...Aacknowledgement First of all I like to thank God almighty who authorise me to research on this topic. I submit my sincere thanks to my supervisor Medhat Khattar for his valuable presence, time, effort, guidance and help to complete this dissertation. My dissertation would not have been completed without the help of lab technicians Nick and Suzy, I am extremely grateful for their help, suggestions and encouragement. I might want to thank my family for impacting in me a comprehension for the significance of education and an appreciation for diligent work. I extraordinarily value the majority of the penances that were made so as to realize the open doors that I have gotten, and it is my trusts that this proposition embodies what I have realized. Much obliged to you for your dedication, bolster, and affection. I might likewise want to thank my grandparents for the numerous hours of math mentoring as a youngster. In spite of the fact that it may have appeared to be inconsequential, it was the premise for my prosperity and the establishment of my hobbies in Designing. I might want to devote this proposition to my family, without whom I would not be seeking after a profession with an instruction from my university undergraduate days. I also thank my supervisor’s effort and good work channelled towards making me a better microbiologist in the world. I sincerely extend my thanks all concerned people who together with me in this regard. Table of Contents I Declaration......
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...for the Prevention of Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Catheters in an In Vitro Model System The Study was done by Weiling Fu, Terri Forster, Oren Mayer, John J. Curtin, Susan M. Lehman, and Rodney M. Donlan at the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pretreating hydrogel-coated catheters with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages on biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. in an in vitro model by using bacteriophage virions. In this study bacteriophage virions (M4) which is a member of the family Myoviridae (Fu, Weiling et al.) were used to get rid of the bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are presented on indwelling medical devices....
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...MUTATION FREQUENCY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA(MPA01 AND PA1432) ,E.col,CRONOBACTER,in viable count(miles and misra) Planktonic Miles and Misra Date-15/07/2015 MPA01-10-6 PA1432-10-6 E.coli-10-6 CRONOBACTER-10-6 14 16 13 21 16 11 10 20 14 8 16 20 Average 14.66666667 Average 11.66666667 Average 13 Average 20.33333333 1466666667 1166666667 1300000000 2033333330 Date-16/07/2015 TSA+ciprofloxacin TSA+ciprofloxacin TSA+ciprofloxacin TSA+ciprofloxacin MPA01-100µl PA1432-100µl E.coli-25µl CRONOBACTER-25µl 141 42 2 9 167 84 2 7 156 65 4 18 180 24 10 32 124 38 17 17 sum 768 sum 253 sum 35 sum 83 MF 5.23636E-07 MF 2.16857E-07 MF 2.69231E-08 MF 4.08197E-08 MUTATION FREQUENCY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA(MPA01 AND PA1432) ,E.col,CRONOBACTER,in viable count(miles and misra) Planktonic Miles and Misra Date-23/07/2015 MPA01-10-6 PA1432-10-6 E.coli-10-6 CRONOBACTER-10-6 10 15 8 10 12 13 8 19 11 15 16 22 Average 11 Average 14.33333333 Average 10.66666667 Average 17 1100000000 1433333333 1066666667 1700000000 Date-24/07/2015 TSA+Rifampicin TSA+Rifampicin TSA+Rifampicin TSA+Rifampicin 6 5 24hrs-6 48hrs-4 10 24hrs-21 48hrs-15 36 2 10 24hrs-10 48hrs-2 12 24hrs-29 48hrs-17 46 ...
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...increase patient compliance and improve oral hygiene habits. I intended to show patients how to discover the location of biofilm (plaque) on their teeth and gingival tissues with the help of visual aids. This would promote a more dynamic home care regimen resulting in lower Plaque and Bleeding Index scores between dental visits. I believe that if patients can see the areas where biofilm is located, it would be easier for them to use the toothbrush and floss more effectively. Keeping Plaque Index scores low will help prevent dental decay, gum disease and maintain the integrity of any existing restorations. In addition, increased patient compliance will result in overall better home care to encourage less inflammation and bleeding to minimize future problems. Patients will be able to recognize the biofilm and...
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...location of the microorganism can be limited, but at the same time, waste products may not be able to diffuse away from the microorganism at rates sufficient to avoid growth inhibition by high waste product concentration. These fluxes and gradients create a unique niche. A unique niche includes the microorganism, its physical habitat, the time of resource use, and the resources available for microbial growth and function. Microorganisms can create their own microenvironments and niches. Example: Microorganisms in the interior of a colony have markedly diff microorganisms and niches than those of the same microbial population located on the surface edge of the colony. Biofilms and microbial mats: A biofilm is an organized microbial system consisting of layers of microbial cells associated with surfaces. Simple biofilms develop when microorganisms attach and form a mono layer of cells. This depends on the...
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...patient and must therefore must be studied. A) Why did the scientists perform the study (i.e. description of background)? Any medical device that is used in a surgery to replace any joint, used as an implantation, or any catheter or graft is known as a biomaterial because they are being used more often in modern medicine. Unfortunately, a biomaterial inside the body strongly increases the chances at developing a biomaterial-associated infection caused by staphylococci—specifically Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The hygiene measures, or lack thereof, are what cause the infections to take place. The patient’s skin and surgical equipment carry bacteria, and if these bacteria adhere to the device being implanted, a biofilm (is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface) forms and are the factors in a biomaterial-associated infection. When this occurs, however, the effectiveness of antibiotics are often reduced, and therefore require a more intense method of intervention. In order to avoid these infections, the scientists studied whether or not bacteria being present on the implant itself is the source for colonization of bacteria in the surrounding tissue. B) What was the hypothesis (or hypotheses) under investigation? The scientists were interested in the...
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...pellicle formation, biofilm formation, and mineralization. The first step in calculus formation is the development of a pellicle. A pellicle is an organic substance made of mucoproteins that quickly forms within minutes of being detached from the tooth surface. The next step is biofilm maturation where the biofilm forms in layers. Microorganisms grow and colonize on the growing pellicle. There are many morphologic forms of bacteria in the biofilm, but in the first few days Gram-positive cocci and rods dominate. The length of time that the biofilm is composed primarily of cocci differs depending on if the patient is a slow biofilm former or a fast biofilm former. Slow biofilm formers make biofilm with predominantly cocci in it longer than fast biofilm...
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...mutations.11 Of more than 800 identified CFTR mutations, the 3 base pair deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 is found worldwide in 70% of cystic fibrosis sufferers, therefore making F508 CFTR the most common deadly mutant in the Caucasian populations.6 Since cystic fibrosis has a genetic origin the opportunity to treat by replacing the defective gene with a normal healthy gene (gene therapy) offers a ‘novel therapeutic approach’ for sufferers.7 The estimated survival age of cystic fibrosis sufferers is 33.4 years (Fig 1). In this essay we will discuss the aetiology and symptoms of cystic fibrosis and the current available treatments, with particular emphasis on gene therapy and furanones, which prevent the build up of bacterial biofilms and thus reduce lung infection. Mutations in the CF gene can disrupt CFTR function within epithelial cells in different ways, ranging from complete loss of protein to surface expression with poor chloride conductance.12 The five major mechanisms by which CFTR function is altered are summarized in Figure 2. Class one mutations produce premature transcription termination signals resulting in unstable, truncated, or no protein expression. Class two mutations, including F508, cause the protein to fold incorrectly leading to premature degradation...
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...Unknown Identification Introduction to Microbiology Lab Professor M Biology Lab 1913 11/11/2014 I. Introduction A series of tests was completed in order to identify an unknown microorganism. A gram stain reaction test was done. A gram stain reaction test is used to differentiate between two bacterial species. The two species; gram positive and gram negative bacteria have varying properties of their cell wall structural composition. The gram positive bacteria contain a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall which retains the primary crystal violet stain. The crystal violet is washed from the fixed stain and gram-negative bacteria appear red after the decolorizer washes the primary stain due to their more porous higher lipid content walls and the safranin counter stain adheres to their thinner cell wall. The microscopic examination of the bacteria after staining allows for the morphology of the organism to be determined because as the cell is killed during the staining process it retains its rigid structure allowing for morphology determination. A fermentation test was done. Three different carbohydrates are used to determine whether the organism can ferment a sugar as well as if a gas is produced during heterofermentation. A phenol red broth is used which retains a red color at a pH of 7.4 indicating no fermentation of a sugar. When an acid is produced during fermentation, the pH of the broth will lower and the broth will turn yellow. The sugars...
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...human body. First the bacteria’s Fimbriae creates a thin structure in which allows the bacteria to attach to a host and not get swept away in the blood stream. Then the Capsule forms a slime layer so that the neutrophils are unable to engulf them thus destroying them. The Plasmid contains DNA and produces exotoxin which makes it resistant from other bacteria. These three structures are what help protect the bacteria and help it cause disease. Bacteria need to attach to a host so it can obtain energy and nourishment to survive. Even though all three is needed the most important one is the Capsule. The capsule is also known as a glycocalyx and produces a coating of polysaccharide slime. It is located outside the cell wall and uses the biofilm to move in and out of the preferred environment. “In nature, and in many medical situations, colonies of...
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...Chronic periodontitis (CP) is initiated by the sub-gingival biofilm but the progression of destructive disease appears to be dependent upon an abnormal host response to those organisms. The presence of microorganisms is a crucial factor in inflammatory periodontal disease, but the progression of the disease is related to host-based risk factors. Oxidative stress and antioxidants play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease, including periodontitis. Cigarette smoking is well known be a measure known problem various cell disorder including periodontal inflammation. Smoking has been identify as a most modifiable risk factor for peridontitis, followed by dental biofilm1,2 .Abundant cross-sectional data support the adverse relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases....
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...Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 102 (2013) 412–419 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/colsurfb Non-cytotoxic antibacterial silver–coumarin complex doped sol–gel coatings Swarna Jaiswal a,b , Kunal Bhattacharya c , Maeve Sullivan d , Maureen Walsh d , Bernadette S. Creaven d , Fathima Laffir e , Brendan Duffy a,∗ , Patrick McHale b a Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland c Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland d Centre for Pharmaceutical R&D, School of Science, Institute of Technology, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland e Materials & Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Dublin, Ireland b a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Microbial colonisation on clinical and industrial surfaces is currently of global concern and silane based sol–gel coatings are being proposed as potential solutions. Sol–gels are chemically inert, stable and homogeneous and can be designed to act as a reservoir for releasing antimicrobial agents over extended time periods. In the present study, silver nitrate (AgN) and a series of silver coumarin complexes based on coumarin-3-carboxylatosilver (AgC) and it is 6, 7 and 8 hydroxylated analogues...
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...Natural competence is regulated by competence stimulating peptides, CSPs. Natural competence is the ability for cells to take up naked DNA, or DNA that is not a part of a living cell anymore. Naked, extracellular DNA can be found in the matrix due to two reasons, cells secreting it or cell death/lysis. CSPs act as quorum sensing molecules and tell the cells when there is a large population of cells in the surrounding area. Thus CSPs have the ability to control the expression of certain proteins. CSPs work by an induction through the ComCDE pathway once a certain density is reached in the biofilm. The cascade begins with the interaction of the CSP with its histadine kinase receptor, ComD. The kinase receptor responds by transferring a phosphate group to ComE, the cognate response regulator. ComE phosphorylase the correct protein. After phosphorylation, the response regulator activates transcription of several genes containing a ComE binding site, ComX. Expression of ComX...
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...An APIC Guide 2008 Guide to the Elimination of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) Developing and Applying Facility-Based Prevention Interventions in Acute and Long-Term Care Settings About APIC APIC’s mission is to improve health and patient safety by reducing risks of infection and other adverse outcomes. The Association’s more than 12,000 members have primary responsibility for infection prevention, control and hospital epidemiology in healthcare settings around the globe. APIC’s members are nurses, epidemiologists, physicians, microbiologists, clinical pathologists, laboratory technologists and public health professionals. APIC advances its mission through education, research, consultation, collaboration, public policy, practice guidance and credentialing. Look for other topics in APIC’s Elimination Guide Series, including: • • • • Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Clostridium difficile Mediastinitis MRSA in Long-Term Care Copyright © 2008 by APIC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. All inquires about this document or other APIC products and services may be addressed to: APIC Headquarters 1275 K Street, NW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: 202.789.1890 Email: APICinfo@apic.org Web: www.apic.org ISBN: 1-933013-39-7 ...
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...Mounirou Zorome 11/20/12 Microbiology Prof: Katherine Neuhoff Endospores. 1- Why are spores more difficult to stain than vegetative cells? The spores possess a though outer covering made of protein keratin which is resistant to staining. 2- Explain the terms sporulation and germination. Sporulation is the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell; germination is the process of an endospore returning to its vegetative state. 3- List the species of Bacillus and Clostridium that cause disease. B. anthracis, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. difficile. 4- What heat treatment is required to kill spores ? Because spores are resistant to traditional method of sterilization by heat; an autoclave used with high pressure rises the temperature necessary to kill all microorganisms including endospores. 5- Why are spores so resistant to drying, heat, chemicals, and radiation? Capsules. 1- What is the difference between positive and negative staining? Positive staining makes the dye adhere to the specimen by giving him its color meanwhile in negative staining the dye does not adhere to the specimen but stays around its outer membrane forming a profile, thus a dark background around the cell. 2- Distinguish between the cell membrane, cell wall and capsule. The cell membrane is the thin layer (composed primarily of phospholipids) internal to the cell wall enclosing the cytoplasm...
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