...Model |Description |Limitations |Notes | | |Biological Model |Examine the presence of atypical development and |Cannot provide all the information|Looks at behavior from an organic standpoint. | | |sequential behavioral differences. Neurological and |needed by educational personnel in| | | |Neurochemical factors, chromosomal abnormalities, |the delivery of educational and | | | |prenatal difficulties, gene defect, postnatal brain |behavior support. | | | |damage. | | | |Developmental Model |As children age, they proceed through several stages |Model fails to inform us |Piaget: Assimilation- fit new stimuli into | | |of development, own unique set of characteristics. |completely in how to adapt to |their comfort zone. | | | |children with atypical |Accommodation- children modify their cognitive | | | ...
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...Behavior Therapy Naomi R. Wiley AmRidge University Dr. James Kelly Abstract The behavioral approach was a significant departure from the psychoanalytic perspective of the 1950’s and 1960’s. B.F. Skinner believed all human behavior was a direct result of the environment in the form of stimuli, where human behavior strictly complies with the principle of causality. Skinner felt his ideas were the only true scientific theory of personality pertaining to Behavior therapy and conveying how Behavior Therapy generally would see individuals as both the producer and the product of their own behavior and environment. In addition, to focusing on the basic aim of Behavior Therapy, this paper will view Behavior Therapy from a Christian standpoint and highlight the Five key concepts for behavior theory which are the BASIC I.D. conceptual framework, behavior modification, classical conditioning, reinforcement, and systematic desensitization. Behavior Therapy B.F Skinner is one of the major contributors to behavior theory for his work on behavior modification he is quoted as saying, “What we observe…is that a person behaves in certain ways that usually get him out of trouble and often get him things he needs in order to survive” (Pepinsky, 1975, p. 40). Skinner (1986, p. 569) observed human behavior and found that it was influenced by things that reinforced...
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...Behavior and Society Interacting with society is a part of everyday human life that is not always thought about. However, just like other aspects in human nature, there are psychologists devoted to studying these interactions. Social psychology can be seen as a book with each chapter explaining a different step in understanding human interactions and the social growth. Beginning with how we view ourselves, then the view of others, how we influence others, their influence on us and finally with how we act in groups, human interactions and social psychology can be understood. The first step in understanding human interactions and social psychology is to understand the self. We cannot expect to understand others if we do not know and understand ourselves first. How many times have we been asked to describe who we are? This question can arise in both a professional setting and in the personal setting. When we state we are a religious person, hardworking, funny or someone who does not believe in something, we are exhibiting our self-concept. Self-concept is the overall understanding of oneself (Feenstra, 2011). Once we have this understanding, we can organize the thoughts just as we do any other information we come across. We all have a way of storing what we know and learn. Organizing and storing information is the only way for us to remember all that we do. When it comes to descriptions of oneself, it is no different. We have what we call self-schemas to organize...
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...use ultimately fulfills his or her higher level values 8. Personality—A person’s psychological makeup that engenders characteristic responses to the environment in which he or she lives 9. Defense Mechanism—Psychological processes we employ to protect our ego 10. Rationalization-- 11. Projection-- 12. Aggression-- 13. Repression-- 14. Withdrawal-- 15. Regression-- 16. Trait Theory-- 17. Innovativeness—Being predisposed to embrace new products, ideas, and behaviors 18. Variety Seeking-- 19. Vanity—Excessive pride in one’s appearance and accomplishments 20. Hedonism-- 21. Uniqueness Seeker—A personality trait wherein a person seeks to be unique, different from others 22. Actual Self—Who a person CURRENTLY is 23. Ideal Self—The person we would like to BECOME 24. Social Self-Concept—The way OTHERS see US 25. Image Congruity—We like to associate ourselves with objects (things, activities, and people) that have an image that is congruent with our own image of ourselves 26. Character—The behavior of a person, at test particularly in the face of...
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...Many factors play into the consumer behavior of the consumer. Successful marketers take into consideration the beliefs and culture of the buyer, as well as the family situation and even the psychological outlook of the purchase. Reference group is a group who’s perspective and individual takes on in forming values, beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and overt behaviors (pg.499). Reference groups can influence an individual’s cognitions, affective responses, and behaviors. As a consumer, your decision to purchase and use certain products, is influenced not only psychological factors, your personality and life-style, but also by the people around you with whom you interact and the various social groups to which you belong. The groups with whom you interact directly or indirectly influence your purchase decision and thus their study is of great importance to marketer to understand. Primary and secondary reference groups is one with which an individual interacts on a regular basis and whose opinion is of importance to him such as, family, neighbors, friends, colleagues and co-workers. Secondary reference groups are those with which an individual interacts only occasionally and does not consider their opinion very influential. Formal and informal reference groups are groups such as labor unions, social clubs, and societies are types of formal reference groups to which individuals may belong (pg 500-501). A formal reference groups has a highly defined structure, specific roles and authority...
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...Challenging Behaviors in the Preschool Classroom Challenging behaviors come in many shapes and sizes. Some children have tantrums, others may go hide in a corner and some may even get extremely aggressive. The underdeveloped or emerging language and social/emotional skills of preschool children can lead to challenging behaviors in the classroom when they cannot communicate their needs. Finding strategies that will enhance the development of their language and social/emotional skills will help to deter the challenging behaviors. Smith and Fox (2003) (qtd. In Powell, Dunlap, and Fox 26) define challenging behavior in young children as “any repeated pattern of behavior, or perception of behavior, that interferes with or is at risk of interfering with optimal learning or engagement in prosocial interactions with peers and adults.” Challenging behaviors can be a behavior that encumbers the child’s development of their social, cognitive and emotional skills (Kaiser and Rasminsky 7). Some of these behaviors can be harmful to the child themselves or to other children or adults. Many adults tend to put labels on those children with challenging behaviors. Kaiser and Rasminsky stated “A Rose by Any Other Name” (9), here are some of the labels many of us have heard or even used ourselves, ”High maintenance, noncompliant, disruptive, and out of control” just to name a few (Kaiser and Rasminsky 9). When labels are used to identify a child with those challenging behaviors, the child basically...
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...Organizational Behavior W. Jack Duncan Book review Meera Iyer Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Organizational behavior: defining the field Historical perspective Methodological foundations of organizational behavior Personality development and attitudes The cognitive basis of individual behavior Motivation: Theory and selected research Introduction to small group behavior Leadership behavior and effectiveness Intergroup analysis: Co-ordination and conflict The organization and the individual Environments, organizations and behavior Power relations in organizations Performance evaluation and organizational effectiveness Planned change and organizational development This book is about organizational behavior. It is also a text on management. The objective of the book is to present a research based approach to management from an applied behavioral science perspective. I have summarized each chapter of the book, explaining the main points that the authors wish to communicate. © www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved Organizational behavior – Defining the field Organizations are collections of interacting and inter related human and non-human resources working toward a common goal or set of goals within the framework of structured relationships. Organizational behavior is concerned with all aspects of how organizations influence the behavior of individuals and how individuals in turn influence organizations. Organizational behavior is an inter-disciplinary...
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...Phenomenon of risky behavior: NSSI •Health behavior models and theories for understanding risky behavior Human behavior is complex and describing and predicting it continues to be a challenge in social science. Social influence, such as drugs, family, peers, media, has a great impact on development of negative behavior that would require intervention or prevention to make changes in health and behavioral habits by examining the behaviors of findings based on current research and theories /models of behavioral change. Per Heilbron et al. (2008) many current research focused on prevalent and risky group of self –harm behaviors that are growing mostly due to social, peer influence engaging in NSSI. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of prevalent health behavior risks in pre-adolescence and adolescence, and many fields have offered theories and models that can be important applications for research on peer influence and change of behavior in NSSI groups for behavioral change (Heilbron et al. 2008). Behavioral theories of peer influence are one application to determine NSSI based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT, originally social learning theory) (Ragin, 2011). Social cognitive theory (SCT) is the psychological model of behavior developed by the work of Albert Bandura (1977; 1986). SCT (Ragin (2011) suggests that cognitive processes are serious to the acquisition and regulation of behaviors, and individuals learn through modeling, direct operant reinforcement with methods...
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...June 7, 2012 Duane Wallace Deviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group or a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others and during this time they are taught what he or she should and should not do while learning good from bad and right from wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values in a child. These values provide justification and motivation or for wanting to refrain from behavior that is disapproved. After reading this week, one can see how a behavior is considered deviant, but the question is, “Why is a certain type of behavior considered deviant?” There are so many different ways to be deviant but everyone at one point or another has done something that someone else disapproves of or they have second thoughts about. Perhaps they have stolen something, told a lie, or told a story about someone else while in the midst of gossip. There may also have been occasions where you have gotten drunk, used drugs, driven too fast or even recklessly. No matter what we do, any action we could do or think of may be ok in ones’ eyes but not ok in others. We depart from someone’s rules, simply by acting or being ourselves. There are too many rules that exist to not end up doing something that seems deviant to others. Sociologists refer to behavior that is regarded as wrong doing that generates...
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...Behaviorism, Humanistic and Psychoanalysis. The Humanistic approach began as a movement in the 1950's meant to take a healthy, or holistic, method to understanding the nature of what it is to be human. This perspective addresses values important to humans: love, compassion, creativity, etc. It is considered the third force of Psychology, the first being Behaviorism and the second being Psychoanalysis. The founders of the Humanistic theory were Abraham Maslov and Carl Rogers. They concerned themselves with the psychological well-being of a person, it focused on being able to realize your full potential or 'self-actualization'. This concept had a huge impact on psychology as we know it today because it concerned itself with areas of human behavior that other theories ignored. "The humanistic perspective values the integrity of each individual" (Editorial Board, 2011). It is believed that you could lose yourself because you become preoccupied with the notion of gaining acceptance from others. When you, as a person, are so consumed with being accepted, you tend to mold yourself and become something and someone that you are not. "The Humanistic perspective saw humans as being intentional, that they seek to have a sense of purpose and value" (Career Education Corporation, 2010). One of the therapeutic methods...
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...Social Behavior Dai Rainge October 8th 2015 Charlene Tolbert An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor, to an object, person, place, or thing. There are various factors that attribute to attitude including affects, behaviors, and cognitions. Changing behavior influences attitude. As adult our behaviors tend to follow preconceived notions or biases but as children attitude is molded by behaviors and surroundings. Affects can also from someone’s opinions’, and feelings at the moment. Things such as situations’, a move, or a social change like bullying can affect an adolescent’s viewpoint on school. Belief systems such as religion and morale can also change a person’s attitude on others and their behaviors. Prejudice, attraction, and aggression are three factors that have a major attribution on social interaction. Racism is something that is having a major impact on America at this time. Between police brutality and feelings of distress in the urban community it creates viewpoints that therefore shape America for the worst it and it has become something that is having an overall effect on peoples’ political views, and views of each other. Without racism being mentioned there are many other prejudices that have an effect on common...
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...ATTITUDES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS Nancy Hoosier Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on October 6, 2012 for Nancy Hoosier’s B370 Organizational Behavioral Analysis Course. In this assignment we will be going over four main objectives. The first one being what are some challenges and opportunities for Organizational Behavior. The second point we will discuss will be what are the main components of attitudes and how consistent are they. The fourth will be defining the self-perception theory. Some of the different challenges and opportunities for Organizational Behavior are employees aging, corporate downsizing, temporary working employees, and global competition. Managing workforce diversity is a huge challenge now in this day and age. For managers OB offers insights to improve a manager’s people skills, and helps to see the value of workforce diversity. (Robbins & Judge, 2010) The three main components of attitude are Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral. These components are all very closely related. An example of the Cognitive Component would be my supervisor playing favorites. This would be very unfair. The component Affective example would be a feeling of disliking your supervisor. And Behavioral results...
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...Behavior Modification Contract (Write the contract in complete sentences with correct grammar and spelling.) Select a GOAL, something you would like to change about yourself. Perhaps you would like to stop smoking, consume less alcohol, improve study habits, manage time more effectively, or change eating or exercise habits. It is critical that your goal be measurable, attainable, positive, and significant to you. I, Brooke Carman (insert name), desire to make the following behavior change: I wish to change my eating habits. Recently since I started working this past summer as well as starting this online schooling program with a two year old daughter and house to obtain too I tend to eat fast food a lot and very unhealthy food. Desirably I want to eat healthier home cooked meals. Describe the goal as a TARGET BEHAVIOR. What specific behavior do you want to increase or decrease? Specifically I wish to be able eat one salad a day as well as one serving of meat and two servings of vegetables. I wish to decrease my intake of fast food to once a week. Date I wish to attain goal by: December 1, 2012 Choose a MEANS OF MONITORING PROGRESS, such as a chart or a behavioral diary. Monitoring Method (this needs to be an objective, quantifiable measurement tool): In order to monitor my eating habits I will keep a food journal tracking all the foods I eat. I will assess my progress on the desired behavioral change on a regular basis (note how often): Every day I will be writing...
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...4. Which of the following is best defined as a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, which functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals? a. party b. unit c. team d. community e. organization (e; Easy; Organization; p. 6) 49. In order to predict human behavior with any degree of accuracy, what sort of variables must be taken into account? a. global b. general c. dependent d. non-reactive e. contingency (e; Moderate; Contingency Variables; p. 16) 30. Operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong e. the tendency to repeat a behavior is instinctual (c; Moderate; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she will receive extra pay. b. A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his good manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal worker’s pulse...
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...her boss but from himself/herself. 2. Think of an organization you are familiar with. What types of power are used there? How do people react to those bases? What changes would you recommend? Honestly all types of power are used in softball. The coach generally has personal power; they have legitimate power as a coach. The coach also has expert power because the coach has played at various levels. The coach also has reward power; if the team does well then they are rewards in different ways. People can react differently, but they normally respect at least one of the powers mentioned above. There isn’t any change I would recommend. 3. Review the definition of organizational politics. Can an organization be totally free of political behavior? What would it be like? How could you make it happen? In my opinion it can’t. In every successful business there is some form of politics, good or bad. Its not what you know its who you know; that stands very true in the city of Thomasville, GA and many around the region, especially in our economic condition. If organizational politics could be used in a positive manner then I see it as beneficial. When it is used in a negative manner (in most cases) I see it as hurting the company. More people are worried about their self and their advancement that they throw anyone and everyone under the bus in order to move...
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