplete Abstract This paper develops a dynamic model to assess the risk and profitability of loans portfolios. I obtain their risk premia and derive the risk-neutral measure for an exponentially affine stochastic discount factor. I employ mean-variance analysis with a VaR constraint to assess efficiency. Then I compare Spanish institutions in an empirical application, where small institutions seem to be less efficient than large ones on aggregate terms, while commercial and savings banks perform better on their respective traditional markets. Finally, I find increasing discrepancies between riskneutral and actual default probabilities since June 2007 and discuss their possible sources. Keywords: Credit risk, Probability of default, Asset Pricing, Mean-Variance allocation, Stochastic Discount Factor, Value at Risk. JEL: G21, G12, G11, C32, D81, G28. This paper is the sole responsibility of its author. The views represented here do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Spain. Thanks are due to Alfredo Mart´ for his valuable suggestions as well as for ın, help with the interest rate database. Of course, the usual caveat applies. Address for correspondence: Alcal´ 48, E-28014 Madrid, Spain, tel: +34 91 338 5414, fax: +34 91 338 6102. a ∗ 1 Introduction Standard capital market theory states that there is a risk-return tradeoff in equilib- ...
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...governments to implement price floors in order to support and restore domestic markets. Price floors are regularly employed in a wide spectrum of industries by governments, as an intervention in the free market, in order to protect producers and suppliers. This is achieved by legally setting a minimum price a good can be sold for, above the equilibrium price (Government Intervention in Market Prices 2014).However price floors are associated with many negative economic implications and disadvantages which encouraged economic inefficiency, such as, an increase in production levels causing surplus, misallocation of resources and higher prices for domestic consumers (Rockoff 2008). This essay will seek to discuss and explain the economic efficiency of price floors in relation to the modern finical crisis using real world examples. Many modern economies are regulated by governments through the implementation of price control methods. This is important for the government to protect its interests, as well as protecting selected producers in the economy from exploitation. One such way in which governments regulate their economy is by applying price floors (Government Intervention in Market Prices 2014). A price floor is the lowest legal price a commodity can be sold for and are targeted at ensuring prices for particular goods aren’t too low (Government Intervention in Market Prices 2014). For a price floor to be binding and effective it must be set above the equilibrium price. This...
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...others. • Econometric estimation techniques should allow for the fact that deviations of observed choices from optimal ones are due to two factors: failure to optimize i.e., inefficiency due to random shocks • Stochastic Frontier Analysis or SFA is one such technique to model producer behavior. 2 USEFULNESS OF SFA • SFA produces efficiency estimates or efficiency scores of individual producers. Thus one can identify those who need intervention and corrective measures. Since efficiency scores vary across producers, they can be related to producer characteristics like size, ownership, location, etc. Thus one can identify source of inefficiency. SFA provides a powerful tool for examining effects of intervention. For example, has efficiency of the banks changed after deregulation? Has this change varied across ownership groups? • • 3 STRUCTURE OF THIS PRESENTATION • Part 1: Theory: Illustrate the basics of SFA mainly with analysis of cost efficiency. Concept of efficiency Estimation Identification of sources of inefficiency • Part 2: Empirics: How to use FRONTIER program to estimate different types of efficiency models An application of SFA to Indian Banking (if time permits) •...
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...CHAPTER 11 Efficient Markets and Behavioral Finance Answers to Problem Sets 1. c 2. Weak, semistrong, strong, strong, weak. 3. a. False b. False c. True d. False e. False f. True 4. a. False - In what kind of markets do financing decisions occur? Investment Decisions occur where? b. False - c. True – what information do stocks not reflect? d. False- returns are the same for what kind of stocks? 5. 6 - (-.2 + 1.45 X 5) = -1.05%. 6. a. True b. False c. True d. True – can managers increase EPS? 7. Decrease. The stock price already reflects an expected 25% increase. The 20% increase conveys bad news relative to expectations. 8. a. Executives should not plan on issuing shares based on apparent trends or cycles in their company’s stock price. b. Executives can observe their company’s stock price change and use the change as a reliable source of market-based information about the future prospects of the company. Stock price changes are the best forecast of a company’s future earnings as well as the best forecast future industry earnings. c. A financial manager evaluating the creditworthiness of a large customer could check the customer’s stock price and the yield on its debt. A falling stock price or a high yield could indicate trouble ahead. d. Don’t...
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...has the right to force individuals to do things. So if I bought and sold ducks for a business, I would want to make sure the distribution of ducks are high. If the distribution is low, my business won’t do as well in comparison if the distribution was high. With the less distribution of ducks, government is forcing me to pay more money to get my ducks. Private sectors economic activities, however, government has the right to administer involuntary transactions. So if I bought some ducks for my business and had to take a loan out from the bank because I didn’t have enough money, did not pay the loan back, government has the right to throw me in jail. Some people believe that the control that government has over us is too much control. Although with too much control it could be beneficial. With government’s control there is a correction for market failures. By government setting taxes on goods and services it helps improve economic efficiency. With higher taxes leads to private vectors over producing. Private sectors start over producing because their costs are borne by third parties rather than by their producers. In order to prevent sectors from over producing government can enforce involuntary policies. If I was getting duck bedding, food and shelter to run my business and not paying for it I would want to expand my fencing to get more ducks. Costing the third party to pay more for my wants. But government can enforce me to pay the taxes on the things I buy to at least get money...
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...list of Frequently Used Symbols and Notation A text such as Intermediate Financial Theory is, by nature, relatively notation intensive. We have adopted a strategy to minimize the notational burden within each individual chapter at the cost of being, at times, inconsistent in our use of symbols across chapters. We list here a set of symbols regularly used with their specific meaning. At times, however, we have found it more practical to use some of the listed symbols to represent a different concept. In other instances, clarity required making the symbolic representation more precise (e.g., by being more specific as to the time dimension of an interest rate). Roman Alphabet a Amount invested in the risky asset; in Chapter 14, fraction of wealth invested in the risky asset or portfolio AT Transpose of the matrix (or vector)A c Consumption; in Chapter 14 only, consumption is represented by C, while c represents ln C ck Consumption of agent k in state of nature θ θ CE Certainty equivalent CA Price of an American call option CE Price of a European call option d Dividend rate or amount ∆ Number of shares in the replicating portfolio (Chapter xx E The expectations operator ek Endowment of agent k in state of nature θ θ f Futures position (Chapter 16); pf Price of a futures contract (Chapter 16) F, G Cumulative distribution functions associated with densities: f, g Probability density functions K The strike or exercise price of an option K(˜) Kurtosis of the random variable x x ˜ L A lottery...
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...On 5th January 1914 the Ford Motor company announced that it would more than double the wages of its workers. Briefly describe the history of this decision and relate to the theory of incentives and efficiency wages. When Henry Ford introduced the five-dollar day on the 12th of January 1914, many of his competitors might have questioned the success of this policy. Today, it is well established that Ford’s strategy was a key reason for the company’s early success and is often documented as an exemplary application of the efficiency-wage theory. This essay will briefly outline the history and implications that have led to the five-dollar day and relate it to the theory of incentives and efficiency wages. Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. During the first few years the company remained relatively small and it was only with the introduction of the T-Model in 1908 and the transformation to assembly line production that Ford could expand his market share and increase the company’s profitability. However, as Raff and Summers noted, assembly line production resulted in a high degree of specialisation of the different production steps. Work at Ford’s became more and more menial, leading to dissatisfaction among the workforce, which reflected in a significant annual turnover of 370% in 1913. Although there was no evidence that Ford had problems filling his vacancies, the absenteeism and high turnover undoubtedly resulted in costs that Ford had aimed to reduce. It...
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...tle read: ... INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT BANGALORE Manzana Insurance:Fruitvale Branch Submitted to Prof. Devanath Tirupati Indian Institute of Management Bangalore By: Group Number 6 Vikash Oraon 0911283 Abhijit Pagare 1011076 Bharathi Priya 1011087 Bhargavi Konathala 1011089 Bhavika Kansara 1011090 Vishal Kumar 1011143 Manzana Insurance Introduction Manzana Insurance was started in 1902, and by 1953 had become the second-largest home and commercial property insurer in California. However, since the 1970's Manzana has been facing troubles from intense competition from the Golden Gate Casualty, as well as problems from an inefficient operating procedure leading to late issuance of policies, customer dissatisfaction, and defection of agents to other firms. Situational Analysis Recent complaints from agents about the turnaround time, percentage late figure and the poorly performing renewal business iterate the below average performance of the Fruitvale branch of Manzana. The following points were presented in the case. ? Around 76 independent agents represent Manzana at Fruitvale and dealt directly with the public. There was a difference in the commissions each agent received according to the policy request. ? Exhibit 1 gives an overview of the Operations flow across the four tasks that are performed for every policy request. O A RUN goes through all the four stages [Distribution, Underwriting, Rating and Writing] while a RAP and RERUN bypass the select and classify sub-stages...
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...In agriculture, the term ‘resource use efficiency’ may be broadly defined to include three allied concepts viz. technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and environmental efficiency (Haque, 2006: 64). Analytically, technical efficiency means maximising output for given input (at the level of production possibility frontier). Allocative efficiency implies that the usage of input is minimised. Environmental efficiency, which has nowadays acquired critical relevance, implies that the production process should be sustainable. It is possible that a production process is not sustainable over time. For instance, using more water than that is replenished can reduce the ground water level which can have an adverse impact on the cultivation of crops in the subsequent years. Or, inappropriate use of fertilisers can lead to salinity affecting the soil quality. With climate change, adverse implication could also be because of activities outside the production process. At any given time, for given prices, the allocative efficiency (AE) is the ratio of ‘marginal value of product per unit input’ to ‘marginal cost per unit input’ (i.e. AE = MVP/MC). AE is optimal at unity. The overall economic efficiency (EE) is a product of technical efficiency and allocative efficiency (EE = TE*AE). If the latter (i.e. AE) is unity, then economic efficiency is the same as technical efficiency, that is, one ensures maximum income at least cost (Fan,1999, Jha et al, 2000). Factor Combination and Resource...
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