...effectiveness of population-based screening for breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer in women, with statistics from the USA showing that one in eight women will develop the disease.1 Studies in the UK show that 90% of women diagnosed in the early stages survive the disease, while this figure is only 15% if diagnosed at a later stage illustrating the importance of an effective screening programme to reduce mortality.2 In the following essay I will review various randomised control studies and cohort studies in order to establish how nationwide screening programmes best reduce mortality, looking at the targeted sector of the population and the methods in practice. I will also address how the public health sector could improve on early detection and possible policies that could be implemented. Additionally I will review whether current methods of screening for breast cancer in more economically developed countries can also be implemented in less developed countries. With 1.38 million women having been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008 I feel this issue is of relevance as chronic diseases such as this one show no signs of eradication in the near future and late stage treatment is both invasive for the individual and damaging to the economy.2 Before delving into the effectiveness of screening programmes the methods used to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage should be mentioned. Screening for breast cancer is usually a mammogram once...
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...An Article Critique - Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer Yao Luo University of San Francisco BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence rates, in Western countries, 89% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis, which is due to detection and treatment (Parkin, D., & Pisani, 1999). Mammography is such a widespread screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main...
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...The disparities between African American women and other races in regard to the incidences of and mortality from breast cancer are alarming. Studies have shown that minority communities are less likely to take advantage of preventative and detection care like breast cancer screening. Other studies find that a number of factors, outside of race and ethnicity play a role in this. Ultimately, approaching the topic from a holistic understanding and acknowledgement of the ways in which a person’s full background influence their values, beliefs, and decisions and present barriers to action – cultural sensitivity, namely – is essential to reversing these disparities. In “African-American Women, Self-Breast Examination and the Health Belief Model: Implications for Practice,” author Josephine McCaskill, PhD., APN, FNP, BC examines the fact that African American women, despite having lower incidence rates of breast cancer have a higher mortality rate, and the fact that findings show that “the adherence to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines is frequently reported to be lower in the African American population” (McCaskill p. 33). McCaskill begins by discussing the epidemiology of breast cancer, noting that it is “the most common form of cancer, resulting in significant deaths among African American women.” She discusses its origins, cell growth, and disparities among populations. Particularly, among women who are ages fifty and older, the mortality rate for African...
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...Do the benefits of routine cancer screening outweigh the drawbacks? Living in the twenty-first century with all the medical technology available you would think one would be indestructible. Am I right? Scientist keeps coming up with cures, and modern machines seem to detect diseases early on. Or do they? Have you ever been given bad news just to find out later it was false? This has happened to most all of us sometime in our life. Somebody is being told today they have cancer. They have instantly been thrown into a sea of emotions, caught and knocked down by every wave of evil thought. They are eventually relieved that they had denied treatment only after finding out the test was wrong. All the worry this family went through could have been avoided. Some would go ahead with treatment, finding out later that they shouldn’t have. Don’t get me wrong, it is a great benefit to have all the modern updates of medical science at our fingertips. But, have we come to rely on the answers of machines rather than our own self-exams and our own intuition? Instead of being on a roller coaster of emotions, or taking dangerous amounts of unnecessary treatments, shouldn’t we wait until there’s a reason for concern and then use the force of science to combat the enemy? Until the ratio of routine screenings rise to meet a level of accuracy, I feel they are hardly as necessary as one is lead to believe. Routine cancer screenings bring too many false positives with premature and over...
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...men 2. Men who are older than 60 3. Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer f. Other People at risk 1. Men who have been around Agent Orange, paint, cadmium, tire plant and other toxic chemicals 2. Men who use too much alcohol 3. Men who eat a diet high in fat, especially animal fat g. Preventive Guidelines 1. Choose a healthy diet 2. Maintain a healthy weight 3. Exercise most days of the week 4. Talk to your doctor about your risk 5. Relax and enjoy life 6. Avoid smoking for many reasons 7. Seek medical treatment for stress, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and depression h. Pints for Prostate Campaign i. Question 2 for audience participation j. Screening recommendations 1. Digital rectal exam (DRE) 2. Prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) k. Risks when screening for prostate cancer 1. Finding prostate cancer may not improve health or help a man live longer 2. Follow-up tests, such as a biopsy, may be done to diagnose cancer 3. False-negative test results can occur 4. False-positive test results can occur l. Earliest signs and symptoms of Prostate Cancer 1. Trouble Urinating 2. Erection Difficulties 3. Blood in the Urine or Semen 4. Lower Back and Body Pain m. Talk to Your Friends About Prostate Cancer Video n. References III. Conclusion a. Prostate Cancer Information Handouts to audience from American Cancer Society b. Prostate Cancer Presentation Quiz c. Question and...
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...problems arose that needed to be handled immediately. BACKGROUND Carl Robins, a new recruiter for ABC, Inc. hired 15 new trainees in early April to work for Operations Supervisor Monica Carrolls. Mr. Robins could not accomplish the necessary procedures for the new hires to begin work, including drug screenings, completing applications, providing materials and scheduling a facility in which to hold the new hires’ training. Monica Carrolls did contact Mr. Robins May 15 in regard to his responsibility in the hiring process, without verifying if he fully understood his duties, Mr. Robins did not give any indication he was having trouble completing the tasks either. Mr. Robins failed to have a current orientation manual on hand himself and previous employees had failed to keep a current master copy. KEY PROBLEMS Mr. Robins needs to address several problems to resolve the issue in order to meet his goal of having the new hires working by July. The key problems needed to be overcome before the new hires are to report to Mrs. Carrolls are the following four obstacles. First the incomplete trainee applications and transcripts files. Secondly the mandatory drug screenings were not scheduled. Thirdly incomplete orientation manuals must be handled. Lastly he must resolve the facility scheduling conflict. ALTERNATIVES With incomplete applications and transcripts on file, Mr....
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...example is the most feared form of skin cancer: melanoma. Melanoma rates have gone up since the late 1980s. Most of the increase is in early cancers detected as skin-exam screening became more common. But late-stage melanoma cases didn't decline, Kramer says. Neither did the death rate. Brawley agrees. "I cannot quote a study showing that melanoma screening definitely saves lives," he says. "We cure some melanomas that don't need to be cured. “Nobody wants to live with cancer. Nobody wants to be over diagnosed or over treated. It's just that we want -- need -- answers that medical science does not yet have. "What we really need is a 21st century definition of cancer so we can move away from 20th century screening and diagnosis using a 1840s definition of cancer," Brawley says. There are limits to science, says Susan G. Fisher, PhD, professor and chair of public health sciences at the University of Rochester, N.Y. "People are uncomfortable and concerned because they think we are recommending less screening in some groups," she says. "The message for the public is that science is hard. As we get more and more information we get smarter about our advice. The most recent evidence says that in groups at low risk, we are creating more problems than benefits with early screening." The USPSTF recommends routine screening -- that is, for people at normal risk -- for only three...
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...As you complete your weekly reading, answer the questions below. | Please review the following writing guidelines prior to answering the questions: * Remember to respond to the questions using your own words. * Do NOT copy responses from the textbook, internet or other resources. This is plagiarism, which is illegal, and may result in a failing grade. * You MUST paraphrase information in your own words and not transfer word-for-word. * For information on how to avoid plagiarism, please visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center. | (Scroll to the next page to view the questions for this assignment) After reading the assigned pages in your textbook, answer the following questions. | 80 points | | 1. Provide the correct Evaluation and Management code for initial hospital care with comprehensive history and examination level and a moderate medical decision making complexity.992222. Provide the correct code Evaluation and Management for a 35 year old patient seen in the critical care unit for 55 minutes on November 5.992913. Identify the correct Evaluation and Management code for a physician who provided an initial comprehensive preventative examination to a 6 year old.993834. Identify the correct Evaluation and Management code for a previously seen 14 year old receiving a periodic comprehensive preventative examination.993945. New patient and ____________________ are the subcategories in the Office and Other Outpatient Services category.Establish...
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...it may not cause serious harm. While some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly. Prostate cancer that is detected early — when it's still confined to the prostate gland — has a better chance of successful treatment. One of the biggest and prevalent issues with prostate cancer is the rates of sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity measure the number of false positives and false negatives, and are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of screening methods. Sensitivity is the number of true positive results divided by the sum of the true positive results and false negative results. Specificity is the number of true negative results divided by the sum of the true negative results and false positive results. The article explains that the PSA test and Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) are the most widely used forms of prostate cancer screening. The PSA test is simply a blood test. Even though the PSA is widely available to the general population it’s the sensitivity is 34.9% and the specificity is 63.1% which is not good at all. The DRE test is available by appointment in a doctor's office; there is discomfort for the patient and a risk of slight bleeding. The sensitivity is 27.1% and the specificity is 49.0%, which is worse than the PSA test. To help ensure that the readings will be more reliable most doctors use the two tests together, the sensitivity remains low at 38.0%, and...
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...Our third initiative will focus on partnering with the community, especially its leaders, in Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil. By building relationships with the community, we can create shared value as we help educate the population about the disease while marketing our product implicitly. Now, I am going to talk about why we chose Brasilia as our location and how we will carry this plan out. First of all, we decided to carry out this project in Brasilia because prostate cancer is the most common cancer for men in Brazil. But, the more important reason for selecting this location lies in that there are Brazilian leaders, who have had cancer, living in the region. To soften the market for our bigger expansion into South America in the future, it is important to respond to the culture there and interact with the community. When we attempt to enter the market in Brasilia, people can be on alert and oppose us since we are a foreign pharmaceutical company. In response, becoming friendly with the Brazilian leaders with some kind of connection to cancer will help the population accept our company better. In Brazil, the current president and ex-president have both suffered and recovered from cancer. So, we believe that these important figures obviously know the importance of treatments and of awareness of such diseases. And since they are major influencers that the citizens listen to, it would be easier to enter the market in Brasilia if we could get them in on our project....
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...Risk Assessment The health risk profile chosen for this assignment was breast cancer. What I’ve come to learn are its risk factors that are compared to the average woman developing breast cancer. breast cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the breast. The breast consists of lobules (glands that make breast milk), ducts (small tubes that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple), fatty and connective tissue, blood vessels and lymph vessels. Breast cancer may also occur in surrounding lymph nodes, especially those of the underarm. A risk factor anything that affects our chances of getting a particular disease. We can control some of them, but not all of them. . Those we can't control include genetics or family history, and environmental exposures or behaviors that occurred in the past. Those we can control include our current and future behaviors, including diet and exercise, and our current and future environmental exposures, such as to tobacco smoke, alcohol, or other chemicals. We must keep in mind that risk factors are not absolute, that having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean we will definitely get cancer. It is important to have our routine screenings test, or early detection. These tests are designed to find Breast cancer when it is most likely to be treated. These screening tests are used to look for signs of cancer in people who have no symptoms. The best way to defense against Breast cancer is to avoid getting it in the first place, that is why risk factors...
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...Health History and Screening of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client Save this form on your computer as a Microsoft Word document. You can expand or shrink each area as you need to include the relevant data for your client.    Nursing Diagnoses: Based on this health history and health screening, identify three nursing diagnoses that would be applicable for this client as well as your rationale for your selection of each nursing diagnosis. Include: One “actual” nursing diagnosis with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. One wellness nursing diagnosis with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. One “risk for” nursing diagnosis based on the health screening with rationale for choice of this diagnosis. © 2011. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. Student Name: Beth Chiappara Date: October 16, 2014 Biographical Data Patient/Client Initials: AR Phone No: 951 244-6197 Address: 23055 Canyon Lake CA 92587 Birth Date: 02/14/89 Age: 25 Sex: Female Birthplace: Anaheim CA Marital Status: Married Race/Ethnic Origin: Caucasian Occupation: Financial Analyst Employer: University of California Riverside Financial Status: (Income adequate for lifestyle and/or health concerns. Is there a source of health insurance...
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...Requiring Newborn Screening of Critical Congenital Heart Disease Date With the numerous technological advances that have occurred in today’s health care system, one would think newborn screening would be required in Maryland for the most common birth defect in the United States, critical congenital heart disease (CCHD), but only just this year has the state considered the requirement (Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems [DLSOIS], 2011). Critical congenital heart disease, a disorder in which an infant’s heart or blood vessels near the heart develop abnormally before birth, affects approximately 8 out of every 1,000 infants each year in the US, amounting to around 36,000 infants (DLSOIS, 2011). CCHD is the leading cause of death among infants within the first year of life, amounting to nearly 40% of deaths, often due to the fact that a large number of infants with this disease go undetected (Martin, Bradshaw, & Wright, n.d.). Although some babies are diagnosed with congenital heart disease shortly before or after birth, many diagnoses are not made until days, weeks, or months later; sometimes not at all. Many benefits are associated with implementing CCHD screening, many treatment options are available for those diagnosed with CCHD, and a bill is being proposed to the State of Maryland’s General Assembly about including this screening in the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Newborn Screening Program (DLSOIS, 2011). The benefits...
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...Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Health Authorization to Obtain Newborn Screening Results and for Disclosure of Protected Health Information Fax form to the Department of Health’s Bureau of Family Health Newborn Screening Section at 717-213-3784 1. I authorize the Pennsylvania Department of Health (Department) to use/disclose individual newborn screening information/results obtained from the records of: (Please Print) Name at Birth: ___________________________________________________________ Date of Birth: __________________________ Sex: M F Telephone:__________________________________ Address:________________________________________________________________ Hospital of Birth: _________________________________________________________ Mother’s Full Name: ______________________________________________________ Mother’s Maiden Name: ____________________________________________________ Last 4 digits of Mother’s Social Security Number: _______________________________ 2. Reason for disclosure of Department Newborn Screening Results:(Describe each specific purpose – such as: use for direct patient care or college application) _College Application__________________________________________________________________ 3. I understand that: a. This authorization may be revoked at any time by writing to the Department except to the extent that information has already been disclosed. If information has already been disclosed...
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...sentence strike interest because of the words issue, healthcare and controversial. The second sentence introduces the reason for the argument. Look at the essay’s introduction. Is there a thesis statement or “statement of purpose” drafted? (Look for a sentence that tells the reader what to expect from this essay.) What is the statement? Patients and Practitioners should not adhere to the guidance form the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force against prostate-specific antigen. C. Based on the introduction, what specific points do you think the writer will make about the essay’s subject? Based on the introduction I believe that key points will be about the strong disagreement with the decision of the Task Force not recommending regular PSA screening, considering prostate cancer is the most wide spread form of cancer. D. Based on the way the main points appear in the essay’s introduction, in what order do you expect to see them in the essay? The recommendation was given without: First, regards to the...
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