...There are many viruses that has made a huge impact on humans over the course of time, but one of the common virus that was well known in the 1800s was the 1918 Influenza virus. The Influenza Virus of 1918 was a very serious and dreadful virus that is often called the “Global Disaster.” This virus had made a lot of adults and children get very ill or sick and often leading to death. The Influenza virus was most current during the Great War in Europe of the year 1918. The Influenza Virus of 1918 was a very serious and dreadful virus, and is one of the most dangerous virus out during the time of 1918 (Virus.Stanford.edu.) Influenza Virus of 1918, was a big kill threat to elderly people ( 65 likely to die ) and very young children about the age of ( 1 year or younger...and often times older, ) but the flu was most commonly a threat of ages 15 to 65. The Great War of 1918, was a time when the Americans were finally going to war against Germans to win ( Virus.Stanford.edu.) This was also a time were the Americans were in trenches with the worst conditions and viruses developed all throughout...
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...Introduction Where do happy cows actually come from? Most of our minds create an image of large fields where cows and other animals are free to roam and graze. In reality, however, most farms today are actually large corporate factories, not the vast fields and red barns that most Americans imagine. These consolidated operations known as CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) are able to produce meats in high volume but have little to no regard for animal or human welfare, the environment, or food safety. CAFOs in the United States are able to produce and process these large amounts of meat year-round by providing sheltered farms for a range of livestock such as cattle, swine, and sheep. However, within these farms animals are confined in limited spaces, making living conditions increasingly unhealthy and unsanitary. Brian Walsh, an environmental columnist at Time Magazine, observed that pigs are sometimes “packed so tightly with other swine that many of their curly tails have been chopped off so they won’t bite one another.” Conditions like these are prime locations for diseases to thrive and spread throughout the livestock. Although antibacterial immunizations are provided to the pigs, the bacteria and other viruses are constantly altering, leading to untreatable infections that can be easily passed onto workers and consumers. Contributing to the threat of new diseases, CAFOs contain massive pileups of feces and other excrements which do not provide safe living...
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...physical deformities and had to cope with them for the rest of their lives, even long after the war had ended. These deformities and “issues” had damaged hundreds upon thousands of people, leaving them scared for the rest of their lives. There were also other things besides horrible disfigurements and disorders that would negatively affect any soldiers long after the war. For example, the spanish flu. The H1N1 influenza virus, also known as the spanish flu, is a deadly variety of influenza which was spread around the world by soldiers who were returning from the Western European battlefield. Many of these soldiers returned home only to succumb to illness in the end. Over 50,000 Canadians died from the H1N1 influenza virus. This greatly impacted the country which had already suffered from over 60,000 war casualties, and left thousands of families without a primary wage earner and thousands of children orphaned. The war caused this pandemic to take place, and if the war didn’t occur the spread of this virus might have been confined to one area and not worldwide. One can see by examining this information that the war had no benefits for soldiers and negatively impacted them on a very large scale, making the war not worth it for Canada as a whole. During WW1, the British and the French had to group together to fight for a common cause, but in Canada, tensions between the two groups were higher than ever before. I believe that WW1 was not worth it...
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... Jennifer Lee Gary HCS/457 March 7, 2012 Reginald Bernard “SWINE FLU” Influenza, or “flu”, as it is more commonly known, is a ubiquitous in the disease profile of any developed or developing country. Many thousands of people fall victim to seasonal flu each year, recovering just as quickly. Only the very debilitated or immunosuppressed have life-threatening squealed. Flu also shows a “cyclic” trend where “epidemics” of flu occur every 6-7 years. In these years greater than an average expected number of people fall ill due to flu but these epidemics last only about a year or two Recently, (or as research shows not so recently), a new strain of influenza has come to light called “swine” flu. Also called pig or hog flu, this strain of influenza causes respiratory disease in pigs, hogs and other swine. The symptoms manifested are barking cough, poor appetite, lethargy and malaise. Alarmingly, this strain of influenza is readily transmissible to humans and causes much the same symptoms in humans as it does in pigs. Origin of the H1N1 Strain The origins of swine flu are unclear. Many researchers say that the outbreak was first localized in March of 2009 in a village in Mexico, when health authorities identified a spate of deaths...
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...COMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT TITLE STORIES ON VIOLENT ‘MAT REMPIT’ Name anuar Matric number 791020-11-5301-001 NRIC 791020-11-5301 Telephone number 019-9843040 E-mail address annwady@yahoo.com Tutor’s name: MR TAE PENG HOI Learning Centre: OUM Chendering MAY 2009 SEMESTER PART A / BAHAGIAN A QUESTION 1 / SOALAN 1 State the following variables as discrete, continuous or qualitative. a) Amount of mineral water in cartons. Answer : Continuous , because of it can be obtained by measuring process. b) Unemployment rate recorded in a city as of June 2009. Answer : Discrete , because of it can be obtained by counting process. c) Total number of influenza A H1N1 cases in Malaysia. Answer : Continuous , because of it can be obtained by measuring process. d) Types of available lunch set at a fast food restaurant. Answer : Qualitative , because of it just the name of a category and contain no numerical value. e ) Capacity of a gas container. Answer : Discrete , because of it can be obtained by counting process. QUESTION 2 / SOALAN 2 State the following qualitative variables as nominal or ordinal. a) Blood type of respondents. Answer: Nominal , because of it just the name of a category and contain no numerical value. b) Public awareness level towards environmental issue. ...
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...reported in Hong Kong in 1997 and was transmitted through chickens. This means that the virus was able to pass the barrier and mutate between animal and man. Since then there has been hundreds of cases and the mortality rate is approximetely 50%. Your risk of contracting the avian flu virus increases if you work with poultry, travel to countries where the virus is present or you consume undercooked poultry meat or eggs. The most recent case involved a 10 year old girl from Cambodia. After 5 days she was admitted to the hospital and after 2 days in intensive care she died (Zimmer 2012). The article states that treatment for H5N1 varies depending on your symptoms but generally can be treated with Tamiflu or Relenza to lessen the severity. These medications must be taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms for them to be effective. Typically with any virus the best treatment is a lot of fluids to help the virus run its' course more quickly. There have been cases of Bird Flu reported in Asia, Africa, Europe, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Pacific and near the East. It also goes on to state that the chance for a worldwide outbreak in humans goes up the more the the avian flu virus spreads. In conclusion, the avian flu virus, or bird flu is absolutely a volatile situation that needs to be prepared for as much as our health community can. There was even a 6 year absence of the virus before it showed up again in 2003. It can mutate between animal and man which can spell...
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...Ready or Not…. For once, governments and public health official appear to be more prepared than businesses do. They have spent billions preparing for a potential influenza pandemic by buying medicines, running disaster drills, and developing strategies for tighter border controls. On the other hand, a survey of global companies by London-based newsletter Continuity Central found that 72 percent have not even begun to get ready for a potential bird flu pandemic. Businesses in the U.S. seem to be particularly unprepared. In a survey by Deloitte & Touche of 100 U.S. executives, two-thirds said their companies had not yet prepared adequately for avian flu, and most have not one specifically in charge of such a plan. What these businesses might not realize is how they potentially will be affected. For instance, how will they continue to do their business if their workforce is ill or quarantined; if transportation, communication, utility services of other necessary public infrastructure functions are not available or are only available in limited areas; or if financial services are curtailed? How will they earn revenues if the general public is sick or not able to venture out? It’s a scenario with monumental implications for both the short term and the long term. One company that has panned for any potential avian flu outbreak is Deutsche Bank. The steps it has taken include making sure employees in infected zones don’t carry the disease to co-workers, moving others out...
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...1 2 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Received 22 August 2012 Received in revised form 27 August 2012 Accepted 3 September 2012 Available online 28 December 2012 The novel H1N1 influenza virus that emerged in humans in Mexico in early 2009 and transmitted Keywords: Ethical issues H1N1 Malaysia Mitigation efforts efficiently in the human population with global spread has been declared a pandemic strain by WHO. Here we reviewed the role of ethical issue in the prevention of H1N1. Studies with original data related to the ethical issues in the prevention of diseases (published 1996-2012) were identified via searching electronic databases to extract related information. The role of ethical issues in the prevention of diseases must be understood. This comprises work on how the society understands about a disease and what are their individuals’ tasks to conquer the outbreak. Such understanding feeds into health damaging or health promoting behavior which eventually will help in the implementation of various disease control measures. The promises of ethical issue in the various control measures that may be taken to fight the danger of pandemic H1N1 are great. 1. Introduction 2. Methods From April 2009 a pandemic caused by a novel H1N1 virus has been...
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...Expository Essay - Influenza Vaccine Wendy G. Hill COM150 May 15, 2011 Susan Dietrich Expository Essay - Influenza Vaccine The Influenza virus can infect any age group of people. The influenza infection rate is the highest among children between the ages of one and three. According to the CDC from October, 2010 to the present there have been 91 deaths among pediatrics in the United States. The yearly influenza vaccine may have a few minor side effects for some individuals, but it still has many benefits for everyone. In order for people to decide whether the influenza vaccine is right for them or their families, they need to know some of the basics about influenza viruses. Influenza viruses are spread by having contact with someone or something that has the influenza virus. When a person has a confirmed case of the influenza virus, the individual can spread the virus to others by not covering when he or she coughs or sneezes and by not washing his or her hands and keeping containers or tissues around that may contain vomit, sputum or nose secretions (Center for Disease Control, 2010, Oct.). The four types of vaccines available to any individual who would want to obtain the vaccine for preventive measures. The first one is, Whole virion inactivated vaccine, and this has complete viruses which are not alive. This one is not infectious and once injected keeps their antigenic properties. The second one, Subunit inactivated vaccine; this is made up of surface antigens...
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...that does get returned to the blood. Pressure in the tissues surrounding the vessels in the limb leads to reduced blood flow and opportunistic bacterial infections of the epidermis increase.. The infections leave grey or tan rough patches of scar tissue covering the appendage that now resembles an elephant’s limb - hence the name of the disease. Your essay prompt: Where did all the fluid come from in the first place?? Explain the forces within and around a capillary that are responsible for the edema characterizing elephantiasis. You should start by explaining the role of the lymphatic system as it pertains to the osmotic balance of the blood, then define net filtration pressure and how it can be interpreted, and describe the different relationships between filtration and reabsorption along a capillary. A complete answer will discuss the movement of fluid across the capillary wall at different points along the entire length of a capillary as well the overall net effect. Be sure to explicitly state how the lymph system and cardiovascular system interact to produce the symptoms of this disease. H ere are a couple immune essays I have used in the past that are good examples of a possible...
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...syringe and gazing into the distance: Edward Jenner. People felt that vaccines were so absurd and dangerous that they were capable of transmute a human being. Jenner’s cowpox vaccine eventually permitted the elimination of smallpox off the face of the earth. In modern day, this ignorant fear seems rather amusing hence in most parts of the world, we have become accustomed to the method and reason of science. Although we do not possess the fear that a vaccine can turn people into cows, we do possess another fear: the fear of menacing side-effects including (but not limited to) autism, learning disabilities, epilepsy, diabetes, and violent behaviour. As in the 1800s, people feel that these notions are true and are refusing vaccinations. This essay will explore each stage in the history of the vaccination from it’s initial formation to rapid World War II development to recent controversies. It will specifically look to answer the question, “How significant are vaccinations and their historical development in regards to its impact on North American society?” Initial Creation: Edward Jenner, Cowpox, And Smallpox Vaccination Prior to delving into the history of the vaccination itself, it is essential to first understand the difference between variolation and vaccination. Although variolation and vaccination were both created with the sole purpose of providing the patient with immunity from the objective disease, they are different practises which are often used interchangeably, noticeable...
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...There are various diseases that are thought to have ancient Egyptian origin. These diseases include: the plague, influenza, small pox, and poliomyelitis. Some Egyptian hieroglyphics from about 2000 BCE show people with withered legs and arms. Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a contagious viral disease that can even cause paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death its most severe form. This disease can affect anyone at any age but it primarily affects children under 5 years old. In this essay, I will talk about the transmission, types of polio and symptoms, treatments, and prevention of the disease. First, polio is transmitted from person to person. It is mainly transmitted through a fecal- oral route. “Poliovirus virions are very stable, especially in in acidic pH, and can remain infectious for relatively long periods in food and water, its main routes of transmission. The incubation period ranges from 6 to 20 days” (1). Once the virus is ingested it multiplies in the mucosa of the throat or small intestine. From here, the virus goes into the tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymph nodes in the neck and the terminal potion of the small intestine. Sometimes the virus enters the blood stream and causes viremia. In more than 99% of those cases, the viremia lasts only for a short time and does not result in clinical disease. In the other less that 1% cases, the viremia persists and goes into the central nervous system and this...
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...Exam 2 Essay Terrika Moore “Question 10 Answer” The Bergey’s Manual is a system used to classify procaryotes and bacteria. The first edition of the guide was based on specific characteristics of gram staining and metabolic reactions, which was a method called phenotypic. However with the new second edition, classifications and identification goes more in depth. It’s based on genetic information, specifies the relationship and phylogenetic history of the bacteria. Bergey’s Manual 2nd edition is broken down into five volumes: Vol. 1 separates Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria into their own groups. Vol. 2 represents the Phylum Proteobacteria, breaks them into 5 classification groups. These bacteria all have gram negative cell walls. Vol. 3 represents Phylum Firmicutes, these are the low G + C gram positive bacteria which only has 3 classes. This group of bacteria includes staphylococcus and streptococcus. Vol. 4 includes a single class of Phylum Actinobacteria, in which this bacterium is a high G + C gram positive bacteria. Vol. 5 contains 9 Phyla in which they’re all gram negative but may or may not be related. “Question 7 Answer” Zygomycota are saprophytic molds in which this fungus receives it nourishments from dead or decaying matter. This fungus is the black mold on bread. Its asexual reproduction is sporangiospores and sexual spores are large zygospores and are enclosed by a thick wall. Zygomycota can cause serious infections in immunosuppressed or diabetic...
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...1 Classification and Division Essay Coughing, sneezing, fevers, body aches- all things we dread when we are sick. Being sick is never fun and we are always trying to find new remedies and treatments to ease the discomfort and rid the sickness from our bodies as quick as possible rather than just waiting for it to run its course. These illnesses can be both viral and bacterial. Because I have been diagnosed with double pneumonia three times in the past I have learned from talking with my doctor that viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can. There is still no cure for the common cold and although the flu and pneumonia can be treated with medications it is still wise to keep hydrated and rested until the symptoms pass. Through past experience with these illnesses as well as talking with my doctor about these subjects I have discovered many different specifications of each individual illness such as symptoms, complications, and proper treatment and prevention methods. Viral infections are the most common illnesses that we face. The Latin meaning for the word virus as found in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is toxin or poison. Your body recognizes viruses as intruders in the body and all of the complications that you face while sick, such as a runny nose, are the body’s mechanisms to get rid of them. But what most of us don’t know is that some viral infections are incurable, while others require specific medication and treatment, I...
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...Essay on Code of Ethics In nursing there is so much emphasis placed on ethics. The reason being is that ethics is a vital part deeply rooted within the field. This paper will look at certain ethical codes in nursing. For example, beginning with a historical overview of the evolution of nursing ethics, and followed by a discussion of the moral principles important to nursing. Next, the paper will look at the outcomes of critical thinking on nursing ethics, and the importance of moral improvement in nurses will be discussed. The following paragraph will discuss the historical introduction of ethics in nursing. The Nursing Code of Ethics began in 1893 with the "Nightingale Pledge" which was patterned after the Hippocratic Oath in medicine, and is understood as the first code of nursing ethics (ANA, 2005). Even though the “Nightingale Pledge is hardly used or enforced by many institution today, much of the same messages or meanings is still practiced today. For, instance in the pledge itself states that “I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug” (Edelstein 1943). I have come to find that this statement means that the nurse giving care should always take precaution when giving medication. A Nurse should deliver optimal care to all patients. Mistakes are made when nurses leave out what is very important. Later on the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States of America and Canada...
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