...multicellular organisms like us, the situation is not so simple. There, too, each cell needs nutrients and produces wastes, but most of the cells are not directly in contact with the environment. So, body fluids serve as a medium for carrying nutrients and waste products from the cells as well as a means for carrying the chemical communicators that coordinate activities among cells. That’s why through the analysis of these body fluids we can easily diagnose and detect any diseases. These analyses of body fluids include the analysis of urine, blood, and saliva. Analyzing urine is still one of the simplest ways to screen a person quickly for underlying medical conditions. That’s why so many physician offices still perform routine urinalysis when you are getting a checkup. Urinalysis let us study the kidney and how the body forms urine, so that we can understand what things should and should not be present in a urine specimen, in this case the normal and abnormal constituents. Urine is a body fluid that is easily collected and usually plentiful, so that many laboratory tests can be performed which can access the function of the kidney as well as many other organs in the body. The analysis of urine is one of the oldest lab tests performed for these reasons. Since other body fluids share similarities to urine, we also study their physical, chemical, and microscopic components so that we can assess health or disease states. Blood analysis is commonly carried out...
Words: 2693 - Pages: 11
...1. Develop a calibration curve with the voltages that were taken, in order to determine the velocity at any voltage. You must determine the velocity at each frequency of the stepper motor. If you think of the frequency as being equivalent to some number of cycles per second, then 1 cycle is equal to 1 step. The travel is equivalent to 0.00086’’ per step. Then, use the polyfit and polyval functions in MATLAB to obtain a 5th order polynomial that will fit your data. Polyfit and polyval use the least squares approach to fit the data. Remember, you calibrated the sensor for two directions of flow, so one direction must be considered to be negative velocities and the other direction should be considered positive velocities. Refer to the direction where you only calibrated from 0 to 0.8 kHz as being negative velocity. Display your left, right, and average voltage markers for each known velocity, along with the calibration curve with velocity in meters/second on the x-axis and voltage in volts on the y-axis. Table 1 – Data for calibration Direction | Frequency (kHz) | Velocity (m/s) | Voltage, left (V) | Voltage, right (V) | Average Voltage (V) | Positive | 0.8 | -0.0175 | 0.1203 | 0.1209 | 0.1206 | | 0.6 | -0.0131 | 0.1323 | 0.1299 | 0.1311 | | 0.4 | -0.00874 | 0.1328 | 0.1365 | 0.1346 | | 0.2 | -0.00437 | 0.1407 | 0.1411 | 0.1409 | | 0 | 0 | 0.1441 | 0.1413 | 0.1427 | Negative | 0 | 0 | 0.1400 | 0.1423 | 0.1411 | | 0.2 | 0.00437 | 0.1413 | 0.1436 | 0.1424 | ...
Words: 1677 - Pages: 7
...Nursing Practice Review Fluid balance Keywords: Fluid balance/Input/Output/ Dehydration/Overhydration ●This article has been double-blind peer reviewed Measuring and managing fluid balance In this article... What fluid balance is and how fluid moves around the body Causes and signs and symptoms of dehydration and overhydration How to assess fluid balance, including clinical assessment How to keep an accurate fluid balance chart Author Alison Shepherd is tutor in nursing, department of primary care and child health, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London. Abstract Shepherd A (2011) Measuring and managing fluid balance. Nursing Times; 107: 28, 12-16. Ensuring patients are adequately hydrated is an essential part of nursing care, yet a recent report from the Care Quality Commission found “appalling” levels of care in some NHS hospitals, with health professionals failing to manage dehydration. This article discusses the importance of hydration, and the health implications of dehydration and overhydration. It also provides an overview of fluid balance, including how and why it should be measured, and discusses the importance of accurate fluid balance measurements. Assessing hydration status and measuring fluid balance can ensure optimal hydration balance, including what fluid balance is, and how and why it is measured. It also discusses the importance of measuring fluid balance accurately, and the health implications of dehydration...
Words: 4071 - Pages: 17
...12/9/2013 Importance of mixing PHC 453 There are very few pharmaceutical products that contain Mixing f i ibl li id Mi i of miscible liquids and suspensions If, a pharmaceutical company wishes to produce a tablet NOR KHAIZAN BINTI ANUAR, PhD Whenever a product contains more than one component, a mixing or blending stage will be required in the manufacturing process. This is to ensure: • an even distribution of the active component • an even appearance • that the dosage form releases the drug at the correct site and at the desired rate The unit operation of mixing is therefore involved at some stage in the production of practically every pharmaceutical preparation. only one component. Generally, several ingredients are needed to ensure that the required dosage form functions as required. dosage form containing a drug which is active at a dose of 1 mg, other components (e.g. diluent, binder, disintegrant and lubricant) will be needed both to enable the product to be manufactured and for it to be handled by the patient. What is a unit operation? = A basic step in a process Various unit operation sequences in tablet manufacturing Definition and objectives of mixing Mixing may be defined as a unit operation that aims to treat two or more components, initially in an unmixed or partially mixed state, so that each unit (particle, molecule, etc.) of the components lies as nearly as possible in contact with a...
Words: 1104 - Pages: 5
...Key Terms In a lab experiment there has to be a detailed written page. On the written page you should include purpose, hypothesis, materials, procedure, observations, conclusion, application, and finally a diagram. Purpose is used to describe why the experiment has to be done. Hypothesis is used before the experiment has started; it is an educated guess or can be said as a prediction. Materials are one of the 4 most important pieces in a lab. Without the materials you don’t know what tools to use for the experiment. Procedure is the second most important part in a lab; it is used to describe how to do the experiment. Without the procedure no one would know what to do and I can assume that experiment won’t turn out so good. Observations, observations are split up into two groups quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is things measured by volume, mass, numbers, and length. Qualitative is what is observed during the experiment using all 4 senses (see, hear, smell, feel). Conclusion is the second last part to write in a lab, it is telling us if the prediction was correct, and what your group noticed. And finally the application, the application is just a comparison or real life example that can relates to the experiment. And then in the end just need to draw a diagram that looks exactly likes the experiment. Now these are just key words that should be used in an experiment most often. Flow rate is just a rate in which the liquid can flow. It is measured in volume (mL)/Time...
Words: 769 - Pages: 4
...Definition of terms Allowance * permitted amount of something that is allowed, especially according to regulations. Average selected time * the arithmetical average of all actual times except the abnormal times taken by the workman to compute a task or an element of a task. Avoidable delay * any delay of operator for which he/she is responsible and over which he/she has control. * it refers to delay which the operator may avoid if desired. Condensation * The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid, either by cooling or by being subjected to increased pressure. Critical path method (CPM) * an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. Decomposition * The separation of a substance into simpler substances or basic elements. Can be brought about by exposure to heat, light, or chemical or biological activity. * The process of breaking down organic material into smaller molecules that are available for use by the organisms of an ecosystem. Delay * any cause of postponement, interruption, interval, pause or wait until later before doing something. Delay allowance * a time increment including a time standard to allow contingencies and minor delays beyond the control of the workman. Density * is a physical property of matter and is a measure of mass per unit of volume of a material or substance, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. * Defined in a qualitative manner as...
Words: 1054 - Pages: 5
...Navier-Stokes Equations • A mathematical description of fluid motion under the following assumptions: – Constant density, ρ – Constant viscosity, µ – Continuity (incompressible flow) ∇ •u = 0 CHEM 520 Derivation of N-S • Derivation based on force balance about a fluid element: – Net force = sum of forces • Convective force (convective transport of momentum), ∇ • ρ uu • Viscous stress forces (viscous forces), ∇ •τ • Pressure forces, ∇p z • External forces, e.g. gravity, ρ g ∂ ρ u = −∇ • ρ uu − ∇ •τ − ∇p + F ∂t ⇒ ∂ ρ u = −∇ • ρ uu − ∇ •τ − ∇p + ρ g ∂t y ∆z ∆x ∆y x CHEM 520 Derivation of N-S τ = − µ∇ u • Viscous stress tensor • For Newtonian fluid τ xx = µ − 2 + 2 3 ∇ • u ∂x τ yy = µ − 2 + 2 3 ∇ • u ∂y ∂v ∂w τ zz = µ − 2 + 2 3 ∇ • u ∂z ∂u ∂v τ xy = τ yx = − µ + ∂y ∂x ∂u τ xx τ yx τ zx τ = τ τ τ xy yy zy τ xz τ yz τ zz ( ) ( ) 1-D ( ) 3-D τ yx ∂u = −µ ∂y τ yz = τ zy = − µ τ zx = τ xz = − µ ∂v ∂w + ∂z ∂y ∂w ∂u + ∂x ∂z CHEM 520 Derivation of N-S Viscous stress (recap) • Stress has unit of pressure. • It describes the local variation in velocity. • Viscous force = Stress x area • Force balance using stress: – Viscous forces balance (1) convective force, (2) pressure force, and (3) external force. – τ ∆A = u•grad(u) ∆A + P ∆A + F ∆A τ yx ∂u = −µ ∂y 0 0 CHEM 520 Derivation...
Words: 1242 - Pages: 5
...Uses of Fluid Mechanics with Relevant References. Fluid mechanics is the application of the laws of fore and motion to fluids. Within fluid mechanics there are two studies of fluid mechanics: Fluid statics, the study if fluids at rest within a system, or Fluid Dynamics which is the study of fluids that are in motion within a system. A fluid is a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure. The substance continually deforms or flows under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the states of matter and include three of the four states of matter [1]. An example of tangential shear stress can be something as simple as a piece of wood floating on a small body of water. If the force, F, is applied at the end of one side, then the board transmits a tangential shear stress, denoted as, t, to the surface of the water. Shear stress is defined as the tangential to the area over which it acts, and is expressed in the same units as Direct Stress [2]. “If a shear stress is applied to the surface of a solid, the solid will deform a little, and then remain at rest (in its distorted shape). One can say that the solid (at rest) is able to resist the shear stress.” [2] Both the board and the water will move as long as the force exerted and the tangential sheer stress are not equal to zero. Think about this, a fluid can only experience a normal stress when there is no force being acted upon the system obtained by the fluid. Therefore, since the fluid is at rest...
Words: 1686 - Pages: 7
...Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery with variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model A Dissertation report submitted for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Master of Science In Mathematics Submitted By Shailja Gautam ROLL NO. 115258 Faculty of Science Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra-282005 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Response of Blood Flow through Stenotic Artery in Presence of variable Viscosity- A Non-Newtonian Fluid Model” submitted to the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educationl Institute, Agra for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics, in an original record of the work carried out by Shailja Gautam under my Supervision. Further, this work has not been...
Words: 3486 - Pages: 14
...Fluids Lab Viscous Losses in Pipes Objectives: Compare the flow rate/pressure drop characteristics for flow in pipes in the laminar and turbulent regions. Apparatus: The experiment is conducted with the help of a Manometer, with which the pressure drop between two gauge points can be measured. For small pressure differences the water (oil) / air manometer is used, whereas for larger pressure differences the mercury / water (oil) manometer is used. The flow rate of the water is measured in volume per time; the flow rate of the oil is measured with a rota meter. Operating Procedure Before start: Close the valve in the downstream limb of the water/air (oil/air) manometer Switch on the pump Shut the flow control valve until there is no more fluid flow Taking measurements: Open the valve in the downstream limb of the water/air (oil/air) manometer Open flow control valve until a deflection of the manometer is registered Measure pressure difference and flow rate Change the settings of the flow control valve and repeat experiment Theory Viscous friction losses in a pipe can be predicted with the Darcy-Weisbach equation: Δp = f (L/D) (1/2) ρ V² Where ΔP = pressure drop, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, = fluid density and V = mean velocity of the fluid (V = Q/A). The value of the friction factor f is equal to 64/Re (for laminar flow), where Re=VD/v. Also f is equal to 0.316Re-1/4 for turbulent flow. Water – observed | Derived | | | Analysis...
Words: 1477 - Pages: 6
...tank preserves the volume by allowing the water in the reservoir to overflow into the discharge tank, when the water flow is kept constant. This ensures to that the flow is constant. The effects of small changes in fluid level and volume when overflowing are considered negligible. This constant volume tank represents a pressurized hydraulic reservoir, with constant pressure, making the manometer fluid levels constant and accurate during the readings. If the water levels in the constant head tank were to drop suddenly whilst taking the readings, the pressure will drop and the readings on the manometer would be inaccurate. Question 2: The Hydraulic grade line is a plot of the hydraulic head (which is the head...
Words: 1033 - Pages: 5
...LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW We can observe the nature of the flow of a fluid by injecting a fine filament of dye into the stream of flow and taking note of what happens to this filament. It was found in experiments that at low velocities the dye filament remained intact and that the filaments made parallel lines in the stream of flow. This is known as Laminar flow (or viscous or streamline). If the velocity of flow is gradually increased, the dye filament is eventually broken up and spread over the cross section of the pipe. This is turbulent flow, in which the particles of fluid are not moving in parallel lines but are moving across the general direction of flow. If a fluid particle in a stream is disturbed, its inertia will tend to move it in a new direction, however the viscous forces from the surrounding fluid will tend to move it in the general direction of flow. If the shear forces are large enough to overcome any deviation, then we have viscous or laminar flow. However, if the shear forces are relatively weaker, and not sufficient to overcome the inertia of the particles, then we have turbulent flow. [pic] Therefore it is the ratio of the inertia to the viscous forces which determines whether flow will be laminar or turbulent. The ratio of the inertia forces to the viscour forces is given by: [pic] c l (Reynolds Number) μ Therefore, it is the Reynolds number which determines whether a flow will be laminar or turbulent. As Kinematic Viscosity...
Words: 455 - Pages: 2
...Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to accelerate an object upwards. Explanation: The ability or tendency to float in water or other fluid. The power of a liquid to keep something afloat. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. Archimedes of Syracuse[1] formulated this principle, which bears his name. Explanation: The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid. Thus, among objects with equal masses, the one with greater volume has greater buoyancy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimede’s Principle Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is revealed, for example, in the floating of some objects on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the ability of some insects (e.g. water striders)...
Words: 1014 - Pages: 5
...FLUID DYNAMICS In physics, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. Fluid dynamics is "the branch of applied science that is concerned with the movement of liquids and gases," according to the American Heritage Dictionary. Fluid dynamics is one of two branches of fluid mechanics, which is the study of fluids and how forces affect them. (The other branch is fluid statics, which deals with fluids at rest.) Scientists across several fields study fluid dynamics. Fluid dynamics provides methods for studying the evolution of stars, ocean currents, weather patterns, plate tectonics and even blood circulation. Some important technological applications of fluid dynamics include rocket engines, wind turbines, oil pipelines and air conditioning systems. FLOW The movement of liquids and gases is generally referred to as "flow," a concept that describes how fluids behave and how they interact with their surrounding environment — for example, water moving through a channel or pipe, or over a surface. Flow can be either steady or unsteady. In his lecture notes, "Lectures in Elementary Fluid Dynamics" (University of Kentucky, 2009) J. M. McDonough, a professor of engineering at the University of Kentucky, writes, "If all properties of a flow are independent of time, then the flow is steady; otherwise, it is unsteady." That is, steady flows do not change over time. An example of...
Words: 1253 - Pages: 6
...Fluid Mechanics Learning Objectives Outcomes • Explain the pressure-depth relationship. Pressure increases with depth. • Define Pascal’s Principle. Pascal's Principle states that the pressure is transmitted evenly through a liquid. • Describe how to use Pascal’s Principle in practical application. When you inflate a balloon with air, it expands evenly in all directions, this is an example. • Describe Archimedes Principle. States that the mass of a liquid displaced by a floating body is equal to the mass of that body. • Determine if an object will float in a fluid based on its relative densities. So if you fill a tumbler up with water to the brim, put an object into it, weigh the water that has been pushed out of the tumbler, and compare that with the weight of the object, you'll know whether it floats or not. • Use the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation to explain common effects of ideal fluid flow. The pressure in a fluid moving steadily without friction or outside energy input decreases when the fluid velocity increases Assignment Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere...
Words: 342 - Pages: 2
