...nodes. The nurse must completely assess neurological quality for recognition of tumors and promote further assessment, for example, MRI or CAT scans for a more unmistakable determination tool to rule out malignancy or for diagnosing particular diseases. Managing Side Effects of Treatment The most widely recognized reactions of cancer treatment modalities include infection, hemorrhage, nausea and vomiting, altered nutrition, mucosa ulcerations, neurologic problems, hemorrhagic cystitis, alopecia, and steroid effects. A. Infection Infection is one of the major complications when a kid is getting cancer care treatment. If an infection is suspected it is vital to begin a broad-spectrum anti-infection agent until the organism is established. The...
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...bacteria was the cause of pneumonia in 1875. He found this out while studying bacteria in airways of pneumonia patients who died. Klebs was a German-Swiss Pathologist. Bacterial genus Klebsiella is named after him. In 1882 and 1884, Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel found the two main causes of Pneumonia, which were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Through Friedländer’s research, the Gram Stain was introduced and helps identify the two types of bacteria that cause pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia. This bacteria is found most of the time in the gastrointestinal tract and the nasopharnyx. Another common place it is found is on hands of hospital workers. This bacteria is not only in humans, it is everywhere in the ecological environment. It has been correlated worldwide with infections. There are two types of infections, community-acquired or hospital-acquired. Alcoholism is associated with community-acquired Klebsiella pneumonia. If patients have an immune deficiency, then Klebsiella pneumoniae caused diseases may lead to their death. This is because the patient’s immune system cannot fight against the bacteria that is causing the infection. A person has...
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...or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling through your blood stream, such as inflammatory cells, cellular waste products, proteins and calcium begin to stick to the vessel walls. The fat and other substances combine to form...
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...promote fertility and sterility in people who want kids but are having trouble conceiving. Many people are sceptical about eastern medicine because they know so little about it and they don’t see it as a form of evidence based medicine. People just need to be more educated on the subject of Eastern medicine to better understand how it works. Techniques used in Eastern medicine should be considered as treatment for people with chronic pain or illnesses. Acupuncture can help the body restore itself. The study below shows that acupuncture helped increase blood flow in patients with coronary heart disease, a buildup of plaque in the arteries which make it harder for blood to pass through. “An important acupuncture study from the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital successfully measured improvements in blood flow to the heart for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), researchers discovered that needling two specific acupuncture points caused significant improvements in patients with CHD. The researchers concluded that both acupuncture and nitroglycerine increased blood perfusion to ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary heart disease.”(Healthcare Medicine Institute). Acupuncture is a much cheaper alternative than going to the doctors and the study says it works just as well as what they use at the hospital. “Acupuncture creates “micro traumas” that stimulate the body’s ability...
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...A Research on the Unusual Forms of Tuberculosis TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Background A. An overview of Tuberculosis B. Definitions of terms III. The common indications of tuberculosis A. Signs and Symptoms B. Causes C. Effects 1. Tuberculosis of the Kidney 2. Tuberculosis of the Bones 3. Tuberculosis of the Stomach 4. Tuberculosis of the Spine IV. Case studies of Tuberculosis A. Philippines B. Other Countries V. Further Study of tuberculosis A. Explaining Tuberculosis B. Treatments VI. Conclusion VII. End Notes VIII. Bibliography I. Introduction Tuberculosis is just one disease out of a million other diseases in the world but it doesn’t only affect the person being infected but also the people around that particular people around it. Thus, it is not just a personal or family problem but a societal problem. After reaching considerable amounts of tuberculosis-related articles, the researcher has deemed tuberculosis as a “highly prevalent” and a “highly infectious” disease that is, once it becomes active. One-third of the world’s population has tuberculosis. To add, there are still other who may just be walking around not knowing whether they have been infected or not. Tuberculosis may be dormant for years and once active, it could lead to pulmonary failure. The agent of contamination is spread through air and since air is invisible to the naked age, the persons involved...
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...also provide a detailed nursing assessment, a detailed nursing process and explain reasons and rationales about my decisions involving her care. I. Health History Client Health and History: On April 9, 2014, at Decatur Memorial Hospital, my client was a 76 old Caucasian female with the initials DK. She was born in the small town of Olney, Illinois. Her husband explained that it is about a two and a half hour drive to Decatur Memorial Hospital from their hometown and this was not their first trip here. DK and her husband have been married for 56 years and have three children: two daughters and a son. She worked for McDonalds for 12 years and then retired to be a stay at home mom. My patient was admitted to the hospital based on an abnormal finding from a CAT scan. They CAT scan showed a mass in her right kidney. The patient described that she had no idea of the mass. She went in for a CAT scan because of blood in her urine and experience of her previous diagnosis of kidney cancer, and was informed of the findings. In June of 2013, she had received a total left nephrectomy because of malignant neoplasm in her left renal pelvis. She also informed me that she was born with three kidneys, one left and two rights. However she now only has the two right ones. Malignant neoplasm of the renal pelvis means any new or abnormal growth of tissue found in the renal pelvis associated with cancer. The kidneys are bean shaped, so the renal...
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...COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition when the cells lining the lungs swell to a point at which they restrict air flow. COPD has doubled over the past two decades, and is the nation’s fourth cause of death in the United States. Because of the blocked air passages, it causes a strain to the heart. COPD increases the blood pressure in the lungs called pulmonary hypertension, and can make the heart enlarge. Emphysema is a lung disease that is classified as COPD. Emphysema causes irreversible lung tissue damage. Emphysema involves permanent damage to the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs that are destroyed and lose the ability to stretch. This leads to insufficient exchange of gases. Carbon dioxide stays in the lungs and has less room for oxygen. As a result, the body does not get the oxygen that is needed, and this causes difficulty in breathing. COPD and emphysema are preventable. In North American tobacco use is the primary cause of COPD, but air pollution, asthma, and respiratory infections also play a role (Thibodeau and Patton pg. 477). However, emphysema does have an inherited disorder called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This is a substance that is made in the liver and is released in the bloodstream. It helps protect the lungs against damage from other chemicals in the blood. Having alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency means that the patient does not enough, and the lungs can become easily damaged. COPD and emphysema are not contagious, but are a factor...
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...arteries, those blood vessels that carry blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when one of those blood vessels in the brain is obstructed or ruptures flooding the brain with blood. Depriving blood and oxygen to the brain results in those immediate cells death, causing the brain not to function properly. Once parts of the brain stop functioning, it can directly affect the areas of the body controlled (1). A stroke can be generally be defined in two types of categories. The first and most common type of stroke is called ischemic stroke. This occurs when a blood clot (cerebral thrombosis) blocks a blood vessel in the brain. Blood flow beyond the blood clot is then restricted, and the part of the brain that relies on that blood supply becomes oxygen deficient and can die (1). A blood clot can develop in a narrowed artery that supplies the brain or can travel directly from the heart (or somewhere in the body) to an artery that supplies the brain. Blood clots are usually the result of other issues in the body that affect the normal blood flow. Common problems that affect the normal blood flow include: hardening of the arteries, irregular heart rhythms, infection of the heart valves, congenital heart defects, blood clotting disorders, inflammation of the blood vessels, etc. (2) The less common but more deadly of the two strokes is called a hemorrhagic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in the brain leaks or bursts (2). These strokes can be broken down into two major types:...
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...themed atmosphere? At Pharmacology Phunland, you’ll get all three! Your family will have a blast in our park while learning all about medicine advances in the 20th century. There are three sections, all with their own specified theme and rides. Additionally, there are two cool restaurants in which your family can enjoy exotic foods. Learn all about the deadly virus in Polio Park! Featuring fun for the whole family, along with a valuable learning experience, Polio Park is themed around the highly infectious virus that swept the world. Being depicted as early as pre-history, polio is a virus that can affect the central nervous system and lead to the destruction of the motor neurons. This can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis. Before the 20th century, polio was found mostly in children between 6 months and 4 years old. However, before the mid-19th century, people who lived in poorer sanitation areas were constantly exposed to the virus, thus creating immunity. By the early 20th century, huge improvements were made in community sanitation. This lead to a pandemic outbreak of polio in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand during the first half of the 19th century. By the mid-1950s, there were not one but two different versions of the polio vaccine. This cut polio outbreaks drastically. In this park, all of the rides have something to do with the polio pandemic during the 20th century. In the Jonas Salk/Albert Sabin Rollercoaster Race, the dual roller-coasters (one named...
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...heartworm disease. It is a parasitic worm that lives as an adult in the right side of the animal’s heart, and large blood vessels leading to the lungs. The mosquitoes are the intermediate host for heartworms. The female adult worms in the heart and vessels microfilariae in the blood, which are immature worms that can live up to three years. The mosquitos feeds on animals and ingest the microfilaria which matures in the mosquito for about two weeks to become an infected larva. When the mosquito feeds on another animal the microfilariae is passed to that animal. There the microfilariae the larva develops over three to six months, and migrate to the right side of the heart. About six months the larva develops into an adult worm. The adult worm can live up to seven years, and produce microfilaria which completes the life cycle. Heart worms a very serious health issue. Which can lead to right ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. Clinical signs can occur within six months or latter from the time on infected. The physical signs can be very mild to severe depending on the number of adult worms present. Which can range from coughing, difficulty breathing, and abnormal heart sounds to death. There are several tests that could be done to diagnosis heartworm disease. The oldest way knots test, but it is still used in some clinics. Which few drops of blood are passed through a fine filter which traps any microfilariae passed through it. Then a drop of stain is applied...
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...Stroke (NINDS)," n.d.). A human the age of Nancy who possesses Hydrocephalus would most likely suffer from headaches, vomiting, nausea, blurred vision, and balance problems. Another illness that Nancy had suffered from since birth was Meningitis, which is a severe infection that causes the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cords to become inflamed. Having Meningitis, would have caused Nancy to experience symptoms such as sudden high fevers, neck stiffness, joint pain, drowsiness, and persistent severe headaches among other various symptoms ("Meningococcal Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Vaccines," n.d.). In addition to Hydrocephalus and Meningitis, Nancy since birth had also suffered from Septicemia, a serious medical condition, that is caused by an, overwhelming response to infections, in which infection fighting chemicals are released into the blood cause internal inflammation. The widespread inflammation could lead to numerous internal health problems such as organ damage, blood clotting, or even organ failure. Due to having, Septicemia Nancy would have suffered with fever, chills, shaking, trouble urinating, as well as rapid pulse, and rapid breathing ("Sepsis or Septicemia (Blood Infection) Symptoms, Causes, Treatments,"...
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...Heart Valve Surgery Once a valve problem has been diagnosed and surgery scheduled, you’ll have some things to do. Some preparations will help make your surgery go smoothly. Some will help you get set up for your return home from the hospital. And others will help you feel more at ease. Your doctor will talk with you about the risks. Write down all your questions in advance so you don’t forget to ask them. The Week Before Surgery Steps you take before your surgery can help make both the surgery and recovery go smoothly. Follow your doctor’s instructions. • Ask your doctor about scheduling any dental work you might need. Dental work could let bacteria into your bloodstream, which can cause infection on a new valve. • Give your doctor a list of every medication you take, including supplements and over-the-counter products. Your doctor may have you stop taking some of them or start taking others before surgery. • If you smoke, quit right away. You will do better during and after surgery. • Arrange for an adult family member or friend to drive you home from the hospital. Have a helper available for your first week or two at home. • Prepare and freeze food or arrange to have food brought in while you recover. • Make adjustments around your home to simplify movements, such as reducing the need to climb stairs. The Day Before Surgery • You may be asked to wash with special soap the night before surgery. The morning of surgery, don’t use deodorant, lotion, or perfume. • Don’t...
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... \ S exually transmitted infection is a broader term than sexually transmitted disease. An infection is a colonization by a parasitic species, which may not cause any adverse effects. In a disease, the infection leads to impaired or abnormal function. In either case, the condition may not exhibit signs or symptoms. Increased understanding of infections like HPV, which infects most sexually active individuals but cause disease in only a few has led to increased use of the term STI. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted infection, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted disease in order to distinguish it from the former. STD may refer only to infections that are causing diseases, or it may be used more loosely as a synonym for STI. Most of the time, people do not know that they are infected with an STI until they are tested or start showing symptoms of disease. Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI because sexual contact is not the primary vector for the pathogens that cause meningitis. This discrepancy is addressed by the probability of infection by means other than sexual contact. In general, an STI is an infection that has a negligible probability of transmission...
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...CARE PLAN ADMITTING MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: Client's principal admitting diagnosis was leukocytosis. Definition: (from Taber’s) “An increase in the number of leukocytes (usually above 10,000/mm3) in the blood. It occurs most commonly in disease processes involving infection, inflammation, trauma, or stress, but it also can result from the use of some medications” (Venes, 2009, p. 1327). Etiology/pathophysiology: ( NOT from Taber’s or Wikipedia) Etiology: Causes of leukocytosis are infection, inflammation, tissue damage, immune reaction, bone marrow problems, medications, and stress (Drug Information Online, 2011). Pathophysiology: “Leukocytosis can be a reaction to various infectious, inflammatory, and, in certain instances, physiologic processes (eg, stress, exercise). This reaction is mediated by several molecules, which are released or regulated in response to stimulatory events that include growth or survival factors (eg, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, c-kit ligand), adhesion molecules (eg, CD11b/CD18), and various cytokines (eg, interleukin-1, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor)” (Medscape, 2010). Common signs/symptoms: Fever, bleeding, bruising, lethargic, dizziness, trouble breathing, weight loss, and sweating. Potential...
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...estate, textiles, mining, technical education and media is setting up a 200-bed mutlispeciality hospital in the southern part of the city. To be set up at a cost of Rs 50 crores, the hospital will be completed in three phases. The first phase is likely to become operational without the oncology department within the next couple of months. Said Debashish Poddar, managing director, BP Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Limited, "It will not be a so called state-of-the-art hospital but a hospital, which will ensure healthcare deliver of international standards within the affordable limits of the common man. The hospital is the culmination of the dream of Arun Poddar, Chairman of the Group and his family to perpetuate the memory of his father Late BP Poddar, he added. Despite being a multispeciality unit, the focus area of the hospital will be oncology. All possible imaging facilities will be provided at the hospital. The management has applied for necessary regulatory clearances from Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to start radiation therapy for treatment of cancer. According to Dr Subrata Das, medical director, BP Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Limited, "With a few dedicated hospitals in the region dedicated to oncology, the proposed hospital will take care of all the needs of the cancer patients. We are in the process of installing the latest equipment in the hospital to provide the best possible medical care." The management will be investing substantially on training...
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