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10. BONOS 3
10.1 CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE INTRUMENTOS DE DEUDA 3
10.1.1 Definiciones y clasificaciones generales 3
10.1.2 Indicadores Básicos 4
10.1.2.1 Valor residual 4
10.1.2.2 Monto en circulación (millones de $ a Valor nominal) 4
10.1.2.3 Renta anual (coupon yield, %) 4
10.1.2.4 Tasa Interna de RetornoTIR (yield to maturity –YTM- o discounted cash-flow yield -DCFY) 4
10.1.2.5 Intereses corridos ($) 5
10.1.2.6 Precio clean (limpio) o dirty (sucio) 6
10.1.2.7 Valor técnico ($) 6
10.1.2.8 Paridad (%) 6
10.2 TIPOS DE INSTRUMENTOS DE RENTA FIJA 7
10.2.1 Bonos cupón cero (zero coupon bonds): 7
10.2.2 Bonos Amortizables: 8
10.2.3 Bonos con período de gracia 8
10.2.4 Bonos a tasa fija o a tasa variable: 8
10.2.5 Bonos que incluyen contingencias 9
10.3 VALUACIÓN DE UN BONO 11
10.3.1 Flujo de Fondos esperados 11
10.4 LA CURVA DE RENDIMIENTOS Y LA ESTRUCTURA TEMPORAL DE LA TASA DE INTERES (ETTI) 13
10.4.1 Análisis de la curva de los bonos del tesoro americano de contado 14
10.4.2 Tasas de interés implícitas o forwards: 16
10.4.3 ¿Cómo se explica las diferentes formas que puede tomar ala ETTI? 17
10.4.4 La estructura temporal para bonos con riesgo de crédito (soberanos o corporativos) 19
10.5 VALUACIÓN DE UN BONO A TASA VARIABLE 23
10.5.1 Primer Método: utilizar la tasa de interes actual a todos los cupones de renta 23
10.5.2 Segundo método: proyectar una unica tasa de swap para todo el flujo del bono aproximado por el promedio de vida del bono. 23
10.5.3 Tercer método: calcular tasas de interes implícitas o forwards 23
10.6 RENDIMIENTO DE UN BONO 26
10.6.1 RENDIMIENTO CORRIENTE: (Current Yield) 26
10.6.2 Tasa Interna de rendimiento (yield to maturity) 27
10.6.3 Yield to call (tir hasta el momento del call). 28
10.6.4 Stripped Yield 28
10.6.5 TIR de un portfolio 29
10.6.6 Rendimiento total de un bono (Total Return) 30
10.7 SPREADS DE BONOS: 32
10.7.1.1 ¿Cómo se mide el riesgo en los países emergentes? El EMBI, el EMBI+ y el EMBI Global. 32
10.7.1.2 Criterios de liquidez 33
10.7.1.3 Reglas adicionales 33
10.8 RIESGOS IMPLÍCITOS DE LA INVERSIÓN EN BONOS 35
10.8.1 Riesgo de variación en las tasas de interés. 35
10.8.1.1 variaciones no homogéneas en la estructura temporal de las tasas de interés 36
10.8.2 Riesgo de reinversión 36
10.8.3 Riesgo de ejercicio de un callable bond y prepayment risk 36
10.8.4 Riesgo de crédito 37
10.8.4.1 Riesgo de cesación de pago (default) o de insolvencia 37
10.8.5 Spread por riesgo de crédito (Credit spread risk) 37
10.8.6 Riesgo de disminución de calificación (Downgrade risk) 37
10.8.7 Riesgo de Iliquidez 38
10.8.8 Riesgo de tipo de cambio 38
10.8.9 Riesgo de inflación o riesgo de disminución en el poder de compra 38
10.8.10 Riesgos eventuales 39
10.8.11 Herramientas para evaluar las vulnerabilidades macroeconómicas y la probabilidad de un país de entrar en default 44
10.9 CALIFICADORAS DE RIESGO 51
10.10 MEDIDAS DE RIESGO DE UN BONO 53
10.10.1 Necesidad de una medida unica que permita comparar el riesgo de distintos bonos 57
10.10.2 Relacion entre la duration y la variacion porcentual de un bono. 60
10.11 CONVEXITY 63
10.11.1 Variacion del precio de un bono debido a la convexity. 64
10.12 APROXIMACIÓN DEL CAMBIO PORCENTUAL DEL PRECIO DE UN BONO USANDO LA DURATION Y CONVEXITY 64
10.13 DURATION Y CONVEXITY DE UN PORTFOLIO DE BONOS 65
10.14 DOLLAR VALUE OF A BASIS POINT (DV01) VALOR EN DÓLARES DE 1 PUNTO BÁSICO) 65
10.15 CÁLCULO DE LA ESTRUCTURA TEMPORAL DE TASAS DE INTERÉS O CURVA DE RENDIMIENTOS PARA BONOS DE PAÍSES EMERGENTES CON DISTINTAS ESTRUCTURA 67
10.15.1 Relación entre la forma de la curva de rendimientos y el ciclo económo 69
10.16 COVENANTS O INDENTURES: 69
10.16.1 Caso de Análisis: consecuencias de no incluir determinados covenants, Buenos Aires Embotelladora (BAESA) 79

10. BONOS

10.1 Conceptos básicos de intrumentos de deuda

10.1.1 Definiciones y clasificaciones generales

Los Activos de renta fija son activos que se caracterizan por tener un flujo futuro de amortización (capital) y renta (interés) conocido al momento de adquirir el activo, dado que en las condiciones de emisión se encuentra el mismo. Dado las características de estos instrumentos se los llama de renta fija, por el pago de un interés asociado al instrumento de préstamo, o sea, de una renta fija. De más está aclarar que este interés puede ser fijo o variable.

Es posible distinguir diferentes clases de activos de renta fija dependiendo de cómo se pagan los intereses y el capital de acuerdo a sus condiciones de emisión, que serán desciptos a lo largo de este capítulo:
 Bonos con tasas de interés fija o flotante
 Bonos con amortizaciones de capital durante la vida del bono o al vencimiento
 Bonos con o sin período de gracia
 Bonos con capitalización de intereses
 Bonos con cupones escalonados
 Bonos cupón cero
 Bonos con contingencias

Las condiciones de emisión incluyen además:
 Fecha de emisión y de vencimiento del bono
 Amortizaciones de capital y pago de intereses (calendario)
 Tasa de interés aplicable
 Monto emitido

Muchos de estos elementos se pueden observar en la planillas que habitualmente publican los distintos Bancos de Inversión.
Una planilla, en este caso, publicada por el Banco Lehman Brothers, se muestra a continuación con el significado de cada concepto que luego serán ampliado en el presente capítulo.

A la información sobre los activos de renta fija puede accederse a través de fuentes públicas o privadas. Entre las distintas fuentes de información cabe citar a Bloomberg, Reuters, Bolsa de Comercio, entre otras. Cualquiera sea la fuente de información, existen conceptos básicos que se repiten en ellas y no pueden desconocerse para interpretar correctamente tendencias individuales o de mercado.

10.1.2 Indicadores Básicos

Los para el análisis de instrumentos de renta fija son los siguientes:

10.1.2.1 Valor residual

El VR es la porción del título que aún no amortizó; sus valores van a estar entre los siguientes límites:

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