...plantas medicinales. CLIMA Esta planta es muy común, también crece en prados y lugares herbosos, tiene que tener luz suficiente y la humedad debe ser muy poca, como un medio litro diario. Habita en terrenos secos de los 1,200 a los 2,000 m de altitud, se adapta a los lugares secos y arenosos como son las montañas. SIEMBRA La flor de la Manzanilla tiene semillas, a partir de las cuales lleva a cabo su reproducción. COSECHA Las flores deberán recogerse, secar a la sombra y conservar solo durante un año como máximo, en un lugar cerrado y oscuro. USOS Uso medicinal principalmente, calmante, descongestiva, tónica, en enfermedades infecciosas como gripe, catarros, resfriados, etc., dolores nerviosos de cabeza, en compresas preparadas de infusión, úlceras varicosas y en las inflamaciones de los ojos. En uso externo actúa como antiinflamatoria, cicatrizante de piel y mucosas, antiséptica y antineurálgica. Se utiliza en muchas lociones capilares y shampoo para aclarar los cabellos, en pomadas, cosméticos, toallas femeninas y papel...
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...Infusions Handmade cold process soap and more Infusing Oils With Herbs: Moringa Soap I have been using herbal infusions for soaps since I began making soap. Using herbs as natural colorants is challenging as depending on the type of infusion you choose the finished soap can go from a great success to a downright disaster. I cannot forget how the color of the hibiscus infusion went from magnificent ruby to scary blue in the lye solution and to a nice but not so interesting beige in the finished soap. Another “accident” was using green tea powder. Adding it to the raw soap caused the batter to turn muddy (dirty may provide a better description though) brown and the finished soap was a dreadfully oily thing which I only kept to cure because of my husband’s advice to never give up on a batch of soap. Grateful I listened to him because, three months later, that dreadful log of oily something became one of the best soaps I have ever used. Since those (and a few other) disastrous trials with herbs I have done a lot of research and have come to the point of feeling confident about what I can achieve with certain herbs depending on the way of infusing them and using them in soap. Yet, with the great variety of botanicals out there, there is always a new herb to try and this time I am using moringa. I received a package of moringa powder from Silvia at SoapJam a couple of months ago and almost immediately decided that I would try infusing some oil with part of the powder...
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...MODE OF INVESTMENT UNDER FOREIGN EXCHANGE OPERATIONS International trade focuses on: ( Import ( Export IMPORT: 1. Import in 3 categories: ( Machinery for projects ( Raw materials for the industries ( Commercial items 2. Import finance: Major principles/modes 1. Musharaka & Ijarah: For import of machinery/projects 2. Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk (HPSM): Machinery is imported jointly by client and bank. Bank leases out its portion to the client on rent and bank gradually sells its portion on installments 3. Back to Back or Cash LC: No funded facility is required. 4. Murabaha Post Import (MPI): Funded investment Bank imports the goods at request of the client and sell the goods to the client on declared profit. 5. BAI-MURABAHA OR BAI-MUAJJAL: It is applied in selling of goods to the client . In Bai Muajjal profit may not be disclosed. EXPORT : Major principles/modes applied at Pre Shipment stage: For procurement of raw material: 1. Back to Back LC 2. Import Cash LC: Cash or under MPI 3. Bai Murabaha/ Bai Muajjal for local procurement For procurement of raw material at Processing stage: 1. Bai Salam: Purchase in advance When the raw materials arrive...
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...Lewis: Medical-Surgical Nursing, 9th Edition Chapter 17 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances KEY POINTS HOMEOSTASIS · Body fluids and electrolytes play an important role in maintaining a stable internal environment of the body. · A number of adaptive responses keep the composition and volume of body fluids and electrolytes within the narrow limits of normal to maintain homeostasis and promote health. · Many diseases and their treatments have the ability to affect fluid and electrolyte balance and alter homeostasis. WATER CONTENT OF BODY · Water is the primary component of the body, accounting for approximately 60% of the body weight in the adult. · The two major fluid compartments in the body are intracellular fluid (ICF), or inside the cells, and extracellular fluid (ECF), or outside the cells. ECF is composed of interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluids. ELECTROLYTES · Electrolyte composition varies between the ECF and ICF, though the overall concentration of the electrolytes is approximately the same in the two compartments. · The measurement of electrolytes is important in evaluating electrolyte balance, as well as in determining the composition of electrolyte preparations. MECHANISMS CONTROLLING FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT · Many different processes are involved in the movement of electrolytes and water between the ICF and ECF. Some of these include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Two forces...
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...| Ketoacidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis | | | | 6/27/2012 | Phlebotomy | References www.google.com www.webmd.com www.yahoo.com/healthnewsarticle Respiratory Alkalosis is an acid-base imbalance disorder involving the blood gases. It is a condition marked by low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood due to breathing excessively. Respiratory Alkalosis also is a medical condition in which increased respiration (hyperventilation) elevates the blood pH (a condition generally called Alkalosis). It’s one of four basic categories of acid-base homeostasis. There are two types of Respiratory Alkalosis. Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly and chronic respiratory alkalosis is a more long-standing condition. Signs and symptoms for respiratory alkalosis include dizziness, fainting, and numbness of the hands and feet. There are many causes of this disease such as anxiety, fever, and hyperventilation. Also, any lung disease that leads to shortness of breath can also cause respiratory alkalosis. Respiratory Alkalosis causes many possible complications such as severe seizures if the alkalosis is extremely severe but is very rare. The prognosis will happen depending on the conditions that are causing the respiratory alkalosis. Certain treatments are aimed at the condition that causes respiratory alkalosis like breathing in a paper bag or using a mask that causes the patient to re-breathe carbon dioxide can help to reduce symptoms...
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...When consumers decide to buy a product based on the interest and importance of the product to them, this is defined as involvement level. Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/money/personal-finance/articles/71493.aspx#ixzz1WcglStX2 According to former research Huurne, ter & Gutteling involvement does increase the need for additional information as well as affective responses, and therefore indirectly motivates people to seek or avoid additional information. Buyers become psychologically involved when making the decision to buy a product. However, there are levels that determine the involvement. For example, if I'm out running errands and I'm thirsty, I will run into a convenience store and grab a bottle of water. Usually, I will grab any cold bottle of water and purchase it. It is a quick purchase that will probably last under a minute. Thus, my involvement level is low when buying my bottle of water. We can see, elements determine level of involvement of this bottle of water is basically cost and safety. However, my involvement level raises when I start to notice that I like one particular brand of water. So every time I run errands, I stop in the convenience store and search for that particular brand and purchase it. This is limited decision making involvement. And there are reasons for this increase of level of involvement and make a girl like me to seaching for this particular brand. Or we could say, this is how this brand react for the targeting on me. Why...
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...Amphoterism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ampholytes) Jump to: navigation, search "Amphoteric" redirects here. For other uses, see Amphoteric (disambiguation). Acids and bases | | * Acid dissociation constant * Acid-base extraction * Acid–base reaction * Acid–base titration * Dissociation constant * Acidity function * Buffer solutions * pH * Proton affinity * Amphoterism * Self-ionization of water * Acid strength | Acid types | * Brønsted · * Lewis · * Mineral · * Organic · * Strong · * Superacids · * Weak | Base types | * Brønsted · * Lewis · * Organic · * Strong · * Superbases · * Non-nucleophilic · * Weak | * v · * t · * e | In chemistry, an amphoteric species is a molecule or ion that can react as an acid as well as a base.[1] The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi (ἀμφότεροι) meaning "both". Many metals (such as zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides. Amphoterism depends on the oxidation state of the oxide. One type of amphoteric species are amphiprotic molecules, which can either donate or accept a proton (H+). Examples include amino acids and proteins, which have amine and carboxylic acid groups, and self-ionizable compounds such as water and ammonia. Ampholytes are amphoteric molecules that contain both acidic and basic groups and will exist mostly as zwitterions in a certain...
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...concentration, the reaction will move forward. CO2 (g) + H2O (l) -------àH2CO3 2) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction shown in question 1. 3) Calculate the equilibrium constant using the following concentrations [CO2] = 3.56 x 10-10 M and [H2CO3] = 8.8 x 10-2 M. K= [3.56] [10-10] ------------- [8.8] [10-2] = 22.63 Carbon dioxide plays a vital role in the human body and is a colourless, odourless gas produced by organic compounds and by respiration. This essay will discuss the transport and exchange of carbon dioxide, pH levels, acidosis and alkalosis and chemical equilibrium. Firstly, carbon dioxide is transported around the body in a few different ways. Some of those are, “dissolution, haemoglobin binding, and the bicarbonate buffer system” ('Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood', 2015). It is not soluble in water, however, water is the main carrier transporting it from cells to lungs. PH levels for every individual vary according to their body’s organism. A balanced pH is needed “to ensure the proper functioning of metabolic processes and the delivery of the right amount of oxygen to tissues” (Labtestsonline.org, 2015). During a days cycle the body’s’ “chemical environment changed from a weak acid to a...
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...Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting? a. 3-year-old male b. 15-year-old male c. 35-year-old male d. 35-year-old female e. 50-year-old male 3-year-old male Extracellular fluid has a higher sodium content than intracellular fluid. The predominant intracellular cation is potassium. The predominant extracellular cation is sodium Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water? a. plasma b. interstitial compartment c. intracellular compartment d. extracellular compartment e. lymph intracellular compartment Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of osmosis One difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid is that the plasma has significantly more _____ than interstitial fluid. protein The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is a. potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. b. sodium mainly intracellular; potassium mainly in extracellular. c. little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular. d. equal amounts of both ions, in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. e. none of the above potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. Which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their bodyweight as water? a. a small 7-year-old female b. a lean 35-year-old male athlete c...
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...Anion test; Carbonate; The following paragraphs present the chemical reactions that you will observe in the lab this week. Compounds containing the carbonate ion (or the related ion bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate, HCO3-) react with acids to give carbon dioxide (CO2), a colorless, odorless, and slightly acidic gas. For example, the reaction of baking soda (NaHCO3) with acids such as those in lemon juice or buttermilk releases carbon dioxide which causes baked goods to rise: HCO3- + H+ CO2 (g) + H2O In this equation the sodium ion, Na+, does not participate in the reaction and is a spectator ion. It is not included in the net ionic equation, given above. Many other gases are colorless and odorless, like CO2. To confirm that the gas formed is carbon dioxide, it can be allowed to react with Ba(OH)2, barium hydroxide, to form a white insoluble precipitate of barium carbonate, BaCO3: CO2 + Ba2+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) BaCO3 (s) + H2O Sulfate; Cl- + H+ (aq) HCl (g). In this reaction, the sulfate ion, SO4-2, from the sulfuric acid, is a spectator ion and is not included in the net ionic equation. Another useful reaction for identification of the chloride ion is its reaction with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver chloride: Cl- + Ag+ (aq) AgCl (s) As discussed above, nitrate and sodium are spectator ions and do not appear in the net ionic equation. To test the properties of the sulfate ion, you will examine the reactions of Epsom...
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...SaO2 = 97% and HCO3- = 32 meq/liter. Interpretation If you start with the basics on this case, the first thing to determine if it is an alkalosis or an acidosis. pH is 7.5 so the result is alkalosis. pH below the 7.35 is an acidosis and pH above the 7.45 is an alkalosis. There are two organ systems that primarily help with the acid base balance in the body and that is respiratory and renal. The renal system contributes to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. When we look at the respiratory system we are looking at the PaCO2 which in this case is normal. So the respiratory system is not the problem in this patient. When we look at the renal system then we are looking at the bicarbonate or HCO3-. When we look at that system we discover the bicarbonate is high. When the bicarbonate is high this contributes to an alkalosis so this is a metabolic alkalosis ( Fournier, 2011). Here is a basic overview of how to figure...
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...INTRODUCTION Acid-Base balance is an intricate concept which requires an intimate and detailed knowledge of the body’s metabolic pathways used to eliminate the H+ ion. Clinicians may find it daunting to understand when first introduced to the subject. This roundtable session will demonstrate how to analyze blood gas levels in a very elementary manner so as to diagnose any acid-base disorder in a matter of minutes. The body is in a constant state of flux delicately stabilizing the pH so as to maintain its normalcy. In order to prevent untoward effects of alkalosis or acidosis the body has three major buffering systems that it uses to adjust the pH. They are: 1) Plasma protein (Prot-) 2) Plasma hemoglobin (Hb-) 3) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) The Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid system is the most dominate buffering system and controls the majority of the hydrogen ion (H+) equilibrium. Maintaining homeostasis when these acid-base shifts occur is vital to survival. Metabolic and respiratory processes work in unison to keep the H+ normal and static. II. ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES The four principal acid-base imbalances are illustrated in Table 1. as well as possible causes for each condition. The H+ ion concentration is reflected in the serum pH value. Normal pH levels range from 7.35 to 7.45 and are slightly alkaline. Elevated levels indicate alkalosis (decreased H+ ion...
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...L.S. is brought to the emergency department for management of acute mushroom poisoning. Her respirations are slow and shallow, and she is non-responsive. She is admitted to the critical care unit to be closely monitored for the development of ventilatory failure and renal failure, which often accompany mushroom poisoning. Her urine output is decreased at about 20 ml/hr. Her laboratory values are: * Serum K+ = 5.7 mEq/L * Arterial blood gases (ABGs) * pH = 7.13 * PaCO2 = 56 mm Hg * PaO2 = 89 mm Hg * HCO3– = 18 mEq/L. Questions 1. What is the relationship between acid-base balance and serum potassium level? 2. What is the reason for L.S.’s low urine output? How should her fluids be managed? 3. Categorize and explain the probable cause of L.S.’s acid-base disorder. 4. Can L.S. compensate for her acid-base disorder? Why or why not? 5. How should her acid-base imbalance be medically managed? 1. Acid-base balance can influence the serum K+ levels detected in the blood. When a patient experiences hypokalemia, K+ is excreted from the cells and H+ takes its place creating an alkalotic state; K+ is processed out of the body via the kidneys and polyuria can be a clinical symptom. In the case of hyperkalemia, K+ is not properly processed by the kidneys as a result of renal failure; decreased urine output is a clinical symptom. 2. The reason for the patient’s low urine output is due to her acute renal failure. Since the kidneys are in...
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...E-Booklet David W. Woodruff, MSN, RN-BC, CNS, CEN www.Ed4Nurses.com ©1997-2009 Ed4Nurses, Inc. 6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis ©2003-2009 Ed4Nurses, Inc. WELCOME TO THE 6 EASY STEPS TO ABG ANALYSIS! BY: DAVID W. WOODRUFF, MSN, RN-BC, CNS, CEN Nurses often have difficulty interpreting arterial blood gases (ABGs). Confusion often begins with trying to remember many random rules and lacking a standardized approach to ABGs. In addition, nurses often attempt to analyze too many components of the ABG at the same time. The result is often confusion and an incorrect diagnosis. Therefore, the “6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis” were developed to provide nurses with an accurate and systematic method of easily interpreting arterial blood gases. The “6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis” are listed below for easy reference, and will be explained in more detail in the sections that follow. Lastly, examples will be presented with a systematic review of pertinent findings. The 6 Easy Steps to ABG Analysis: 1. Is the pH normal? 2. Is the CO2 normal? 3. Is the HCO3 normal? 4. Match the CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH 5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH? 6. Are the pO2 and the O2 saturation normal? In order for our analysis to be effective, notes will have to be written next to the results on our lab slip. Alternately, the ABG results can be transcribed onto another paper for analysis (see example one below for the format). www.Ed4Nurses.com 1 6 Easy Steps...
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...OCEAN ACIDIFICATION- ESSAY THURSDAY, JANUARY 24TH, 2012 Covering more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, the ocean is one of planet Earth’s most distinguishing characteristics. Over recent years, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide gas emitted to the atmosphere and the amount that dissolves into the ocean. Now, so much carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the ocean that the chemistry of seawater is changing, causing the ocean to become more acidic. THE CARBON CYCLE Carbon dioxide is a critical part of Earth’s atmosphere; it traps heat and prevents the Earth from being covered in ice. Normally, the Earth’s carbon cycle maintains a natural balance of carbon in the atmosphere, land, and ocean through the “breathing of the planet”. However, since the beginning of the industrial era, emissions of carbon dioxide have climbed, and now are exceeding the capacity of the carbon cycle to maintain equilibrium between the atmosphere and ocean. Excess carbon dioxide traps more heat in the atmosphere, which changes the Earth’s climate. Not all of the excess carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere. Scientists estimate that one-third of all the carbon dioxide produced by human activities has been absorbed by the ocean. The ocean’s removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has undoubtedly helped curb the extent of climate change—but this benefit has come at a cost. The absorption of carbon dioxide is fundamentally changing...
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