...dense enough area. “Meningococcal disease is spread from person to person by exchanging respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit) during close (for example, coughing or kissing) or lengthy contact, especially if living in the same household. Thankfully, these bacteria are not as contagious as germs that cause the common cold or the flu. People in the same household, roommates, or anyone with direct contact with a patient's oral secretions, such as a boyfriend or girlfriend, would be considered at risk of getting the infection.” (http://www.cdc.gov/) It is best to make sure that you get checkup after someone close to you has had this illness to be sure that you aren’t infected as well. Most almost everyone knows that our body’s immune system is a way to keep us healthy and get rid of bacteria and other impurities...
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...vulnerable to a second. For example, certain drugs can increase tumors’ susceptibility to radiation. In other instances, drugs play off each other, enhancing overall potency, so their combined effectiveness is higher than their individual impact (Dana-Farber). However, new out-of-the-box ideas are in the works as well. Abandoning the failing method altogether is the ultimate goal, so a wide array of new therapies are currently being tested. Successful trials taking place include anti-angiogenic drugs that prevent tumors from acquiring access to the bloodstream and fuel their unchecked growth to inhibitors that intercept DNA repair in malignant cells (DeBock). Other potential cures include immunotherapy agents that attach to the cell and trigger an immune system response, using the body’s natural defense system, or photodynamic therapy, where a photosynthetic agent releases a toxic oxygen upon exposure to fiber optic light. We are on the new frontier of ideas. Yes, the age of chemotherapy may be ending, but we are on the verge of something great. ...
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...Introduction The skin is the largest organ in the body and it protects all of our internal structures such as other organs (e.g. the heart) and glands. The main function of the skin is to be a first line of defense for the body. It protects the body from harmful UV rays that are emitted from the sun and it also helps to regulate body temperature. For example, if it gets to hot outside the skin will cool the body by secreting perspiration. Plus it helps us to sense our surroundings through the many nerves located on its surface. Like all other organs the skin is susceptible to things that may harm it such as skin cancer, cannibalism, psoriasis, seborrhea, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis . Skin cancer occurs when malignant tumors prosper on the skin and it is a very serious health issue. Diagram depicting the skin and its many layers What are the three types of skin cancer? The three types of skin cancers are melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Diagram of the three types of skin cancers • Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer. It forms when the cells that create skin pigment, melanocytes, are exposed to prolonged ultraviolet radiation and have unrepaired damage in their DNA. Whenever skin is exposed to UV radiation (sunlight/indoor tanning), DNA in the skin cells get damaged. This is normal, because the DNA can be repaired. But when in UV too long, the damage is either too much to repair or the repair isn't fast enough. Melanocytes...
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... What are the symptoms for how the human body responds when this pathogen infects the respiratory tract? SYMPTOMS Once inside the human body the individual goes through all kinds of symptoms wanting to ward off the infection from getting worse. The first symptom would be sneezing and coughing. Another symptom that occurs is fever and in this case fever is actually thwarting off the viruses ability to survive (20). Another symptom that occurs is the loss of energy causing fatigue even the feeling of pain within the muscles while the infection is spreading. Lets take a closer look at how the Influenza virus can use its morphology to evade the innate immune system. EVASION OF INNATE The innate immune response is the body’s first defense against Influenza having a crucial and important role in the initial prevention for further infection (6). Once the pathogen has entered through the nasal passage the mucosal layering helps prevent these viruses from going any further except several problems start to occur (6). The different evasion tactics that the influenza type A virus displays include suppression of the IFN beta gene due to the NS1 multifunction protein from the virus. NS1 essentially reduces the IFN beta gene from producing more and signaling other antiviral cells to prevent the virus from replication. The influenza type A virus can then go from one cell to the next at a higher rate due to this method. PB1 and PB2 that are in the polymerase complex also inhibit...
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...Approach to Care of Cancer Ahmed Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients' Health NRS-410V February 21, 2016 Cancer is affecting people of all races and it is everywhere into world. It is estimated that, a total of about one million five hundred thousand people are found to have cancer every year (Ignatavicius, 2010). Cancer is a genetic disease and it is referred to as the collection of related diseases that involves abnormal cells that continue to divide without stopping and spreading to surrounding tissues (Ignatavicius, 2010). Cancer is a common disease today, but it is not a new disorder. Some types of cancer happens to be more common today among certain group that are considered affluent. This is happening because of the long life expectancy and increase exposure to substances that causes cancer. Determining the cause of cancer can be complex, even though more advanced technology have made it much better now to diagnose the disease. Studies have shown that obesity, tobacco use, environmental pollutants, certain diet increases the risk for cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2014). The symptoms of cancer can vary depending on where the cancer is formed, where it has spread and the size of the tumor. The fear of dealing with the disease causes stress and depression for the patient. Understanding the prognosis of cancer is important when planning a variety of options for treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2014). This paper will focus...
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...Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes of Leukemia Leukemia is cancer of the blood-forming tissues and it strikes all ages and both sexes. Leukemia is a term given to a group of malignant diseases of the bone marrow and lymphatic system. In a person with leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells (Wong, 2007). The abnormal cells are leukemia cells, unlike normal blood cells; leukemia cells don't die when they should. They may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work (Wong, 2007). This can lead to serious problems such as anemia, bleeding, and infections. Leukemia cells can also spread to the lymph nodes or other organs and cause swelling or pain. This paper examines how leukemia is diagnosed, the main types of treatment of leukemia and possible causes of leukemia (Bhojwani, 2009). Diagnosis of Leukemia Leukemia may be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and will make a person feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. Doctors typically find leukemia after a routine blood test, when a patient has symptoms that suggest leukemia. Symptoms may depend on what type of leukemia a person has, but common symptoms are fever and night sweats, headaches, bruising or bleeding easily, bone or joint pain, a swollen or painful belly from an enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, feeling very tired or weak, losing weight and not...
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...SKIN CANCER & TANNING The idea of a “healthy tan” is a myth which must be corrected in order to reduce the increasing incidence of skin cancer in the world. An individual's skin color is determined by their genes and their environment. Our skin can change color in reaction to sun exposure. This is called the "tanning response." When skin absorbs UV radiation, melanin is produced and transferred to the keratinocytes cells within the skin thereby darkening the color of the skin. Melanin in the skin absorbs and scatters UV radiation entering the body and helps protect the skin from adverse reactions to radiation. Thus, the "tanning response" is really a defensive reaction by the body to the presence of damaging radiation, and an effort by the body to protect itself from the harmful affect of ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B (UVA and UVB) rays (“Anatomy”). A tan still remains in the minds of many as socially desirable. Each day we are confronted with images on television and in magazines of golden-brown models and celebrities. In addition, we are the targets of local advertising and promotion of tanning salons. People must understand that a tan is not necessary; and that in addition to the premature aging of the skin, there are serious and possibly deadly consequences from the overexposure of one’s body to UVA and/or UVB rays. The deadly consequence is skin cancer. When people think of cancer they relate to the threat of colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate...
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...against infection by recognizing and killing pathogens. This immune system includes lymphatic organs and vessels, lymph nodes, white blood cells, specialized cells and serum factors. The immune system utilizes both the lymphatic vessels and the blood circulatory system to transport white blood cells called lymphocytes through out the body (1). The immune system can be classified as an innate or adaptive system. As a first line of defense against pathogens, we depend on innate immunity. Innate immunity is nonspecific and includes physical barriers such as skin, mucous membranes and secretions with antimicrobial activity including tears and mucous. Pathogens that cross this line of defense are often destroyed by phagocytes which are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and foreign agents by the process known as phagocytosis. However, innate immunity is not sufficient to ward off all invaders. Thus, to allow for a stronger immune response and immunological memory, we have developed a specific, inducible system of defense called the adaptive or acquired immune system. A substance capable of inducing or triggering an immune response is called an antigen. The adaptive immune system is responsible for...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/163 Version 4 | | |Elements of Health and Wellness | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. EL14FS05 Course Start Date: 04/16/2014 Course End Date: 05/14/2014 Wednesday’s *6 PM to 10 PM* El Centro Learning Center 3095 North Imperial Suite 101 El Centro, California - 92243 Phone: 800-473-4346 Instructor: Rosyo Ramirez, MPA Course Description This course reinforces the concept that learning effectively and living well involves both the mind and body. It presents the fundamentals of wellness and preventive health including strategic planning to attain and maintain personal optimal health. In addition, physical and mental diseases are discussed along with the dangers of environmental pollution, stress, addiction, and other negative factors that can affect personal health. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |SCI/162 Version 6 | | |Principles of Health and Wellness | Copyright © 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course reinforces the concept that learning effectively and living well involves both the mind and body. It presents the fundamentals of wellness and preventive health including strategic planning to attain and maintain personal optimal health. In addition, physical and mental diseases are discussed along with the dangers of environmental pollution, stress, addiction, and other negative factors that can affect personal health. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology Lee-Ellen C. Copstead Key Questions • What is pathophysiology? • How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? • How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined? • What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person? • What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology? http://evolve.elsevier.com/Copstead/ • Review Questions and Answers • Glossary (with audio pronunciations for selected terms) • Animations • Case Studies • Key Points Review Pathophysiology derives from the intersection of two older, related disciplines: pathology (from pathos, suffering) and physiology (from physis, nature). Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. Pathophysiology seeks to reveal physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in its internal or external environment. Because humans exhibit considerable diversity, healthy structure and function are not precisely the same in any two individuals. However, discovering the common and expected responses to abnormalities in physiologic functioning is useful, and it...
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...S C I E N T I F I C S T A T U S S U M M A R Y Probiotics This Scientific Status Summary addresses the scientific basis of the hypothesis that consumption of probiotics can positively influence human health. Product and regulatory issues are also briefly addressed. A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS’ EXPERT PANEL ON FOOD SAFETY AND NUTRITION P robiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that have a beneficial effect on human health (Salminen et al., 1998). The concept of probiotics evolved at the turn of the 20th century from a hypothesis first proposed These include Bengmark (1998), Elmer et al. (1999), Fonden et al. (1999), Holzapfel et al. (1998), Lee et al. (1999), Naidu et al. (1999), Salminen et al. (1996), Sanders (1998a), Sanders and Huis in’t Veld (1999), and Tannock (1999a). by Nobel Prize winning Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff (Bibel, 1988), who suggested that the long, healthy life of Bulgarian peasants resulted from their consumption of fermented milk products. He believed that when consumed, the fermenting bacillus (Lactobacillus) positively influenced the microflora of the colon, decreasing toxic microbial activities. The historical association of probiotics with fermented dairy products, still true today, stems from these early observations. Investigations in the probiotic field during the past several decades, however, have expanded beyond bacteria isolated from fermented dairy products to those of intestinal...
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