...vs. limitedly exporting companies. The past 10 years witnessed an increasing interest toward firms which do not try first to grow and get strong market positions in their home countries and after that start foreign op- erations but rather are involved in foreign operations in their first years of operations or even straightaway start their foreign sales. These firms have been labeled quite differently in various studies: born globals (Knight & Cavusgil, 1996; Madsen & Servais, 1997; Aspelund & Moen, 2001), inter- national new ventures (INVs) (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994, 1995, 1997), global start-ups (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994), or high-technology start-ups (Jolly, Alahuhta, & Jeanet, 1992). More recently, the term born-again global firm has also been proposed, to describe long-established firms that used to focus on their domestic markets, but suddenly opt for rapid internation- alization (see e.g., Bell, McNaughton, & Young, 2001). The main driving forces for the existence of these new types of companies are (see Knight & Cavusgil, 1996; Madsen & Servais, 1997; Rialp, Rialp, & Knight, 2005): (1) the increasing role of niche markets, (2) the advances in process technology, (3) the advances in communication technology, (4) the inherent advances of small companies, (5) the means of internationalization that have become more accessible to all firms and increasing support ac- tivities for the greater international contacts and cooperation, and...
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...many trade barrier in many countries in the world. These firms need to come up with international marketing strategies that will enable them complete favourably in these new markets. International marketing strategies mean that international subsidiaries act and formulate marketing ways independently as if they were local companies with minimal coordination or supervision from the parent company. This aims at meeting the local consumer needs in the market but at the same time not lowering the international standards of a brand. This paper discusses the two main marketing strategies that international firms like Coca cola use. These are standardization and adaptation. In standardization, a multinational company uses a uniform approach to marketing her brand so as to minimize costs and promote a global corporate image. On the other hand adaptation means that a firm uses unique marketing dimension that are adaptable to fit each of her local markets (Mathew & Zander, 2007).This paper looks at how practical a brand like Coca cola has used adaptation and standardization in international markets. Part 1: international marketing mix strategies: standardization and Adaptation It is important to note that the two market mix strategies can be used together by a multinational for one strategy may not be sufficient due to the uniqueness of the markets. It is of no use for a firm to use standardization for the whole global market when they exist cultural...
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...Chapter 9 1. One of the most common entry strategies for MNCs is the joint venture. Why are so many companies opting for this strategy? Would a fully owned subsidiary be a better choice? 1) wholly owned subsidiary is an overseas operation that is totally owned and controlled by an MNC. This option is often pursued by smaller companies, especially if international or transaction costs, such as the cost of negotiating and transferring information, are high. When MNCs make an initial investment in the form of a wholly owned subsidiary in a foreign country, it is sometimes referred to as “greenfield” or de novo (new) investment. The primary reason for the use of wholly owned subsidiaries is a desire by the MNC for total control and the belief that managerial efficiency will be better without outside partners. Due to the sole ownership, it has been found that profits can be higher with this venture and that there are clearer communications and shared visions. However, there are some drawbacks. Typically, wholly owned subsidiaries face a high risk with such a large investment in one area and are not very efficient with entering multiple countries or markets. This can also lead to low international integration or multinational involvement. Furthermore, host countries often feel that the MNC is trying to gain economic control by setting up local operations but refusing to include local partners. Some countries are concerned that the MNC will drive out local enterprises...
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...is a bit latter-day. Starting with the pioneering works of Dunning (1958) and Vernon (1965) on firm internationalization, the field has grown momentously churning out some time-tested theories. Unlike its counterpart business disciplines which focus on narrow subject areas, IB research is broader focused and draws on multidiscipline approaches (Aggarwal 2004) to explain the reasons why businesses go international. It has been argued by Wang et al. (2008) that a firm’s internationalization process being more sophisticated calls for a multiple approach to be able to understand its nuances, the aim of this report is to use at most seven IB theoretical approaches to analyze the internationalization of Hyundai Motors Corporation (hereafter HMC). The analysis will seek to test the basic assumptions and concepts of the various theories, identify and question basic deviations of the theories from the internationalization of HMC and search for answers as to the reasons for the deviation. This report begins with a brief historical account of HMC’s evolution, internationalization and current position in the global automobile industry. A brief review of the internationalization theories which are used in this analysis is undertaken. A thorough analysis of various phases of HMC’s internationalization using the theories (where applicable) then follows. A conclusion is drawn whether HMC’s global operations fit or deviated from the assumptions that these theories posit. 2 COMPANY HISTORY...
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...A Report on Foreign Market Entry Strategy: The case of Crimson Tide Plc Global Marketing Masters in Business Administration Word count excludes tables, figures, abstract, bibliography and appendix Glenworth M Joseph A4046741 Page i of 28 A Report on Foreign Market Entry Strategy: The case of Crimson Tide Plc Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... iii 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Crimson Tide..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 2 2.1 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 5 5.1 6 7 8 8.1 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10 11 12 Core business and performance ............................................................................................................ 1 History of the company.......................................................................................................................... 1 Target Market and Competitors ............................................................................................................ 1 Going Global.....................................................................................................
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...Path: K:/CLU-DOWLING-12-0101/Application/CLU-DOWLING-12-0101Case8.3d Date: 4th August 2012 Time: 20:52 User ID: nachiappanr 1BlackLining Disabled CASE 8 JUST ANOTHER MOVE TO CHINA? 339 CASE 8 JUST ANOTHER MOVE TO CHINA? THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS ON EXPATRIATE FAMILIES by Yvonne McNulty Lisa MacDougall looked at her desk calendar and realized it was the first year anniversary of her employment at John Campbell College. ‘How ironic’, she thought, ‘that I might resign today, exactly one year after I started here’. As her colleagues dropped by her office throughout the morning to discuss a new research project that she was leading, Lisa felt both elated and sad. She was excited to be embarking on a new chapter in her career, but upset to be leaving behind her first fulltime job in nearly a decade. To ease her mind, she took a morning tea break at the campus cafeteria and ordered a latte. Then her cell phone beeped to alert an incoming message from her husband, Lachlan. As she nervously picked up the phone and read the four-word message – ‘it’s done, go ahead’ – she realized in that instant that there was no going back now: Lachlan had just signed a two-year contract with his employer to move their family to China, and it was happening in six weeks time. Taking a deep breath as she walked back to her office, the first task was to write a resignation letter, after which Lisa emailed her boss to request an immediate meeting to tell him she was leaving. Although...
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...Path: K:/CLU-DOWLING-12-0101/Application/CLU-DOWLING-12-0101Case8.3d Date: 4th August 2012 Time: 20:52 User ID: nachiappanr 1BlackLining Disabled CASE 8 JUST ANOTHER MOVE TO CHINA? 339 CASE 8 JUST ANOTHER MOVE TO CHINA? THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS ON EXPATRIATE FAMILIES by Yvonne McNulty Lisa MacDougall looked at her desk calendar and realized it was the first year anniversary of her employment at John Campbell College. ‘How ironic’, she thought, ‘that I might resign today, exactly one year after I started here’. As her colleagues dropped by her office throughout the morning to discuss a new research project that she was leading, Lisa felt both elated and sad. She was excited to be embarking on a new chapter in her career, but upset to be leaving behind her first fulltime job in nearly a decade. To ease her mind, she took a morning tea break at the campus cafeteria and ordered a latte. Then her cell phone beeped to alert an incoming message from her husband, Lachlan. As she nervously picked up the phone and read the four-word message – ‘it’s done, go ahead’ – she realized in that instant that there was no going back now: Lachlan had just signed a two-year contract with his employer to move their family to China, and it was happening in six weeks time. Taking a deep breath as she walked back to her office, the first task was to write a resignation letter, after which Lisa emailed her boss to request an immediate meeting to tell him she was leaving. Although...
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...Help the public to trust us again By BOB RAE Business Editor Published on Wednesday 26 October 2011 09:59 Leading global lawyer Sir Nigel Knowles has called on businesses to close a widening “trust gap” between the corporate world and the general public. Sheffield-born Sir Nigel, who is joint global chief executive and managing partner of one of the world’s largest law firms, DLA Piper International, was speaking during a visit to South Yorkshire to deliver a lecture, entitled Rebalancing the Trust Deficit, at Sheffield University, where he is a visiting professor. Drawing on research into corporate trust, carried out for DLA Piper by polling firm Populus, Sir Nigel urged companies to improve the way they communicate and exceed the requirements of regulations, instead of seeing them as a barrier they had to find a way around. And, he warned that the risk to the reputation and future prospects of companies that failed to respond had been heightened by an end to the “age of deference” and the “revolution in social media.” Sir Nigel told Star Business the global financial crisis, MPs’ expenses scandals and phone hacking had all helped to undermine the trust people had in leaders. Trust might seem a nebulous concept, but companies that developed trust and confidence in their operations secured a competitive advantage and could move at a faster pace, while companies that thought they could gain trust by funding Corporate Social Responsibility projects and following regulations...
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...This can be a risky strategy as the shift towards a more globalised market means companies who have been successful in their home market (such as Primark) will find themselves competing with foreign businesses which are much bigger and more successful. However, International expansion offers businesses the opportunity to become recognised on a global scale, for example, companies such as Coco Cola, McDonalds and Microsoft could not have achieved global leadership within their industry without expanding abroad, therefore International expansion offers international reputation which is necessary when wanting to become a leader. Internationalization Theory The Uppsala model (a.k.a the Stage Model) is an important theory that explains how firms expand abroad, under this model, internationalization is seen as an incremental process whereby firms increase their international involvement in a stepwise manner (Bhardwaj et al 2011). The Uppsala model is based on two assumptions: (i) the resource-based theory and (ii) the incremental process (Forsgren 2002). Under the resource-based theory, Anderson and Kheam (1996) explain that for some firms, their lack of knowledge of foreign markets constitutes a major hurdle to their expansion plans and adds to their “market uncertainty”. To reduce this...
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...Duolingo: Global at Inception “We believe everyone should have access to education of the highest quality – for free” -Duolingo’s Team On June19th, 2012 a new platform for learning different languages, Duolingo, was released to the market in the hopes of providing high quality education to the masses. Nowadays, Duolingo has over 100 million users, has won awards like the IPhone app of the year and Google’s best of the best in 2013 among others (Duolingo, s.f.). This paper will focus on how Duolingo was born and has successfully expanded throughout markets around the world using internationalization theory “Born globals” as base. History Luis von Ahn, computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University and inventor of the CAPTCHA, and his PhD student, Severin Hacker, wanted to begin an academic project together and were looking for a subject to work on. They realized that the language education market was highly underserved because most people who wanted to learn another language wanted to do so to improve their economical situation and get better paid jobs, and most of these people didn’t have the money to afford a foreign language course on any of the options available like universities or online courses like Open English. So they decided to come up with a way to provide high quality language education for free. Creating and providing the best language education system for free (as von Ahn and Hacker intended to) was not an easy task, these kind of projects...
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...Coca-Cola’s “Share A Coke” Social Media Campaign Analysis Corey Jackson JWMI: Marketing In A Global Environment Professor Karen Barnes 8/30/2015 The Coca-Cola Company, founded in 1886, is the world leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Today, the company markets more than 500 beverage brands in 200 countries, with around 70% of the company volume and 80% of the company profit coming from outside the United States. While Coke is probably the only product that is universally appealing in every corner of the globe, the company feels that its responsibility is to ensure that with every single can of Coca-Cola sold and enjoyed, individual connections are made with consumers. This can only be achieved locally. Coca-Cola’s strategy is noted to be an effective combination of global and international communications strategies. A right balance between standardization and adaptation makes the brands stand out from its competitors by focusing on consistent image and quality in a global scale, but at the same time being specifically relevant to local culture and customs. Coca-Cola recent global campaign “Share a Coke” vividly exemplifies this principle and brings the brand’s popularity to a new high level. The “Share a Coke” program was first introduced in Australia in 2012. 150 of the most popular names among young people are taking the place of Coke’s iconic logo. Customers with less common...
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...this point easy as they found out when trying to launch their Boeing 787 aircraft. This essay will give a brief company profile of the Boeing Company and in addition the major problem the company experienced when launching its Boeing 787 aircraft and recommended solutions. The problematic area that will be highlighted is Boeings supply chain management, which caused Boeing to rethink its 787 strategy. The History of Boeing The history of Boeing began essentially with the vision of five men. William Edward Boeing, born in 1881 in Detroit, Mich., began building floatplanes near Seattle, Wash. Donald Wills Douglas, born in 1892 in New York, began building bombers and passenger transports in Santa Monica, Calif. James Smith McDonnell, born in 1899 in Denver, Colo., began building jet fighters in St. Louis, Mo. James Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger, born in 1895 in Wheeling, W.Va., began building trainers in Los Angeles, Calif. Howard Hughes Jr. was born in Houston, Texas, in 1905. The Hughes Space and Communications Co. built the world's first geosynchronous communications satellite in 1963 (shared heritage, 2013). There were many significant events throughout theses five men’s lives and journeys with there own companies that has lead to the Boeing...
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...Table of Content Preface 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Case analysis 3 In the beginning 3 Political influence in the Old World 3 A New World was born 4 Global Wine War 4 The battle of the US market 4 3. Theory & application to the case 5 Porter Outside-In Model 5 Porter Outside-In model & the Global Wine War 6 The Resource Based View Inside-Out Model 6 The Resource Based View Inside-Out Model & the Global Wine War 7 Innovations 7 Red Queen competition 7 4. Conclusion 8 References 9 2. Case analysis In the beginning The first niche market for premium wine was created by the European nobility in the middle ages. They started to compete based on the quality of wine. Until the late 18th century, the size European vineyards were small because they were fragmented by wars. In that time, the wine producers did not own the whole value chain, the producers bought the grapes from the local farmers. Here, the local wine was not exported because of poor roads, complex toll and tax systems which made it too expensive. Political influence in the Old World The late 18th century was dominated by innovations, which led to greater wine stability and longevity, distribution to distant markets and bottle aging of good vintages. The result was an increase of vineyards and production. Because of the growing economic and political importance of the wine industry, there was an increased political attention and with it laws and regulations to control the whole wine chain. For example...
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...The financial crisis of 2008 rocked the global economy. As one major investment bank went bankrupt, other American financial services institutions were in poor health due to their own banking practices. However, these practices occurred due to the failure of government regulators. Ronald Reagan’s plan to stimulate the American economy in the wake of the 1980s recession led to sweeping deregulation in the financial services sector (Komai) (Inside). This deregulation and the failure to properly enforce regulatory powers by those in the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department led to increasingly risky behavior by banks (Inside) (Das) (Rajan). The repeal of The Glass-Steagall Act in the late 90s meant that the banks engaging in these risky operations were larger than ever before and were using depositors’ money in order to trade for the benefit of the firm rather than its clients (Roubini) (Rajan) (Sorkin) and it is that risky behavior that ultimately led to the near collapse of the world’s economy. Although banking leadership must be held responsible for the practices that many institutions in the financial services sector engaged in (Sorkin), the failure to adequately regulate the banking industry gave banks the opportunities to engage in the behavior that caused the crisis (Inside) (Rajan) (Taylor). In the years since the crisis, and as the global economy continues in its efforts to recover, many have called for strict reform of Wall Street regulations (Acharya). Legislative...
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...political collaborations and conflicts. Examples from global economics are found in the news everyday. A decision by American policymakers to subsidize the production of ethanol, a form of gasoline containing an additive produced from corn, is seen by many as a key reason that grain prices are high around the world. The spectacular emergence of China as a major exporter of manufactured goods has affected wages in both rich and poor countries. As large corporations, such as Microsoft, Intel, Toyota, General Electric, and Siemens have expanded their investments in affiliates in many nations around the world, they have built global production networks that share technological knowledge across locations to produce increasingly complex goods that could be sold anywhere. Today, a major cultural product, such as a Hollywood movie or a jazz band’s latest compact disk, is likely to employ creative personnel from around the world, with various components of the product recorded, mixed or edited in different locations. The importance of international connections in trade, investment, and skilled services can be illustrated by considering the apparently simple act of making and bringing to market an item of apparel, say a fashionable woolen men’s suit. The initial task is to design the suit, a highly creative activity that generally takes place in the headquarters of a major fashion label, such as Armani or Hugo Boss. Beyond that, the firm must locate reliable suppliers of raw wool, which could...
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