...Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Anna Samora PSY/340- Biological Foundations of Psychology Stephanie Fernandez September 2, 2013 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that can and had affect many people thought out history. There is many symptoms that can help diagnose this disorder. After there is way you can treat the disorder as well. I have thought is there a way to better the way we diagnose and treat people with this disorder. The first thing I am going to talk about is what is schizophrenia? This is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder. People with this disorder think people are reading their mind. There no telling what they are think in tell they talk. When they talk they do not make sense at all. They can sit still without say a word for hours. They also have a hard time holding down job, so they need other to take of them. They can barely take care of themselves or other. People that have schizophrenia is not the only one that is affect by this disorder. Their family and community is affect by it to. If they have right treatments or therapy to control their symptoms they can live normal life within the community and with their family. This disorder has five subtypes and they are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual. Potential problems I am assume that it something that has to do with symptoms and medication to help people with some disorders. There is many symptoms that doctor separate in to three categories and...
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...Running head: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS Biological Foundations in Psychology Lisa Dickens University of Phoenix Biological Foundations The study of psychology emerged in the eighteenth century. Many psychologists, from the past and present have made arguments over the correct meaning of the word ‘psychology. One thing is certain, and that is they agree to disagree. The term psychology derives from the Greek words psyche meaning ‘mind’, and logos meaning ‘reason’. Therefore, the true meaning of psychology is reasoning of the mind. Biological psychology is the branch of science that attempts to explain behavior in terms of biology. This is basically the study of the brain and how it causes or relates to behavior (Wickens 2005). The first people to realize that the brain was an organ of the mind were the Ancient Greeks. Plato (429-348 BC) said that the brain was the organ of reasoning. Aristotle believed that the heart served this particular function and the brain was there only to cool the blood. Galen believed that the heart was the crucial organ of the body, because it contained the vital spirit that gave the spark of life to the person (Wickens, 2005). These are just a few of the grates in history that contributed their thoughts on the human mind. Comparative Psychology focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span,...
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...Foundations of psychology By: Ashley Chandler December 23rd, 2012 Abstract My goal during this essay are Identifying the major schools of thought in psychology and we will examine their major underlying assumptions. I will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. There are so many parts to psychology that are completely different it is important to know that psychology is a science. Theoretical science but still a science non-the less; each of the four schools of thought are different in many ways, and each school of thought has their own specialist like anything else. Example; “It’s like a doctor, it’s not any doctor its one you have to see specifically like an OB or a neurologist.” In psychology there are four major schools of thought evolutionary, psychodynamic, cognitive and Behavioral, along with the biological foundations...
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...Foundations of Psychology John Stafford University of Phoenix PSY/300 Abstract There are several major approaches to psychological study with several other disciplines falling under these primary approaches. Ranging from psychodynamic to evolutionary perspectives, and rarely sharing a unified paradigm, psychology has advanced since the late 1800s to be a wide-ranging field of human study. Foundations of Psychology The study of psychology found roots in philosophy. However, Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychological laboratory, led the recognition of psychology as a science in 1879. In the mid-to-late 1940s standards were put into place for the doctoral programs designed to place emphasis on a general knowledge of psychology. This knowledge included the history of psychology, and modern disciplines of physiological, comparative, developmental, and social psychology. Students were also required to gain an understanding of research methods, advanced statistics, and psychological scaling (Zlotlow, Peterson, & Nelson, 2011). Behavioral Foundations of Psychology The major topics covered in behavioral psychology include evolution, heredity, and adaptation and learning, mating habits, parenting behaviors, and primate study. Behavioral psychology primarily focuses on the study of animal behavior to obtain a deeper understanding of human behavior. Studies like Ivan Pavlov’s (1849-1936) research on classical conditioning, also referred to as “Pavlov’s Dogs,” he...
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...The Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. People’s experiences during their life from birth to adulthood are what shape how they feel and think. Early psychologists established several approaches and schools of thoughts of psychology. These schools of thought are known as the psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive and evolutionary perspectives. They came up with these by research and study which will be discussed throughout this paper. In many respects, these perceptions have progressed independently, and at the center of each are singularities the others tend to ignore (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Despite their differences, each school of thought sought evolution for psychology as well as advancement of human understanding while remaining focused on the unique characteristics of contemporary psychology. Psychodynamic Perspective. The psychodynamic perspective belief is that most of the mental processes and emotions happen at the unconscious or subconscious levels, meaning below conscious awareness. Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential thinkers in the early twentieth century whose work in the psychodynamic...
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...Foundations of psychology May 09, 2011 Foundations of psychology There are many schools of thought within the study of psychology. Commonly, most people are only aware of a few of the general therapies and some of the research connected with psychology, but there are far more schools of thought and study in the field of psychology than what the public may be aware of. The four main perspectives concerning psychology is divided by schools of thought. Each of the four schools of thought is based on different studies and assumptions where the causes and treatments are concerned, in reference to psychology. The main four schools of thought are psychodynamic, the behaviorist, cognitive, and the evolutionary. The Psychodynamic Perspective The school of psychodynamic was “founded by Sigmund Freud ( HubPages Inc, 2011),” and evolved from Freud’s theories that all people have “powerful unconscious motives that underlie their conscious intentions. (Kowalski, R. & Westen, D. (2009)” A few of the issues that Freud and his followers focused on was repressed issues from one’s past, and helping people bring foreword these past issues so they may be dealt with by using reason, helping people face the nature of their problems. Freud believed that people can be totally unaware of their subconscious motivations and process that affect their conscious thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and intentions. The psychodynamic...
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...Foundation of Psychology Paper Psychology is the deep study of the human mind and their behavior. The roots of psychology can be traced to both philosophy and physiology. Philosophy provides how interesting the study oft the mine is. Physiology refers to the scientific method or the tools used to explain mind and behavior. Psychology is used for the following; understanding the behavior of people, their thoughts, and feelings. In the world of psychology there are several schools that make up psychology, they are referring to the theories or thoughts of psychology. In this paper, the author will address the most important schools of psychology and their importance. These include structuralism/functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, human psychology, and cognitive psychology. In addition, the author will briefly discuss primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior and what drives people. In order to understand the different schools of psychology, it is important to consider analyzing the brain and understand its terms that it serves as a function. The first school of psychology is structuralism. Structuralism is a theory came from the ideas of Edward Titchner, “his theory that the mind's functions -- action, affection, association, attention, imagination, memory, perception, recognition, sensation, and thought -- could be categorized as systematically as an elemental chart in chemistry.” ("NNDB Edward Titchner", 2014) This mean...
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...Foundations of Psychology PSY/ 300- General Psychology Foundations of Psychology Introduction This document will deliberate on the main disciplines of contemplation in psychology and analyze the foremost principal assumptions. Investigate and corroborate that the majority of psychological procedures transpire outside the consciousness and that numerous of the connections concerning emotion, behaviors, and circumstances that direct behavior are communicated unconditionally or instinctively. The document will in addition distinguish the fundamental biological elements of psychology interconnected to behavior. Major schools of theories during the preceding centuries have spearheaded the expansion of psychology recognized currently and research the theories in psychology, investigating the general fundamentals and isolating the central biological elements of psychology as its pertain to behavior (Robin Kowalski, 2011). . Psychology was original recognized as a function of discipline, independent from philosophy and biology with arguments in excess of what method to define and rationalize an individual cognizance and behavior originates. The fundamentals of psychology symbolize the key theories within the consciousness with the philosophy stage of structuralism, encouraged by the originator Wilhelm Wundt psychology laboratory and proximately additional hypotheses commenced for supremacy in psychology. Earlier period psychologists frequently...
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...The foundations of psychology were set upon the discovery of the relationship between biology and philosophy. The birth of psychology is a direct result of these two studies combining to make an intriguing study of human behaviors, emotions and reactions. Psychology became equally important to other studies when it became apparent that it reflected both biological aspects as well as aspects of philosophy. Combined, these two studies allowed the discovery that people exhibit behaviors and emotions for many reasons. Human’s exhibit behaviors(s) in reaction to environmental factors, taught behavior, natural instinct, as well as an array of other scenarios trigger such behaviors. “Humans are complex creatures whose psychological experience lies at the intersection of biology and culture”(Kowalski & Westen, 2005). Psychology was (in some perspectives) stumbled upon in very early biological studies. It was observed that patients with head trauma injuries were test subjects to the identification of the correlation between the human brain and physical responses. This discovery opened the door to the study of human psychology. The finding that the human brain interacted with the body in producing reactions and actions led to an entirely new world of study filled with fascinating aspects, now known as psychology. The foundation of psychology is built largely upon philosophy and was rooted from such philosophers such as Aristotle and Descartes...
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...Foundation of Psychology Name PSY/300 Date Instructor Foundation of Psychology There are many ideas regarding why humans think, have the feelings, or behave in the way that they do. According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), psychology is “the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, ect.) and behavior” (Chapter 1). This paper will work to identify the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. This paper will also work to identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. Psychology first came to be in the 1800’s. Doctors found it interesting that people suffering from severe head trauma were affected by memory and language difficulty. This showed there is a connection between one’s brain and his or her behavior. According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), William Wundt, often described as the "father of psychology" opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879, in Leipzig, Germany (Chapter 1). One of Wundt’s most common methods was introspection. Introspection is “the method in which trained subjects verbally reported everything that went through their minds when presented with a stimulus or task” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter 1). Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, began the first school of thought known as structuralism. Structuralism “attempted to use introspection as a method for uncovering the basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine...
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...| The foundations of psychology | | | Blaine Waddell | 5/29/2011 | PSY/300 Katherine Bowen | Psychology is a science of behavior and mental functioning that uses both quantitative and qualitative research studies to develop and test hypotheses and put forward theories and models that explain human behavior.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2005) When psychology was first founded there were only a few foundations of psychology. The most popularly used in the 1800’s were called, structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism focuses on identifying and analysis basic elements of experiences. These experiences even include mental events like perception. Research for this form of approach to psychology comes from verbal accounts of experiences. Functionalism focuses on the belief that optimal learning conditions can be created by knowing how the brain uses and processes information; thereby it is considered perceptional also. As time went on and the science of psychology progresses more approaches to present day psychology emerged. Behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, social/cultural, humanism, physiological, and clinical are all popular approaches to modern day psychology. The physiological approach is the learning how the brain effects behavior and how behavior can affect the brain. The behavioral approach...
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...Foundations of Psychology In early years, there were two schools of thought called structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism is the area of psychology that studies the elements of consciousness, and functionalism studies how an individual adapts to his or her environment. These perspectives were founded in early years, but they did not end there (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 10). Currently, there are four major schools of thought that guide psychological thinking. The following paper analyzes their underlying assumptions along with how the primary biological foundations of psychology are linked to an individual’s behavior. The first perspective is called the psychodynamic perspective. Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective proposes that people’s actions reflect the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are associated in their minds; that many of these processes are unconscious; and that mental processes can conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 14). This perspective focuses on the role of the unconscious mind. People have conscious desires and reasons for acting the way they do; however, there are unconscious motives that underlie their conscious intentions (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 13). The next perspective is the behaviorist perspective. Behaviorist Perspective The behaviorist perspective focuses on the way objects or events in the environment come to control behavior (Kowalski...
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...Foundations of Psychology This paper will identify the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major assumptions. The two beginning schools of thought were structuralism and functionalism. The major schools of thought in psychology are the psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary perspective. This paper will also identify the primary biological foundation of psychology linked to behavior. These primary biological foundations are the central nervous system and the behavioral genetics. Psychodynamic Perspective The Psychodynamic perspective is a school of thought that was initially developed by Sigmund Freud. This perspective focuses on three main points. The first point is that an individual’s actions are determined by the way thoughts and emotions are connected in the individuals mind. The second point is that most of the mental events happen outside of conscious awareness. The third point is that the mental events that happen tend to conflict with each other. Many psychologists disagree with this theory because there is nothing that relates scientifically. The psychologists that agree with this theory are working on incorporating the concepts into scientific psychology (Kowalski & Weston, 2011). Behaviorist Perspective The behaviorist perspective focuses on what is common between the environmental events and the actual observable behaviors. “According to behaviorist, scientific knowledge comes from using experimental methods to study...
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...Foundations of Psychology Lisa Powell PSY 300 July 20, 2015 Shane Williamson Foundations of Psychology The science of psychology has been a controversial study since its discovery. It is sometimes referred to as a “fake science” or claimed to be useless. But trying to understand how the human brain works has been inherent in the human species since we became more advanced. And after all, the human brain is so advanced that it actually named itself. Within the field of psychology there are many different pillars of ideas on which the study stand upon. The following will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and what they project. It will also delve into the primary biological foundations and how they are linked to behavior. Functionalism has the most influence of any theory. It is the theory of our mental states as humans. According to functionalism, “mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of ” (Polger, n.d.). In the words of Koening, “Psychological functionalism attempts to describe thoughts and what they do without asking how they do it. For functionalists, the mind resembles a computer, and to understand its processes, you need to look at the software -- what it does -- without having to understand the hardware -- the why and how underlying it” (Koenig, n.d.). The anaolgy of the mind as a central computer is the simipliest way to describe the theory and the assumtion is that the brain is in control of all actions...
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...Foundations of Psychology Dorothy Forrest June 8, 2012 Sarah Bihms Foundations of Psychology The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Psychology is regularly used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will examine the foundation of psychology, identify the major schools of thought in psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions such as, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. There are two major types of conditioning classical and operant. Classical conditioning is a procedure used in behavioral training where a naturally stimulus is paired with a response. Operant conditioning...
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