...Behaviour of a Retail Company/Business and their Economic Efficiency for Society Poppy Stevens Stream 1B Student ID: 187645 Introductory Business Studies Companies and Businesses worldwide all have one goal, and that is to make a profit, and to do that they need to have a good hold in the world’s economy, to have a good reputation and have consumers eating out of their hands. A good example of this would be Apple Inc. Apple is one of the worlds most well known companies, and has a market value of more than half a trillion dollars (Krosinsky, 2012). Apple is known for it’s Computer hardware, Computer software, but mainly Apple is known for their production of iPods, iPads, iPhones, MacBook’s, and of course iTunes. This essay will cover the following: The kind of market structure Apple has, how much consumers demand their products and the economic efficiency of the company. When it comes to building a market you need to know your consumers wants, needs, fears and concerns so you can build up and around it to provide them with exactly what they want. Apple has their consumers wrapped around their finger, due to the fact that they use the strategy of market segmentation. Market segmentation is when the market has been cut up into groups/segments where consumers have similar wants and needs for a certain product. This would be a better definition, “Market segmentation is the technique used to enable a business to better target it products at the right...
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...section of the course we will be exploring the nature of conformity to - and deviation from social rules in both our own and other societies. In order to do this, we will initially need to understand a number of basic concepts that we can develop. In more detail at a later point. Before we start to do this, however, it might be useful to briefly map-out the various general areas covered by the syllabus. In this respect, we will be looking at a major aspect of deviant behaviour in our society (crime) and the way such behaviour is associated with various social categories such as: Class Age Gender Ethnicity Locality / Region In simple terms, we need to look at the various explanations of crime and deviance that have been produced by sociologists over the past 100 or so years. The concept of power is a very significant one in relation to the way social rules are created and applied and, for this reason, we need to examine this concept as a means of understanding the nature of social conformity and deviance. A significant aspect of (deviant) behaviour is the reaction of others to that behaviour and, in this respect, we will be particularly concerned with an examination of the role of the mass media in the process of Deviancy Amplification. The concern here will be to outline the role of "official" agencies of social control in our society. Over the past 20 - 30 years a number of "deviant sub-cultures" (Mods, Hippies, Punks and so forth) have surfaced in both our own...
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...Assess the view that human behaviour is determined by social environment. This essay assesses the view that human behaviour is determined by social environment. Social environment refers to the physical and social setting in which people live in. It includes culture that individual was educated or lives in, the people and institutions with whom they interact with. Each of our social environments is moulded by individual’s upbringing and social factors. This suggests human behaviour is determined by nurture. However, I disagree with the statement human behaviour is determined by social environment. I believe human behaviour is the basic living instincts, predetermined by each individual’s biological factors such as DNA. Sociologists tend to argue that human behaviour is determined by social environment that is nurture. They suggest that on the whole our behaviour is not fixed biologically. Sociologists believe the society of an individual shapes their behaviour and personality. According to this perspective of social determinist genes have less effect on an individual. They suggest family as an agent for individual’s primary socialisation. Secondary socialisation agents are friends, environment, religion, and mass media and so on. These factors create personality for an individual that they claim to have. Furthermore, without proper socialization humans cannot learn to behave appropriately to fit into social environment. Feral children are the results of those deprived from...
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...perspective, then this overview will serve as revision material... The second part of these Notes will provide an overview of some of the basic themes and theories put forward by writers working within this general perspective to explain crime. Functionalism: An Overview The Functionalist perspective is a form of Structuralist sociology and, as such, we can initially characterise it as a form of macro sociological theorising. In this respect, the main theoretical question addressed by sociologists working within the Functionalist perspective is that of: * How do social systems ("societies") hold together? In their attempts to provide an answer to this question, Functionalists have initially concentrated upon two ideas that are closely related to the above: 1. How is order maintained in any society? 2. What are the main sources of stability in any society? As you might imagine - given that the theoretical emphasis seems to be placed on rather grand questions about the nature of social systems - Functionalist sociologists are not particularly concerned with an examination of individual ideas, meanings and interpretations. We will look in more detail about why this should be the case in a moment. What they do tend to emphasise, however, is the idea that the basis of social order is to be found in shared values / consensus (hence this perspective...
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...contrast Cohen’s study of disorderly behaviour with that of Hall et al. This essay will explore the construction of disorder in society and the role of the media in shaping public opinions about social disorder. It will examine the theories of Stanley Cohen and Hall et al. and will identify the different approaches and key research issues concerning disorderly behaviour. The essay will show how the media constructs and defines antisocial behaviour through the portrayal of folk devils which creates moral panic. The concept of folk devils and moral panic was explored by Stanley Cohen (1973) in his case study of mods and rockers of the 1960’s. The Mods and Rockers were two opposing British youth gangs that engaged in fighting and vandalism at seaside towns in the 1960’s.Cohen’s research focused on how this the media’s portrayal of events provoked a mood of public fear and outrage throughout society, labelling the two groups as folk devils. Folk devils have been depicted as mindless, evil and deviant beings with their behaviour completely different to that of normal people. These deviants have been blamed for all the wrongs in society and have been punished brutally. This characterisation has been central to Cohen’s theory with the role of the media inciting moral panics with the dramatization and construction of Folk devils. (Kelly and Toynbee, 2009, p370) Stanley Cohen, Suggests the UK media’s representation of the antisocial behaviour of the British youths played a major role...
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...Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms, there can be many different reasons why people display deviant behaviour. People who engage in deviant behaviour are referred to as deviants. Deviant behaviour is any behaviour that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. In practice however most deviance is ignored or mildly punished is sometimes regarded as amusing or even supported. Mugging a person is classed as deviant, smoking in a public place is now regarded as deviant (smoking ban in public places was introduced in Ireland March 2004). Most of us at one point or time in our lives have been labeled deviant or at least sightly deviant. As I mentioned Deviance is the recognised violation of cultural norms. Norms are rules and expectations which guide the behaviour of a society, therefore norms guide human activities, so the concept of deviance is broad. As we develop from childhood to teenager to adult we gain experience and exposure to many situations either alone or with others. We are taught what we should and should not do, what is good and what is bad what is right and what is wrong within our society, learning habits that conform to the customs, traditions of the group into which we are born. We start to develop a system of values, these values are why we refrain from behaviour that is frowned on or disapproved off. Most of us have at some time or other have misgivings or second thoughts about something we may have done in the past. Maybe, told a lie...
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...medical field, politicians and other good academia. Mental illness can be define as ‘a state of one’s mind that affects the thinking, emotions and judgement to the extent that the individual need a medical attention for his/her personal safety and that of the society’. The definition of mental illness by other academia has been termed as behavioural and emotional disorder. They perceive this disorder as disease that affects the mind. In a particular society, mental illness is a behaviour which is classified as disturbed or abnormal and people found of that behaviour are branded deviant. Acceptable behaviour in one society can be unacceptable behaviour in other society. From the biomedical approach point of view, mental illness deals with the state of mind and is the duty of the trained professionals to diagnose patients and by the use drugs and surgery treat them in medical way in order to improve the patient mental disorder, living condition and poor self-care. This model places more emphasis on the causes of mental illness as biological so it was criticized thereby making the social condition play a significant role. ‘’There is the need to recognize both the outer and inner worlds of a person as well as the society’’ (Duggan et al, 2002). In other for the capitalist to continue their manipulation and also increase the sale in their pharmaceutical companies, most symptoms were branded as mental illness so that drugs can be prescribed. The means of production is own by most...
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...means “scientific” and positivist methodologies argue it’s possible and desirable to study social behaviour in ways similar to those used by natural scientists to study behaviour in the natural world. Positivism A basic principle is that social systems consist of structures that exist independently of individuals; they represent behaviour at the institutional level of society and people experience structures as forces that push us to behave in ways that shape our individual behavioural choices. Example: The rules of language structure the way we socially interact. Systems Actions The forces shaping social behaviour can be discovered using similar methods to those used in sciences such as Physics - systematic observations that create highly reliable knowledge, organised and tested using something like Popper’s HypotheticoDeductive model of research. Study of the causes of behaviour (social structures) rather than their effects (the different choices people make). Structures are real and objective forces; although they can’t be seen, their effects can be (empirically) observed. Reality Methods Quantitative methods are generally favoured because they allow for the collection of factual data. Objectivity Facts The researcher should not directly interact with the people they are studying since this might influence their behaviour (non-participant observation is acceptable, but participant observation is more problematic). ...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION (CAPE) CARIBBEAN STUDIES For Self-Study and Distance Learning This material has been developed for The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) With assistance from The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) Copyright © 2004 CXC/COL Prepared by Dr Jennifer Mohammed Mr. Samuel Lochan Dr. Henderson Carter Dr. David Browne CARIBBEAN STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Study Guide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Titles Society, Culture and the Individual Geography, Society and Culture History, Society and Culture Cultural Diversity in Caribbean Society and Culture Impact of Societal Institutions on Caribbean People Caribbean - Global Interaction Concepts and Indicators of Development Contribution of Sports to Development in the Caribbean Regional Integration and Development Factors Promoting or Hindering Development Intellectual Traditions The Mass Media Social Justice Investigating Issues in the Caribbean Pages 1 – 21 22 – 51 52 – 87 88 – 116 117 – 146 147 – 170 171 – 187 188 – 195 196 – 207 208 –222 223 – 247 248 – 255 256 – 262 263 – 303 INTRODUCTION Purpose The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), in collaboration with the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), has developed Self-Study Guides for a number of Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) and Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) subjects. The main purpose of the Guides is to provide both in-school and out-of-school...
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...OF SOCIAL CONTROL? Deviancy is considered any behaviour to violate cultural norms and it is essentially split between two formations; formal deviancy (crime) and informal deviancy (social). Social control is a product of social learning via labeling strategies, it is composed of both informal and formal mechanisms and maintains that the exploitation of socialization and social learning contributes to the individual building of self-control, and in the reduction divergent behaviour. Both controls enforce labeling as a sanction to shame the supposedly deviant character; it infers that the individual has earned disapproval from society due to failed expectations of behaviour. Labeling theorists propose that criminality comes from the response to behaviour as an alternative to actual violation of the law (Wellford, 1975), this is evident in society’s acceptance of illegal downloading despite the sanctions and group in powers values. Durkheim views this defiance as a necessity to an ever changing society where deviance is of use to maintaining functionality, social constancy and collective consciousness, when this is absent anomie is said to arise. Labelling theory holds much of the same stance as conflict theory in emphasising the power of social groups and social control in expectations and stigmatisation. Where the delegation of labels creates sub-groups within society each group is anticipated to fulfil certain normative behaviours, in violating these they become outsiders and...
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...An Introduction To People and Society 1. What is meant by the term socialisation? Socialisation is the way in which we are shaped by our society into being the people who we are now. We are all part of something called the socialisation process, were we learn the appropriate behaviour accepted by society i.e.: the culture of our society such as dressing, thinking and speaking to name but a few. Sociologists use terms such as norms, values and roles to describe these. There are four types of socialisation, the first of which is known as primary socialisation – this refers to early childhood (from birth) and what we learn from those who influence us most at this time. These people are usually our immediate family and carers. The second is secondary socialisation which refers to late childhood and adulthood, this is not learned from family but from school, workplace and many others including the media. There is also formal/informal socialisation 2. Each culture contains a large number of guidelines that direct behaviour, explain the role of norms within society and explain how they differ from culture to culture. The norms within society differ depending on the type of society and culture. The norms can be different because of religion, gender, social upbringing etc. There are both informal and formal norms (set of rules in society which explains acceptably correct behaviour). In general most societies disapprove of those who do not conform to the social...
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...Development most intense in childhood basic skills and appropriate behaviour are learnt here Definition * Defines socialisation as ‘a development process by which individuals learn and become aware of the patterns of behaviour expected as a member of society * Through socialisation, individuals become familiar with the norms and values of their society * There are many determinants of individual (children) socialisation: * Observing behaviour of others * Imitating actions of family, teachers and peers * Interacting with others * Developing the acceptable manners, habits, attitudes and skills of society * Having positive behaviour being encouraged * Having negative behaviour being inappropriate Primary and secondary socialisation * Two types of socialisation: * Primary – (infancy) * Comes from contact with family * Building relationships from family who offer warmth, food and attention * Family usually have the most powerful and long-lasting influence * Secondary (Out of infancy) * Occurs at kindergarten, school, and sporting groups * Occurs when they learn to be part of a team * Schools great influence guidelines for acceptable behaviour, reinforce vales & attitudes that are important to society * Peer groups (adolescence) influence behaviour and participation in activities * Media (television)...
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...beings. Anthropology is divided into 2 sub-studies, which are Cultural anthropology and Physical Anthropology. A sub field of Physical anthropology would be > paleoanthropology, which studies human development and human variation; why we look the way we do. Cultural anthropology> Linguistics, and the functioning and development of cultures. M.O.S > Case studies, participant observations, surveys, and excavations (digging up remains) Sociology: The study of human social life, and the development of societies. *Goal is to understand the whole world, not just part of it. Psychology: Scientific study of the human brain, mental processes, and human behaviours. METHODS OF STUDY: Case Study > observation of individual/group over period of time Experiments > Allows you to see how 1 factor is related to another Surveys > Obtain information on thoughts of a large group Interviews > used when you require detailed information, you look for explanations behind behaviour and thoughts Observation> Unstructured Observation: observing a group without a predetermined idea of what to look for. Structured Observation > Observing a group based planning what to look for Participant observation > immersing yourself into the daily activities of a group, MOS > Excavations, observations, surveys, experiments Anthropology > Study of human origins, traditions, cultures, and varieties of human beings Physical Anthropology> Paleoanthropology, Primatology, Human variation...
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...assignment is going to discuss the causes, effects and strategies relating to challenging behaviours in settings. It will incorporate the discussion on available legislation that attempts to deal with challenging behaviour in settings such as work based settings. It will further analyse behaviour and its impact on the individual of a variety of special needs and challenging behaviours and will look at the positive support planning available that attempts to address challenging behaviour. According to Emerson et al (2011), “challenging behaviour is an umbrella term used to describe any behaviour that puts the person and those around them at risk”. Examples of challenging behaviour are aggression, self-injuries behaviour, property destruction, oppositional behaviour, stereotyped behaviours, socially inappropriate behaviour, and withdrawn behaviour. Human behaviour happens for a reason and understanding its causes is key to managing certain behaviours. Different reasons can be attributed to the causes of some challenging behaviours and these can be driven by different reasons such as seeking social attention, an attempt to seek advantage and get something, an attempt to escape from something like a trauma and some can arise from an enjoyment of certain sensory activities. As has been described that the causes vary depending on individuals, it should also be borne in mind that behaviour can have a harmful effect on the lives of both the individuals behaving in a challenging way...
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...Explain the statement that “by blaming the individual for a crime, the society is acquitted to of the charge of complicity in that crime”. (Reiman, 2009). Drawing on at least two perspectives from the module, demonstrate how this argument reflects the concerns of critical criminology more generally. When Reiman talks about the individual in the above statement, he is referring to the idea put forward by individual positivist criminologists in the late nineteenth century that the source of crime is located within the individual (The Open University, 2013a). This idea is based on positivists holding the belief that criminal behaviour is distinct in its characteristics to that of non-criminal behaviour, thus making it abnormal. This abnormal behaviour can be determined either by biological and psychological or social factors, and was spearheaded by the works of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo (The Open University, 2013a). Their aim was to focus on establishing the causality of crime by asking questions, such as whether criminals are born or made and whether the factors of crime are individual or social, through the use of natural scientific methods in order to produce objective and quantifiable results to support the prediction of future crimes. As a result, positivists have only been concerned with the measurable and observable, and have consciously neglected the more abstract ideas of the causes of crime (The Open University, 2013a). In more recent times...
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