...Cordial and gracious in tone Contents(NATDR) 1. Name of the organization 2. Attainments of the speaker 3. The subject upon which the speaker to speak or the topic 4. Duration of the speak 5. Reply Letter of Appreciation or Gratitude - among letter types it is the least expected. Qualities(BS) 1. Brief and sincere Letter of Congratulations and Good wishes - a letter written to associates and employees who enjoyed progress and good fortune. Qualities(BDC) 1. Brief 2. Direct 3. Concise Letter of Condolence - letter written breaved family Qualities(ST) 1. Sincere 2. Tactful Letter of Introduction - it is letter written to bring about acquiantanceship between two person not known to each other Qualities(BDSS) 1. Brief 2. Defenite 3. Simple 4. Sincere Contents(IRE) 1. Information to identify the person seeking an introduction 2. Reason for introduction 3. Expression of appreciation Letter of Resignation -written by an employee who is exiting from his present employment. Types of Resignation(RI) 1. Revocable 2. Irrevocable Contents(RED) 1. Reason for resigning 2....
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...A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a loan default or other credit event. The buyer of the CDS makes a series of payments (the CDS "fee" or "spread") to the seller and, in exchange, receives a payoff if the loan defaults. It was invented by Blythe Masters from JP Morgan in 1994. In the event of default the buyer of the CDS receives compensation (usually the face value of the loan), and the seller of the CDS takes possession of the defaulted loan.[1] However, anyone can purchase a CDS, even buyers who do not hold the loan instrument and who have no direct insurable interest in the loan (these are called "naked" CDSs). If there are more CDS contracts outstanding than bonds in existence, a protocol exists to hold a credit event auction; the payment received is usually substantially less than the face value of the loan.[2] Since 1 December 2011 the European Parliament has banned naked CDSs on the debt for sovereign nations.[3] Credit default swaps have existed since the early 1990s, and increased in use after 2003. By the end of 2007, the outstanding CDS amount was $62.2 trillion,[4] falling to $26.3 trillion by mid-year 2010[5] but reportedly $25.5[6] trillion in early 2012.[7] CDSs are not traded on an exchange and there is no required reporting of transactions to a government agency.[8] During the 2007-2010 financial crisis the lack of transparency in this large market became a concern...
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...Name: Aparna Gopalaswamy PG ID: 61610392 Session No.: 5 Word Count of Text: 500 Overall Word Count: 515 REACTION PAPER GENZYME: ENGINEERING THE MARKET FOR ORPHAN DRUGS & BDSS CHP 11 & 12 The Case Study is centered about Genzyme Corporation, a biotechnological firm which successfully leverages the exclusivity and policy regulatory benefits offered by the R&D and subsequent commercialization of Orphan Drugs in the pharmaceutical market. These drugs are not usually developed by the firms as the small volumes of sales in specialized markets are not economically lucrative, but are essential to promote public health. In recent years, the entry of competition, in these small niche markets, is threatening the company’s pricing strategy based on its Benefit Advantage and path-breaking early mover advantage for its more effective product with lower side effects, while other manufacturers focus on Cost Advantage is traded off against product efficacy. The company must retain its focus on the Orphan Drugs market and renew its efforts in sustaining its capabilities. The important factors affecting research productivity – research portfolio composition, firm’s scientific know-how & distinctive capabilities – were all strongly in Genzyme’s favor. The strategic logic behind sustaining Genzyme’s Benefit leadership would be to maintain their price levels and concentrate their marketing and communication efforts towards emphasizing their product’s superior efficacy and lower...
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