...building blocks of modern database architecture. SQL defines the methods used to create and manipulate relational databases on all major platforms. At first glance, the language may seem intimidating and complex but it's really not all that bad. In a series of articles over the next few weeks we'll explore the inner workings of SQL together. By the time we're through, you'll have the fundamental knowledge you need to go out there and start working with databases! This week, our first article in the SQL series provides an introduction to the basic concepts behind SQL and we'll take a brief look at some of the main commands used to create and modify databases. Throughout this article, please keep our goal in mind: we're trying to get the "big picture" of SQL -- not a mastery of the individual commands. We'll provide a few examples for illustrative purposes and explain the theory behind them, but don't feel frustrated if you can't write your own SQL commands after reading this article. We'll cover each of the major commands in detail in future weekly installments. If you'd like a reminder in your e-mail inbox each week when the next article is posted, please take a moment and subscribe to our newsletter. By the way, the correct pronunciation of SQL is a contentious issue within the database community. In their SQL standard, the American National Standards Institute declared that the official pronunciation is "es queue el." However, many database professionals have taken to the...
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...the AIS. Study probs 1.4, 1.8, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 3.16(2,3,7,8,9), 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 Porter’s primary value chain activities Porter’s basic strategic positions Seven characteristics of useful information Five major transaction cycles The data processing cycle Budgeting Source data automation G/L, control accounts, subsidiary ledgers, General Journal Context diagram System flowchart Flowchart symbols Structured, semi-structured, unstructured decision making Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) and symbols Database Management System (DBMS) and Relational DBMS Schemas and subschemas Database administrator Benefits of DBMS technology Batch processing Online real-time processing Primary key, foreign key, attributes, tuples Data warehouse Data Dictionary Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Query Language (DQL) Update, Insertion, Delete Anomaly Entity integrity and Referential integrity The following questions are representative of the mc questions that will be on the exam. 1. Which of the following motivators would be a good indication of financial pressure that would contribute to employee fraud? a. a big change for the better in an employee's lifestyle b. an employee suddenly acquires lots of credit cards c. inadequate internal controls d. too close association with suppliers or customers 2. Research has shown that _______ accounts for the highest...
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...Review Questions 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, and 7.8 only. (Hint: Write and test an SQL script, and then run the script. Save the script as DPB-e12-WPC-Create-Tables.sql for future use.) Do not run your answers to Review Questions 7.7 or 7.9! After the tables are created, run your answers to Review Questions 7.10 through 7.13. Note that after these four statements have been run the table structure is exactly the same as it was before you ran them. 7.17 Write INSERT statements to add the data shown in Figure 2-32 to the ASSIGNMENT table. Run these statements to populate the ASSIGNMENT table. (Hint: Write and test an SQL script, and then run the script. Save the script as DBP-e12-WPC-Insert-ASSIGNMENTData. sql for future use.) 7.26 Write one DELETE statement that will delete all data for project ‘2011 Q3 Product Plan’ and all of its rows in ASSIGNMENT. Do not run this statement. 7.30 What is an SQL view? What purposes do views serve? Why is this useful? 7.39 Explain how views can be used to improve data security. Chapter 7 SQL for Database...
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...Database Design Larry Cohen DBM 380 James Cervi November 10, 2014 Database Design Database Systems A database is a structured group of data that is warehoused in a system. In order for a database to be functional it must be accessible and store large amounts of data. In order for databases to be reliable, in the event of a hardware failure, it must be easily recoverable. Also, the database must be flexible. Meaning, if there is something new that needs to be implemented, the database must be able to adapt to change. Database Architecture The database architecture is a set of parameters and processes that determine how data is stored and accessible by other individuals and databases. Database architecture focuses on the development, implementation, design, and maintenance of program. Design architecture helps develop software to better benefit the future user. There are numerous types of database that are created such as Oracle, SQL Server, and Microsoft Access. The SQL server is very important when it comes to database architects. Database architects use varies languages to create databases. Therefore, the languages are requested using the structured query language (SQL). IBM designed the SQL in 1974. It was first introduced by Oracle in 1979. SQL is very favorable among information technology specialist. Workplace Databases The database that my company uses is the Microsoft format. All salesman use Microsoft formatted handhelds to conduct orders and deliveries...
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...Chapter 2 Data Models Chapter 2Data Models Answers to Review Questions 1. Discuss the importance of data modelling. A data model is a relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of a more complex real world object event. The data model’s main function is to help us understand the complexities of the real-world environment. The database designer uses data models to facilitate the interaction amongdesigners, application programmers, and end users. In short, a good data model is a communicationsdevice that helps eliminate (or at least substantially reduce) discrepancies between the databasedesign’s components and the real world data environment. The development of data models, bolstered by powerful database design tools, has made it possible to substantially diminish thedatabase design error potential. (Review Section 2.1 in detail.) 2. What is a business rule, and what is its purpose in data modelling? A business rule is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization’s environment. In a sense, business rules are misnamed: they apply to any organization -- a business, a government unit, a religious group, or a research laboratory; large or small -- that stores and uses data to generate information. Business rules are derived from a description of operations. As its name implies, a description of operations is a detailed narrative that describes the operational environment of an organization. Such a...
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...Table of Contents How to create a database in Access. 3 How to create a table 5 How to make your Database useful. 7 How to Create a Relationship 12 How to Validate your Database 15 How to create a database in Access. Select Blank Database Name your database, for example, Cervi_Huffman_trucking. How to create a table Add tables by clicking on Create tables. Type in column names Repeat this process for every table that is needed. I prefer the design view it is easier to use. Remember to hit control S every once in a while. Yes, Access has an autosave but it does not always capture everything like the save command does. How to make your Database useful. A Database is built to answer questions (queries). Click on the Create tab. Select the type of query you want to write. In this case, I am going to select Simple Query Wizard. From Here you can select the table you want and the columns you want. You can select more then one table at a time. In other databases this is where you would write SQL. This will come in handy when you are testing the relationships you create in DBM 380. This will only work if you have established the relationships. (see the next Section). How to Create a Relationship Click on relationships. Select both tables. Click and drag the columns that need to be related. This allows you to identify which columns need to be related. Click on Create. This is what you will need to do for your...
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...LABEL • B. MODIFY COMMAND • C. MODIFY STRUCTURE • D. MODIFY REPORT Answer: Option C 4.Which command is used to set a link between two database files • A. JOIN • B. UPDATE • C. BROWSE • D. SET RELATION Answer: Option D 5.The distinguishable parts of a record are called • A. files • B. data • C. fields • D. formats Answer: Option C 6.Related fields in a data base are grouped to form • A. data file • B. data record • C. menu • D. bank Answer: Option B 7.Data item characteristics that are important in data management include • A. punctuation • B. language • C. spelling • D. width Answer: Option D 8.Data dictionary tell DBMS • A. what files are in the database • B. what attributes are processed by data • C. what these files contain • D. all of above 9.Data management system may be implemented as • A. system software • B. application software • C. computer program • D. all of above 10.RAID configurations of a disk are used to provide • A. fault tolerance • B. high speed • C. high data density • D. none of above 11.Which normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design • A. 2NF • B. 5NF • C. 3NF • D. 4NF 12. Which is a type of DBMS software • A. utilities • B. query language...
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...You have been hired by the Venerable International Network of Oenology (VINO) and tasked to assist in computerizing the management of information about its members’ data, as well as the information they collect about several wines. This oenological organization is quite large and hence has many members of the same name. To distinguish among members, they issue membership cards, each with a unique member number. The contact details of members are also book-kept so as to facilitate the mailing of event announcements by post and/or email and calls for meetings. Once a week, VINO organizes a tasting session. In those sessions, several bottles are offered for tasting, and each member records their evaluation for each bottle they taste (outstanding, good, mediocre, bad). Such evaluation will differ between one taster and another for the same wine. Besides, the actual quality and therefore the evaluation will vary among bottles of a given wine. Any bottle opened during a tasting session is consumed during that session. Wines are identified by their name (“Agiorgitiko”), appellation (“Corinth”), and vintage (1993). Other data of interest about a wine is the alcohol degree (13.5), and its country of origin (“Montenegro”), and grape variety (“Merlot”). At any given time, there will be several bottles of the same wine in the cellar. For each such wine, the bottles are numbered. For instance, the cellar may store 15 bottles numbered 1 to 15 of a Georgian wine...
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...one or work with one. But, first, let’s examine why this is valuable to us and to our organizations. Organizing Data and Information…now that is a challenge for us today given the overwhelming amount of data available today. One could read the title of this chapter and not anticipate that the theory of database design and management would be included. Some authors consider this to be a key element and have clearly indicated the role and influence of database theory and practice is essential. A well-managed organization and IS department can be compared with a well-designed and functioning database. [pic] Source: http://www.datawarehouse4u.info/images/data_warehouse_architecture.jpg The effort this week will not attempt to present the entirety of database analysis, design, maintenance, and management, but will present an overview of it. For those of you who are not experienced or expert in any programming languages, our treatment will be a huge sigh of relief, because we will not create any databases. We will leave that for those other courses. But I would ask that everyone post as part of their notes how much experience you have in creating databases (and if you don’t have any, what you’d like in a database that would be created for you). With the explosion of data, the challenge already exists of accessibility, interpreting, and changing DATA into INFORMATION. Once we have accomplished this feat, we can then move onto the next stage and that is KNOWLEDGE....
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...made up of two distinct parts. These are • Interactive SQL: Interactive SQL is designed for create, access and manipulate data structures like tables and indexes. • PL/SQL: PL/SQL can be used to developed programs for different applications. Oracle Forms: This tool allows you to create a data entry screen along with the suitable menu objects. Thus it is the oracle forms tool that handles data gathering and data validation in a commercial application. Report Writer: Report writer allows programmers to prepare innovative reports using data from the oracle structures like tables, views etc. It is the report writer tool that handles the reporting section of commercial application. Oracle Graphics: Some of the data can be better represented in the form of pictures. The oracle graphics tool allows programmers to prepare graphs using data from oracle structures like tables, views etc. SQL (Structured Query Language): Structured Query Language is a database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems(RDBMS), and originally based upon Relational Algebra. Its scope includes data query and update, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"[3] and became the most widely used language for relational databases. • IBM developed SQL in mid of 1970’s. • Oracle...
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... | Plymouth University | Module Leader | Asma Aslam | Format: | Code based Report | Presentation: | No | Any special requirements: | All work should be submitted on the Student Portal along with an acceptable Turnitin Report | Word Limit: | Not Applicable | Deadline date for submission: | 03Rd April 2015 | Learning outcomes to be examined in this assessment | * Design and develop programs including internet programs deploying visual basic Net applications. * Implement user interfaces with relation to object orientated programming techniques and use classes and assemblies to make code reusable and extendable. * Use visual tools ADO.NET objects and basic Structured Query language to access and manipulate data. | Percentage of marks awarded for module: | This assignment is worth 50% of the total marks for the module | Assessment criteria | Explanatory comments on the assessment criteria | Maximum marks for each section | A working application with VB Code | Practical application of what has been learned during the module | 35% | The quality of your comments in Code | Both line and block comments will make your code more easily understandable | 10% | Demonstration | Demonstration of your application | 25% | Report 20% | Well-designed report for each task | 25% | Referencing | Bibliography | 5% | Candidates must clearly label their ID Number on additional separate reference, formula or answer sheets. Assignment...
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...Chapter 2 - Database System Concepts and Architecture Data Models, Schemas and Instances A characteristic of the database approach is that it provides a level of data abstraction, by hiding details of data storage that are not needed by most users. A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database. The model provides the necessary means to achieve the abstraction. The structure of a database is characterized by data types, relationships, and constraints that hold for the data. Models also include a set of operations for specifying retrievals and updates. Data models are changing to include concepts to specify the behaviour of the database application. This allows designers to specify a set of user defined operations that are allowed. Categories of Data Models Data models can be categorized in multiple ways. • High level/conceptual data models – provide concepts close to the way users perceive the data. • Physical data models – provide concepts that describe the details of how data is stored in the computer. These concepts are generally meant for the specialist, and not the end user. • Representational data models – provide concepts that may be understood by the end user but not far removed from the way data is organized. Conceptual data models use concepts such as entities, attributes and relationships. • Entity – represents a real world object or concept • Attribute - represents...
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... Explain the differences between user views, a conceptual schema, and an internal schema as different perspectives of the same database. 5. In the three-schema architecture: a) The view of a manager or other type of user is called the schema. b) The view of the data architect or data administrator is called the schema. c) The view of the database administrator is called the schema. 6. Why might Pine Valley Furniture Company need a data warehouse? 7. As the ability to handle large amounts of data improves, describe three business areas where these very large databases are being used effectively. 8. In the section "Disadvantages of File Processing Systems," the statement is made that the disadvantages of file processing systems can also be limitations of databases, depending on how an organization manages its databases. First, why do organizations create multiple databases, not just one all-inclusive database supporting all data processing needs? Second, what organizational and personal factors are at work that might lead an organization to have...
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...For those of you who are not familiar with Parse, here is a short intro. Modern apps need to store data to interact with other internet services. This data includes user accounts, documents, share content and much more. All this data must be stored somewhere else and for a long time, every developer had to build these things on their own. Parse was a backend as a service provider that made things easier for all app developers, but unfortunately it was shut down, forcing developers to migrate to other solutions. So, if you are planning on developing an app or you want to migrate your app to a new hosted parse solution, here are a few guidelines that you should follow to choose a quality solution: Server Performance Each app has different needs, so make sure your chosen solution will deliver quality hosting that matches the scale of your app. A quality platform should be hosted on AWS and it should support different features such as query optimizers, smart database index, auto-scaling, redundant storage capacity and much more. Featured Parse Server...
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...Query is a query which is created on the fly, for a specific Non-Generalizable one time requirement and may not be saved 2.3 What does SQL stand for, and what is SQL? SQL stands for structured query language. It is a special interfacing program that uses a certain language for sending questions to a search engine. 2.4 What does SKU stand for? What is an SKU? SKU stands for Stock Keeping Unit. A number assigned to a product by a retail store to identify the price, product options and manufacturer of the merchandise. 2.5 Summarize how data were altered and filtered in creating the Cape Codd data extraction. 2.6 Explain, in general terms, the relationships among the RETAIL_ORDER, ORDER_ITEM and SKU_DATA tables. 2.7 Summarize the background of SQL 2.8 What is SQL-92? How does it relate to the SQL statements in this chapter? 2.9 What features have been added to the SQL in versions subsequent to the SQL-92? 2.10 Why is SQL described as a data sublanguage? 2.11 What does DML stand for? What are DML statements? 2.12 What does DDL stand for? What are DDL statements? 2.13 What is the SQL SELECT/FROM/WHERE framework? 2.14 Explain how Microsoft Access uses SQL 2.15 Explain how enterprise-class DBMS products use SQL. 2.16 There is an intentional flaw in the design of the INVENTORY table used in these exercises. This flaw was purposely included in the INVENTORY tables so you can answer some of the following questions using only that table. Compare the SKU and INVENTORY tables...
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