...Psychology Definition Alesandra Leiman PSY/360 February 3, 2014 Dr. Dione Johnson-Williams Definition The dominant aspects of cognitive theory involve the interaction between mental components and the information that is processed through this complex network (Neisser, 1967). As individuals learn, they activity create cognitive structures which determine their concepts of self and the environment (McEntire, 1992). Interestingly, the specific process of learning is not the primary area of concern in cognitive research; instead, learning is viewed as only one of the many processes comprised by the human mind (Anderson, 1980). Some approaches deal with detailed analyses of information-processing skills, while others focus on mental models or cognitive growth and development (Mayer, 1981). Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Science Much of the history of this formulation has been told by Gardner (1985), though his chapter on psychology contains comparatively little on the recent contributions of psychology to cognitive science, focusing mainly on historical theories of perception and cognition, such as those of Wundt and the Gestaltists. The theoretical center piece of traditional cognitive science is the computer analogy, or, more accurately, the assertion that animal and human psychology occurs through computational processes in organisms involving physical symbol systems (Fodor, 1975; Newell, 1980). According to Anderson (1980), cognitive psychology first...
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...THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Personality Usually when we talk about someone's personality, we are talking about what makes that person different from other people, perhaps even unique. This aspect of personality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the central issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with which we can categorize or compare people: Some people are neurotic, others are not; some people are more introverted, others more extroverted; and so on. However, personality theorists are just as interested in the commonalities among people. What, for example, does the neurotic person and the healthy person have in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extroversion in others? If you place people on some dimension -- such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion -- you are saying that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Another way of saying this is that personality theorists are interested in the structure of the individual, the psychological structure in particular. How are people "put together;" how do they "work;" how do they "fall apart." Some theorists go a step further and say they are looking for the essence of being a person. Or they say they are looking for what it means to be an individual human being. The field of personality psychology stretches from a fairly simple empirical search for differences...
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...Social-Learning theory has most influenced my beliefs and assumptions about individuals. Social-learning theory main concept is the idea that behavior learned through watching others. This term is coined observational learning. Social-Learning theory, in contrast to Behavioral theorist , do not believe that reinforcement is responsible for all learning. In fact Social learning theorist Albert Bandura extended research which not included social learning but also included behavioral and cognitive learning to be incorporated. This was the main reason to which some refer to social learning theory as social-cognitive theory. Social- Learning Theory also assume an individual's behavior, environment and personal qualities influence one another. Social-Learning theory believe that optimal observational learning can be acquired through three model. One of which is live model, in live model an actual person is demonstrating the behavior. The next model is verbal instruction. In this model the individual is instructed in detail the behavior and how to engage in that behavioral. The last model is symbolic, influences in this model includes television, radio, movies, internet, literature etc. As well in the model fictional or real demonstration of the behavior. As well Bandura believed that there are steps in which modeling process involved. The first step is Attention. In Attention one must pay attention to the behavior that is being modeled in order to learn. The second step is Retention...
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...dynamics and discuss how teams are managed across cultures. CHAPTER SUMMARY Chapter 15 examines the behavior of managers and employees in different cultures, and the impact of managerial behavior on international business. The chapter begins with a discussion of Hofstede’s work concerning individual behavioral differences, and then relates his ideas to motivation, leadership, and decision making. Finally, issues related to creating and managing cross-cultural teams are discussed. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Individual differences are reflected in personality traits. Attitudes, perception, creativity, and stress also are factors in influencing individual behavior. Personality Differences across Cultures • Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. Both biological factors and environmental factors are believed to be important influences on personality. It is important for international managers to recognize the existence of these differences and how they affect individual behavior. • Five personality traits are especially important in organizations. The “big five” personality traits are agreeableness (the ability of a person to get along with others); conscientiousness (the order and precision a person imposes on activities); emotional stability (the tendency of an...
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...therapy is one of the popular, empirically based theory that seeks to understand personality development. Behavior therapy seeks to ascertain causes of problem behaviors, and intercedes to eliminate or decrease the occurrences of these problem behaviors, in more effective and efficient ways, using appropriate scientific methods. Jones and Butman argue that behavior therapy originated from a behaviorism viewpoint, which assumes that the universe is made up of mater and energy. The behaviorism standpoint also assumes a reductionism, which proposes that complex phenomena can be broken down into simple elements. Proposing that human behavior can also be broken down into simple elemental processes that are easily comprehended and studied (Jones & Butman, 2012). Behavior therapy theorizes that the self is comprised of behavior pattern, reflexes, perceptions and impressions. Behavior therapy concepts like classical conditioning, operant learning, and social learning theory, proposes that human behavior can be learned and modified. A classical conditioning model suggests that humans have innate reflexes (unconditioned) that can be conditioned through repeated training. For example in the case of anxiety, Wolpe’s...
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...Psychology and Health Problem Axia College/ Ps In this essay I will explain how the multi-factorial model of psychology affects a person’s psychological state and health, since they usually go hand and hand. The multi-factorial model is used by psychologists to examine how biological factors, environmental factors, sociocultural factors, personality factors, behavioral responses, and various stressors are connected to health. Biological factors include genetics, gender, age, ethnicity, medical history, and a person's family history of diseases or illnesses. Biological factors are pivotal to understanding the multi-factorial model because it aids researchers in identifying the diseases and other ailments that are a part of someone's family history. For example, if illnesses such as Alzheimer's and heart disease have been a part of an individual's family for many years that person may be predisposed to these illnesses, which increases their likelihood of getting these illnesses more than other people who do not have the family history of Alzheimer's and heart disease. Another part of the multi-factorial is environmental factors, including natural disasters, pollution, and water quality. Pollution is an environmental issue that can cause to illnesses. Carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless gas found in cigarette smoke, auto fumes, and smog, decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (Nevid and Rathus, 2005). Carbon monoxide affects...
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...Faster speed, offline reading, and more. Last edited 3 days ago by an anonymous user Personality psychology Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals. Its areas of focus include: Construction of a coherent picture of the individual and his or her major psychological processes Investigation of individual psychological differences Investigation of human nature and psychological similarities between individuals "Personality" is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. In the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but instead was a convention employed to represent or typify that character. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.[1][2] There is still no universal consensus on the definition of "personality" in psychology. Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can...
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...Behavioral Models of Personality PSY 330/ Theories of Personality Instructor: Nicole Hamilton February 8, 2015 Ashford University Behavioral Models of Personality Have you ever been interested in how your behavior affects your personality? There are several studies and contributors to the behavioral models of personality. Why is this interesting topic in the world of Psychology? In the quest to learn more about this branch of psychology, I was intrigued by many of the tests performed and the thoughts of the many people who contributed to the advancement of this particular part of psychology. The contributors of behavioral psychology main focus is on the behaviors that can be observed measured and changed. Behaviorist did not have any interest in the internal mental states of a person. A person could be trained or conditioned to do whatever it is you wanted them to do. John B. Watson is often quoted saying “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant- chief and, yes, even a beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of ancestor”. (Magnavita, 2012) Watson is most well-known for his experiment with an eleven month old boy that was called “little Albert”. Watson and Rosalie Rayner, trained little Albert to be fearful...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Paper Jeston Walker PSY/250 December 8, 2014 Ronald Goodnight Introduction In this paper I will analyze one of your habits, how did I develop this habit, were there role models for this habit, and which people influenced the adoption of this habit. I will explain why do I continue the habit and has there been a time when I have attempted to break this habit. I will use the behavioral personality theory to explain why I have this habit. I will describe components of social/cognitive theory that explain why the habit formed. I will develop a plan that applies operant conditioning to change this habit. Between the behavioral and social/cognitive theories, I will also describe which one do I find best explains my personality. Analyze one of your habits. How did you develop this habit? Were there role models for this habit? Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? My smoking habit began before I even turned 18. I tried my first cigarette around the age of 16, and I was addicted by the time I turned 18. It was several reasons why I developed the habit of smoking. A lot of my family members that was closed too were smokers. Their friends encourage them to try cigarettes, and to keep smoking. They saw smoking as a way of rebelling and showing independence. They think that everyone else is smoking, and that they should, too. Also I used to see tobacco advertising all the time, which targeted a lot of teenagers around...
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...Behavioral blend: You must have seen pattern of behavior because everyone has a specific personality. There are four basic personality types. These personality types are also known as temperaments, blend together to determine your personality. To help you understand why you often feel, think, and act the way you do, the expression “behavioral blend” is described in the DISC Personality Assessment. There are four types of behavior or temperaments D, I, S, and C that are blended to create a unique personality for every individual. Four Temperament model of human behavior as a template, four basic personality types that blend together to make up each unique individual, or the DISC personality model: D’s are dominant, directing and decisive; I’s are influence and inspiring; S’s are submissive and sensitive, and C’s are critical, cautious, and competent. There are two sections to the behavioral blend: what is expected of the person and who the person truly is. My expected blend is D/C and who I am is D/I/C. Behavioral blend positive influences: Inspiring, Creative, Active, Original, Outgoing, Asserting, Competent, Devoted, Cautious, Inquisitive, Perceptive, Researching, Industrious and Spirited. Behavioral blend negative influences: Controlling, Restless, Relentless, Reactive, Demanding, Impatient, Opinionated, Judgmental, Masked, Self-absorbed, Guarded, Unreceptive, Questioning, Aggressive Discussion of my behavioral blend: “D”:- dominant, directing and decisive ...
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...Behavioral blend: You must have seen pattern of behavior because everyone has a specific personality. There are four basic personality types. These personality types are also known as temperaments, blend together to determine your personality. To help you understand why you often feel, think, and act the way you do, the expression “behavioral blend” is described in the DISC Personality Assessment. There are four types of behavior or temperaments D, I, S, and C that are blended to create a unique personality for every individual. Four Temperament model of human behavior as a template, four basic personality types that blend together to make up each unique individual, or the DISC personality model: D’s are dominant, directing and decisive; I’s are influence and inspiring; S’s are submissive and sensitive, and C’s are critical, cautious, and competent. There are two sections to the behavioral blend: what is expected of the person and who the person truly is. My expected blend is D/C and who I am is D/I/C. Behavioral blend positive influences: Inspiring, Creative, Active, Original, Outgoing, Asserting, Competent, Devoted, Cautious, Inquisitive, Perceptive, Researching, Industrious and Spirited. Behavioral blend negative influences: Controlling, Restless, Relentless, Reactive, Demanding, Impatient, Opinionated, Judgmental, Masked, Self-absorbed, Guarded, Unreceptive, Questioning, Aggressive Discussion of my behavioral blend: “D”:- dominant, directing and decisive ...
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...nation – wide distribution. Objective Currently Gilliand – Moore wines has been corresponding with Iwamoto, Crews, Coe Consulting to find a solution to their current recruitment and personnel selection predicament. This current correspondence will offer a final proposal to this predicament in the form of offering resolution to filling the position of VP of sales, Regional Sales Managers, and Sales Team Member positions. For the VP of Sales, Regional Sales Manager, and Sales Team Positions this proposal will include: • Types of selection tools to administer and why those tools would be useful; to include a description of the role of personality,...
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...clear that both nature and nurture plan an important role in the development of human behavior. Subsequently multidirectional models have emerged with a mounting emphasis on how nature and nurture act independently in addition to collectively each forever shaping the other. Together Nature and Nurture Shape Human Behavior. The discussion concerning the appropriate significance of genetics and environment in human behavior has been around for quite a long while. This topic has generated massive attention, throughout the years, gaining numerous supporters on both sides of the debate. This attention essentially, has lead to some of the most remarkable psychological discoveries in recent years. The terms nature and nurture can be traced back to13th century France, expressed by Francis Galton in 1874 (Nature versus nurture, 2011). The term nurture in refers to the manner in which behavior is shaped by culture and environment. It builds its foundation on John B. Watson's theory of behaviorism, which suggests that human behavior is learned, more readily than emerging instinctively. Individuals learn behavior by means of observation and imitating those around them (Feldman, 2011, p. 18). It is through social interaction that Individuals cultivate their unique personalities and behavioral patterns. Lacking social interaction, personality scarcely ripens, and marked behavior will...
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...Aggression: Biological or Learned? Abstract Aggression is any hostile behavior by an individual person that inflicts physical or psychological damage onto another individual. It can take on a physical form, such as physical acts of violence. It can also take on psychological forms, such as verbal threats or verbal abuse. There are many different theories which aim to explain how aggressive personalities are developed. Theorists who adhere to the Biological Approach to Personality believe that genetics play a large part. They argue that there are biological indicators which make certain people more prone to aggressive personalities. They argue that aggression is not necessarily inherited, but certain predispositions pared with certain factors in an individual’s upbringing can spawn aggressive adults. Theorists such as Albert Bandura believe that personality characteristics such as aggression are learned. According to the Behavioral/Social Learning Approach to Personality, individual personalities are developed through observation and experience. Specifically, aggressive personalities are learned much like other behaviors are learned as a child grows and experiences different things.Research has shows that children predisposed to violence and aggression grow up to be aggressive adults. Aggression, as defined by Merriam-Webster is “a forceful action or procedure (as an unprovoked attack) especially when intended to dominate or master” (Aggression, 2012). It is “hostile, injurious...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Simona Lewis PSY/250 October 22, 2013 Leska Meeler Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits It is through observational learning that I truly learned a bad habit or behavior, but it was through observation that I learned how to smoke cigarettes. However, observation learning is a “convincing” force; rather it is good or bad behavior or habit which was learned by an individual. In-spite-of, the individual has the right to act-upon certain behavior. There are several theories that can explain the behavior and the habits that I have learned. Analyze on of your habits. The habit that I will be analyzing is “smoking cigarettes.” How did you develop this habit? I developed this smoking habit by watching other people smoking cigarettes, and I thought that it is an expressive and popular habit to be learned. Were there role models for this habit? Yes, there were role models for the habit or behavior that I learned. Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? The people who influenced me for the smoking cigarettes, is my parents, friends, and coworkers. Why do I continue it? I continue this habit (smoking cigarettes) because smoking cigarettes calms my nerves, whenever I am in deep thoughts about something, hanging out with families or friends, and going to nightclubs. Has there been a time when you have attempted...
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