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Biological and Humanistic

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Biological and Humanistic
PSY/250 Psychology of Personality
University of Phoenix

Biological and Humanistic
Introducción: En este trabajo estaré identificando la jerarquía de Maslow y de qué manera influyen en el crecimiento y formación de la personalidad.

Maslow dividió las necesidades organismicas en dos categorías. En primer lugar se identificaron varias categorías de la deficiencia de las necesidades que son necesarias para la supervivencia. Según la jerarquía de Maslow, las necesidades fisiológicas son las necesidades biológicas básicas. 1. Las necesidades fisiológicas- Estas incluyen las necesidades que tenemos de oxígeno, agua, proteínas, minerales y vitaminas.
Lo apoya la investigación y Maslow creía que son en realidad necesidades individuales. 2. La seguridad y las necesidades de seguridad- las necesidades fisiológicas son gran parte cargo de esta segunda capa de necesidades. Será cada vez más interesado en encontrar circunstancias seguras, protección y estabilidad.
En lo negativo se preocupan por las ansiedades y el miedo. En la persona adulta este grupo de necesidades se manifiestan en la forma de tener un hogar en un lugar seguro, seguridad en el empleo, entre otros. 3. El amor y la pertenencia- las necesidades fisiológicas y las de necesidad en general están a cargo de la tercera capa. Se comienza a sentir la necesidad de amigos, hijos, novio y relaciones afectivas.
Si es visto de la forma negativa se vuelven susceptibles a la sociedad y la ansiedad social. 4. La estima necesario- se comienza a buscar la autoestima. Maslow señalo dos versiones de estima, una alta y otra baja. La forma más alta es la necesidad de respeto a uno mismo, incluyendo sentimientos como independencia, libertad y confianza. La forma baja es necesidad de estatus, necesidad de respeto a los demás atención, dignidad, incluso dominio. 5. Auto-realización motivos- tienden a ser independientes y se resisten a las presiones sociales, amantes de la libertad y tienen una alta necesidad de privacidad. Su personalidad es más compleja, también la persona vive con optimismo y realismo en el presente, en lugar de preocuparse demasiado sobre el pasado o el futuro.

Los factores biológicos a partir de los propios genes afectan a una persona en las características de respuesta. Cada persona es diferente de cualquier otra persona. Algunas de estas características que diferencian a ayudar al individuo a sobrevivir es decir, reproducir y transmitir genes a sus hijos. Un niño que siempre está lleno de alegría y buen humor sufre de una condición de los signos de un raro transtorno genético llamado síndrome de Angelman. Los niños también suelen ser especialmente atractivo o amigable. Desafortunadamente, ellos también sufren de retardo mental, duermen poco y caminan con un movimiento espasmódico como una especie de marioneta. El síndrome de Angelman es un transtorno biológico causado por un defecto en cromosoma 15. Las células humanas tienen 23 pares de cromosomas, la mitad de cada par es aportado por cada padre. Los cromosomas contienen los genes que controlan la manufactura de proteínas en el cuerpo. Los genes afectan el desarrollo de muchas maneras, incluyendo el desarrollo estructural (como nuestros cerebros y cuerpos crecen) y el desarrollo fisiológico (como las hormonas y el metabolismo en general función). Las personas con el síndrome de Williams han perdido cerca de dos docenas de genes en el cromosoma 7. Es un transtorno caracterizado por problemas físicos y de desarrollo que incluye un exceso social de personalidad, así como la limitada capacidad espacial y la capacidad intelectual. Casos extremos como estos síndromes demuestran que los factores genéticos pueden drásticamente influir en la personalidad. Aunque los genes pueden influir drásticamente en la personalidad casos excepcionales, persisten dudas sobre la medida en que los genes afectan en la personalidad en el desarrollo normal. El genoma humano es el conjunto completo de genes que se encuentra en los 23 pares de genes que definen al ser humano biológico. Es probable asumir que el amor, miedo y la ira tienen una base genética. Al nacer, temperamental y ciertas diferencias de sensibilidad entre los bebes son evidentes. El temperamento se utiliza el término para referirse a las diferencias individuales estables en la reactividad emocional. Jóvenes que son especialmente agresivos o hiperactivos, a veces vienen de familias estables. Las decisiones acerca de los modelos científicos y las dimensiones del temperamento pueden suelen ser sobre la base de datos que provienen de la observación, conteo y codificación de ciertas conductas en los niños. Los extrovertidos tienen un nivel relativamente bajo de activación cerebral y buscan estimulación. Los introvertidos tienen un mayor nivel de excitación del sistema nervioso central por lo que tienden a alejarse de ambientes socialmente estimulantes. El sistema cerebral está directamente relacionado con la personalidad. Las personas estables tienen un sistema nervioso bien modulado, mientras que las personas neuróticas tienen un sistema nervioso reactivo que promueve inestabilidad emocional. Enfoque, la inhibición y el reglamento. La observación y el aprendizaje son clave para la supervivencia, el primero es el sistema de inhibición conductual, si este sistema es sensible entonces la persona es propensa a la ansiedad, esta siempre alerta y se preocupa de que algo le va a pasar. El sistema de activación conductual, es la manera de aprender a disfrutar de actividades gratificantes como la buena comida y los amigos. Si este sistema fisiológico es demasiado activo, entonces son impulsivos y buscan constantemente recompensas. Existe evidencia de que las personas con un comportamiento activo, entonces son impulsivos y buscan constantemente recompensa. Existe evidencia de que las personas con un comportamiento activo al sistema de enfoque son más propensos a la adicción a las drogas y comer en exceso. Esta concepción se ajusta a la observación de que las personas impulsivas son en su mayoría en forma de recompensas, mientras que las personas ansiosas obsesivas son en su mayoría relacionadas con evitar situaciones desconocidas. Una persona con un sistema de enfoque biológico activo se tira a la posibilidad de muchas recompensas. Una persona controlada por un sistema de inhibición conductual fuerte, se preocupa por todo.

Muchos aspectos de la medición de las diferencias humanas, el estudio de la personalidad ha dado un cambio completo. Anteriormente se creía sobre la heredabilidad de características personales, ahora fue reemplazada por las teorías más modernas del medio ambiente y la socialización, las diferentes maneras de crianza de los hijos y la sexualidad. Hoy dia los componentes biológicos de la personalidad nuevamente han ganado influencia a medida que los descubrimientos médicos avanzan y se desarrollan. Como los estudios de ADN son bastante nuevos y abren toda una nueva área de conocimiento en la relación de la genética y la personalidad. A medida continúan explorando el desarrollo de la personalidad humana.
Algunos estudios mostraron cierto apoyo a las teorías de Maslow, pero la mayoría de las investigaciones no han podido fundamentar la idea de la jerarquía de necesidades. Aparentemente hay poca evidencia para la clasificación de Maslow sobre las necesidades y mucho menos pruebas de que estas necesidades se encuentran en un orden de una estructura jerárquica. Otras críticas sobre la teoría de Maslow sobre que la definición de auto-realización científicamente es difícil de probar. Su investigación de la auto-realización indican que se baso en una muestra muy limitada de los individuos. A pesar de las críticas la teoría de Maslow y la jerarquía de necesidades representa una parte de un cambio importante en psicología. En vez de centrarse en el comportamiento anormal y el desarrollo, en base a la psicología humanista de Maslow el se centro en el desarrollo de los individuos sanos.

Conclusión: En este trabajo pude aprender sobre la jerarquía de Maslow y de qué manera los factores biológicos influyen en la formación de la personalidad

Referencias:

Classic theories and modern research, fourth edition by Howard S. Friedman and Miriam W. Schustack (2009).

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