...There are many theories, old and new, out there in the world about language, but this essay will only be focusing on three and their leaders. Those three theories are the Behavioralism theory, the Nativist theory, and the Interactionist theory. Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner was the one who lead the Behavioralism theory. Noam Chomsky was the one who lead the Nativist theory. Lev Vygotsky was the one who lead the Interactionist theory. Burrhus Frederic, commonly referred to as B. F. Skinner, was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. He received a B.S. in English from Hamilton College, New York in 1926 then turned to psychology and received his Ph. D from Harvard University in 1931. Skinner strongly believed that learning ethics such as imitation, association, and reinforcement were the key to learning language. This behaviorist theory originates in the school of philosophy know as empiricism. Empiricism simply states that knowledge develops from past experience. The environment surrounding the baby is the core of language development. This is because the baby will hear a name of something for example then connects that name to the object. With that being said, the Behavioralism theory leans on the understanding that language is learned, not programmed within. There are that who think contrary to the Behavioralism theory and that brings us to the Nativist theory. Noam Chomsky was behind the Nativist theory and he strongly believes that language is something that everyone is born...
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...Defining Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology, by definition, is a branch of psychological science that claims the study of mental processes including how people think, perception, remembering, and learning (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). The core of cognitive psychology revolves around many other branches while its inner core is based on how people acquire, store, and process information (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). The most common applications of cognitive psychology are to help improve memory as well as how to increase decision processes, and how to structure or enhance learning (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). Historically, between 1950 and 1970, behaviorism was psychologies most dominant school of thought (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). When studies began to shift the focus onto attention, problem solving, and memory, it became known as the cognitive revolution which then generated masses of research studies which included processing models (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). While behaviorism focused mainly on observable behavior, internal mental state was the main concern of cognitive research (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). Cognitive research also surpassed psychoanalysis in that it relied solely on the scientific method while psychoanalysis used subjective perceptions (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). Major contributors of the cognitive school of thought include Wilhelm Wundt, William James, and Edward B.Titchener (Dowd & Arnold, 2010). While these founders helped establish what we know today...
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...Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient. Usually the term is applied to political states or their economic systems. Balance of power is a distribution of power in which no single nation is able to dominate or interfere with others. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations. Indigenization means to transform things to fit the local culture. Most changes in original culture occur when western corporations impose their products on other economies, Westernizing. German problem is basically refers to the difficulty of finding Germany’s place in the international system. Regionalization is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. One of the more obvious examples of regionalization is the division of a nation into states or provinces. Expansionism: A nation's practice or policy of territorial or economic expansion. Imperial overreach is a hypothesis which suggests that an empire can extend itself beyond its ability to maintain or expand its military and economic commitments. Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. Soft power is a persuasive approach to international relations, typically involving the use of economic or cultural influence. Mutually assured destruction is a US doctrine of reciprocal deterrence resting...
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...Chapter One: Introduction and Research Methods * Origins of Psychology: 1. PHILOSOPHY; concepts- 2. PHYSIOLOGY; brain and behavior- 3. WILHELM WUNDT; followed psych as a science- 4. EDWARD TICHENER; structuralism, take bare parts down and study each part-5. WILLIAM JAMES AND STUDENTS; functionalism, didn’t care why someone did something he wanted to know the reason for it—one student G. Stanley Hall was the first PHD in US- 6. SIGMUND FREUD; had theories and ideas of psych analysis- 7. JOHN WATSON; behavioralism...treating people for their illnesses instead of just researching about it- 8. CARL ROGERS; client therapy, unconditional positive regard and concern, connecting with your patients * Contemporary Psych: * Biological perspective- biological reason for why things happen and why you do the things you do. * Psychodynamic perspective- directed towards unconscious motivations. How do you see yourself * Behavioral perspective- human behavior * Humanistic perspective- Carl Rogers, look at everything positive * Cognitive perspective- memories of all kinds * Cross-cultural perspectives- studying the different ways of different cultures. Different rules for different cultures. * Evolutionary perspective- how are behaviors adaptable and functional. Changes as time goes on. * Positive psych- maximizing the patients’ strengths. * The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method • The steps of the scientific method – Formulate a...
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...Biological And Humanistic Approaches To Personality Personality has long been thought to be existent at birth and can only attempt to grow from the moment of conception. According to Maslow, an American psychologist, human needs are sought to be fulfilled and upon fulfillment, lead to self-actualization. He created a hierachy of needs that dictates what human desires are necessary to be achieved before being able to move toward the next stage in life. Abraham Maslow is the creator of Maslow’s hierachy of needs, a psycological theory that said all humans have a need to reach their max potential. But to achieve this sense of self-fulfillment one must meet every need starting with the most basic first. The hierachy consists of different levels. From the bottom: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Physiological needs consist of food, water, sleep, shelter, warmth, and even sex. These needs can be influenced by where you live, what area, what region, and in what kind of an establishment. Food consumed can depict some parts of personality. Heritage and how one is brought up can determine how you live your life. The basic needs are influenced by family culture and background. A lack of nuturing in the early stage can lead to insecurity issues. Safety needs consist of protection from nature, security, the law, and stability. It is the duty of the parents to protect their child from the outside world and the negative energy that can affect...
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...Abstract This essay briefly describes behaviorism, gestalt, and structuralism. Brief examples of each approach are outlined under each topic. The common threads of behaviorism, gestalt, and structuralism are contrasted and compared in basic terms, and their influence on present-day psychology is discussed. Unit 1 – Individual Project This paper discusses three methods in the evolution of psychology: structuralism, behaviorism, and gestalt. To better understand the concepts of each, it’s important to list examples of each method, as well as compare and contrast the differences of each and how each impact modern-day psychology. Structuralism The structural approach to psychology sought to quantify the human experience, the human mind, in a scientific way (Reed, 2010). Simply put, structuralism is the study of how people respond to stimuli; it’s the study of human perception (Education Portal, 2012). It was thought that, through the process of Introspection, surface behavior held clues to deeply buried issues that could only be identified by the therapist (Narrative Therapy Chicago, 2012). An example of structuralism, with regard to therapy, was the use of Introspection, wherein the therapist would, for example, play a sound, or ask the patient to jump in the air. He would then observe the reaction to the stimuli, and ask, “How does that make you feel?” Between the unconscious reaction and introspective response of the patient, the therapist believed he could uncover...
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...Cognitive psychology Psy/360 April 13, 2012 Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology is the area of psychology that evaluates the "mental processes including how people think, perceive, and even learn. (Van Wagner, 2009)." Cognitive Psychology is a psychological perspective that addresses mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, perceiving, remembering, believing, and speaking, and seeks to identify behavior by characteristics other than its obvious properties” ("Cognitive psychology," 2009). Cognitive psychology is often compared to behaviorism because of the sharp contrast of the perspectives (Willingham, 2007) Cognitive psychology is used the most when someone is evaluating patients for different types of mental disorders and diseases. The principles that have evolved from the founding of cognitive psychology from the early times starting from the Greek philosophers to modern day psychologist it has greatly affect how people around the world think about the psychological processes of the human mind. Greek philosophers were the first people to start looking into the human mind and how it works. Plato and some of the other early Greek philosophers started creating the foundation for what would be known as today as cognitive psychology (Anderson, 2005). Plato's principles of rationalism described how reality should be viewed, stating that "reality resides not in the concrete objects we perceive but in the abstract forms that these objects represent...
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...clung to any idea that was tossed out. Social Darwinism became the accepted theory of why individuals have exceptionalities. With tis believe, individuals with exceptionalities were considered a threat and they were once again separated from the general public. The law went so far as to develop marriage restriction laws, and eventually, sterilization laws were put in place. These laws and beliefs started a period of inactivity for special education. Subsequent to World War II, there was another shift in how individuals with exceptionalities were viewed. There were court cases that were won and laws that were passed that caused a forward movement for special education. There were new theories in behavioral psychology, namely Watson’s Behavioralism and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which turned the focus back to nurturing (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p....
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...Chapter 1 Production and Operations Management (POM): An Introduction 0 Overview • • • • • Introduction Historical Milestones in POM Factors Affecting POM Today Different Ways of Studying POM Wrap-Up: What World-Class Producers Do 1 Introduction • Production and operations management (POM) is the management of an organization’s production system. • A production system takes inputs and converts them into outputs. • The conversion process is the predominant activity of a production system. • The primary concern of an operations manager is the activities of the conversion process. 2 Organizational Model Finance Sales HRM POM Marketing QA Engineering MIS Accounting 3 Organization Chart-Major Elements Manufacturing Organization Operations Finance/Accounting Disbursements & Credits Funds Management Capital Requirements Marketing Sales Promotion Advertising Sales Market Research Facilities Production & Inventory ontrol Quality Assurance & Control Procurement Engineering Design Industrial Engineering Process Engineering Entry-Level Jobs in POM • Purchasing planner/buyer • Production (or operations) supervisor • Production (or operations) scheduler/controller • Production (or operations) analyst • Inventory analyst • Quality specialist 5 Historical Milestones in POM • • • • • • The Industrial Revolution Post-Civil War Period Scientific Management Human Relations and Behaviorism Operations Research The Service Revolution 6 The...
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...POLITICAL SCIENCE One of the 3 core subjects offered in a triple main combination to BA- (EPS & HEP) The discipline aims at imparting knowledge of indispensable institutions, concepts and ideals. The study of the subject enables an individual to learn the art of government and administration. The courses in the first two semester focus on basic concepts of political science and major political ideologies. The next two, third and fourth, puts emphasis exclusively on the Indian political system. The fifth and sixth semesters courses deal with public administration and International relations. Course objectives 1. Imparting value based education. 2. Preparing responsible and politically conscious citizens. 3. Building good leadership qualities and responsible future leaders. 4. Understanding the art of government and administration. 5. Motivating students to take competitive examinations. 6. Creating civic sense COURSE STRUCTURE I Semester Course Code POL 131 II Semester Course Code POL 231 III Semester Course Code POL 331 IV Semester Course Code POL 431 V Semester Course Code POL 531 POL 532 VI Semester Course Code POL 631 POL 632 Title Core Concepts of Political Science. Title Major Political Ideologies Title Indian Government and Politics- I Title Indian Government and Politics- II Title International Relations- I Principles of Public Administration Title International Relations- II Personnel and Financial Administration Hrs/ wk 5 Hrs/ wk 5 Hrs/ wk 5 Hrs/ wk 5 Hrs/ wk 4 4 Marks...
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...THE CATHEDRAL VIDYA SCHOOL LONAVALA TOPIC NUMBER: 4 To what extent do we need evidences to support our beliefs in different areas of knowledge? Candidate Name: Gandhi, shelly Candidate Session Number: 004669-015 Session: May 2011 Word count: 1548 Shelly Gandhi 2 "It is not what the man of science believes that distinguishes him, but how and why he believes it. His beliefs are tentative, not dogmatic; they are based on evidence, not on authority or intuition."1 As truly said by Bertrand Russell, it is considerable to call evidence as one of the basis for a belief. At first sight, evidence seems to be core of many beliefs as most of our practical life is based upon it. However, on a deeper look, the phrase “To what extent” suggests that there may be a limit to the dependence of beliefs on evidences. Indeed, there are several thought provoking questions to this statement- are beliefs always based on evidence? Is there something called perception, inner voice, gut feel or sixth sense (I will call this „intuition‟)? Nevertheless, the answers to these questions lie in nature of the subject and to explain the same, I first need to describe meaning of evidence and belief. In general, Evidence is defined as a piece of information that forms ground for any theory, belief or conclusion. On the other hand, beliefs are defined as certain set of values or perceptions of a person. By definition itself, it is clear that Evidence is also the base (ground) for belief but experience...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...Lovely Professional University, Punjab Course Code MGT519 Course Category Course Title OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Courses with numerical and conceptual focus Course Planner 16031::Gurpreet Kaur Lectures 3.0 Tutorials Practicals Credits 1.0 0.0 4.0 TextBooks Sr No T-1 Title Operations Management Reference Books Sr No R-1 R-2 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 OR-10 OR-11 OR-12 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, complete reference) The four things that a service Business must get right HBR Article , Bang & Olufsen Design Driven Innovation : HBR , Smart Product Design : HBR , Mishina, Kazuhiro. Toyota Motor Manufacturing, U.S.A., Inc. HBS Case No. 9-693-019. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 1995. , Hammond, Janice H. Barilla SpA (A). HBS Case No. 9-694-046. Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, 1994. , Latour, Almar. Nokia Handles Supply Shock with Aplomb as Ericsson of Sweden Gets Burned. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 2001. , National Cranberry Cooperative HBS #688122. From Case Map , John Crane UK Ltd Case : The CAD CAM Link . HBS #691021,24p , To Move or not to Move .Case of Cathay Pacific Airways . University of Hong Kong HBS #HKU003,22p , Note on Quality: The Views of Deming, Juran, and Crosby HBS .687011 , Process Control at Polaroid , HBS, #693047 , LL Bean Item Forecasting and Inventory Management HBS, #893003, 5p , Johson Control Automotive Systems , HBS,#69308623p , Title Operations...
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...Topic 1. Question 1: Summarize the chief tenets of the scientific management and social person movements. Be sure to identify key players in both movements. (5 page maximum, single spaced.) The scientific management and the social person movement differ noticeably. In its very initial stages, engineers had become vital to the development and installing advances in both technology and power. They were to become a prime source of information about management practices. One strong example would be Henry Towne as it was he whom called for engineers to look beyond the technical side of manufacturing and become involved in the economizing of efforts within the factory itself. The greatest player in the scientific management era being Frederick W. Taylor whom was a central figure in the development of management thought. Taylor gave a push and provided credibility to the idea of management. Taylor and others promoted systematic management with its popularized label of scientific management. It was characterized by advancing technology, market growth, labor unrest, and a lack of knowledge about management, industry in the United States was ripe for methods, systems, and better ways to produce and market products. To meet this need, Taylor provided a voice. Taylor's book 'Shop Management' provided the text for the teaching of industrial management to a growing body of college students who sought positions in industry. Frederick Taylor’s theory focuses...
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...MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES AND PRACTICES By Dr. Yasin Olum Lecturer Department of Political Science and Public Administration Makerere University Contact Address: Makerere University Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political Science and Public Administration P. O. Box 7062 KAMPALA-Uganda Tel.(Off.): 041-531499 Tel.(Mobile): 077454019 Fax: 041-534181 E-Mail: yolum@ss.mak.ac.ug Being a paper presented at the 15th East African Central Banking Course, held on 12th July 2004, at Kenya School of Monetary Studies. 0 MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES AND PRACTICES: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW Introduction Managing is one of the most important human activities. From the time human beings began forming social organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not accomplish as individuals, managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts. As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. The central thesis of this paper is that although some managers in different parts of the world could have achieved managerial success without having basic theoretical knowledge in management, it has to be unequivocally emphasized that those managers who have mixed management theory in their day-to-day practice...
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